<p><em>Bakgrund</em>: Primär dysmenorré, svår menstruationssmärta utan sjukdomsrelaterad bakomliggande orsak, är det vanligaste gynekologiska besväret för unga kvinnor. Idag fokuseras behandlingen av menstruationssmärta på läkemedel. Det har dock visats att kvinnor även använder sig av ickefarmakologiska metoder för att lindra sin smärta. Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att undersöka om det finns evidens för att följande ickefarmakologiska behandlingsmetoder kan lindra primär dysmenorré: akupunktur, akupressur, kostvanor och kostterapi, massage, transkutan elektrisk nervstimulering (TENS), värme samt örtterapi.</p><p><em>Metod</em>: Sökningar genomfördes i databaserna AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library samt Pubmed. På grund av få artikelträffar och låg kvalitet hos artiklarna exkluderades massage och värme. Totalt inkluderades 18 engelskspråkiga artiklar, publicerade mellan år 1999-2009, vilka redovisade resultat från sammanlagt 92 studier. Sammanlagt 23 studier undersökte akupunktur, 11 undersökte akupressur, 46 undersökte örtterapi, 3 undersökte kostterapi och kostvanor samt 9 undersökte TENS. Kvalitetsgranskning genomfördes enligt en mall från Forsberg & Wengström (2008).</p><p><em>Resultat</em>: Det finns evidens för att akupressur, TENS och örtterapi lindrar primär dysmenorré. Vilka specifika akupunkter och örter som har en smärtlindande effekt är dock oklart. Sjuksköterskan kan ge råd till patienter med primär dysmenorré att prova TENS för att lindra sina menstruationssmärtor.</p> / <p><em>Background</em>: Primary dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain without disease-related underlying reason, is the most common gynaecological discomfort for young women. Today the treatment regime for menstrual pain is focused on pharmacologic treatments. However, it has been observed that women also use non-pharmacologic methods to ease their pain. The objective for this literature review was to determine if there is evidence for the following non- pharmacologic treatment-methods to ease primary dysmenorrhea: acupuncture, acupressure, dietary habits and dietary therapies, massage, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), heat and herbal therapy.</p><p><em>Method</em>: Searches were performed in databases AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and PubMed. Because of a small number of search-results and low quality of the articles massage and heat was excluded. A total of 18 English-speaking articles published between 1999-2009 were identified. They reviewed results from 92 studies. Altogether 23 studies reviewed acupuncture, 11 acupressure, 46 herbal therapy, 3 dietary therapies and dietary habits and 9 TENS. Quality assessment was performed according to a template from Forsberg & Wengström (2008).</p><p><em>Results</em>: There is evidence that acupressure, TENS and herbal therapy ease primary dysmenorrhea. Which specific acupoints and herbs that are pain relieving could not be concluded. The nurse can give advice to patients with primary dysmenorrhea to test TENS to ease their menstrual pain.</p>

Bakgrund: Primär dysmenorré, svår menstruationssmärta utan sjukdomsrelaterad bakomliggande orsak, är det vanligaste gynekologiska besväret för unga kvinnor. Idag fokuseras behandlingen av menstruationssmärta på läkemedel. Det har dock visats att kvinnor även använder sig av ickefarmakologiska metoder för att lindra sin smärta. Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att undersöka om det finns evidens för att följande ickefarmakologiska behandlingsmetoder kan lindra primär dysmenorré: akupunktur, akupressur, kostvanor och kostterapi, massage, transkutan elektrisk nervstimulering (TENS), värme samt örtterapi. Metod: Sökningar genomfördes i databaserna AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library samt Pubmed. På grund av få artikelträffar och låg kvalitet hos artiklarna exkluderades massage och värme. Totalt inkluderades 18 engelskspråkiga artiklar, publicerade mellan år 1999-2009, vilka redovisade resultat från sammanlagt 92 studier. Sammanlagt 23 studier undersökte akupunktur, 11 undersökte akupressur, 46 undersökte örtterapi, 3 undersökte kostterapi och kostvanor samt 9 undersökte TENS. Kvalitetsgranskning genomfördes enligt en mall från Forsberg &amp; Wengström (2008). Resultat: Det finns evidens för att akupressur, TENS och örtterapi lindrar primär dysmenorré. Vilka specifika akupunkter och örter som har en smärtlindande effekt är dock oklart. Sjuksköterskan kan ge råd till patienter med primär dysmenorré att prova TENS för att lindra sina menstruationssmärtor. / Background: Primary dysmenorrhea, menstrual pain without disease-related underlying reason, is the most common gynaecological discomfort for young women. Today the treatment regime for menstrual pain is focused on pharmacologic treatments. However, it has been observed that women also use non-pharmacologic methods to ease their pain. The objective for this literature review was to determine if there is evidence for the following non- pharmacologic treatment-methods to ease primary dysmenorrhea: acupuncture, acupressure, dietary habits and dietary therapies, massage, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), heat and herbal therapy. Method: Searches were performed in databases AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and PubMed. Because of a small number of search-results and low quality of the articles massage and heat was excluded. A total of 18 English-speaking articles published between 1999-2009 were identified. They reviewed results from 92 studies. Altogether 23 studies reviewed acupuncture, 11 acupressure, 46 herbal therapy, 3 dietary therapies and dietary habits and 9 TENS. Quality assessment was performed according to a template from Forsberg &amp; Wengström (2008). Results: There is evidence that acupressure, TENS and herbal therapy ease primary dysmenorrhea. Which specific acupoints and herbs that are pain relieving could not be concluded. The nurse can give advice to patients with primary dysmenorrhea to test TENS to ease their menstrual pain.

Understanding stock-bond return correlation is a key facet in asset mix, asset allocation and in an investor’s portfolio optimisation strategy. For the last couple of decades, several studies have probed this cardinal relationship. While initial literature tries to understand the fundamental pattern of co-movements, later studies aim to model the economic state variables influencing such time-varying volatility behaviour of stock-bond returns. This study provides a systematic literature review in the field of stock and bond return correlation. The review investigates the existing literature in three key dimensions. First, it examines the effect of macro-economic variables on SB return co-movements. Second, it illustrates the effect of financial integration on the asset correlation dynamics. Third, it reviews the existing models that are employed to estimate the dynamic relationship. In addition to the systematic review, I conduct an empirical analysis of stock-bond return co-movements on U.S. capital market. Both the literature and the empirical investigation substantiate my claims on existing research gaps and respective scope for further research. Evidence shows that existing models impose strong restrictions on past stock-bond return variance dynamics and yield inconclusive results. I, therefore, propose an alternative method, i.e. copula function approach, to model stock and bond time-varying co-movements. Since the previous studies largely focus on developed economies, I suggest an empirically investigation of emerging economies as well. This will allow me to examine the effect of financial integration on the dynamic asset return correlation. Apart from this academic contribution, the study provides an illustration of the economic implications which relate to portfolio optimization and minimal-risk hedge ratio.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa arbetsmiljöfaktorer som påverkar stress och stresshantering hos sjuksköterskor på arbetsplatsen. Metod: Denna litteraturöversikt innefattar 18 studier av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats som söktes via databasen Wiley InterScience och därefter granskades och analyserades. Resultat: Tre teman konstaterades som berörde; organisatoriska, psykosociala och professionsrelaterade faktorer som bidrog till arbetsrelaterad stress. Av de organisatoriska faktorerna var löneaspekten, inadekvat organisationsuppbyggnad och inadekvat personalbemanning av stor betydelse för den arbetsrelaterade stressen. Psykosociala miljöfaktorer som bristande möjlighet till konsultation och stöd från arbetskollegor och höga arbetskrav var faktorer som genererade stress på arbetsplatsen. Professionellt var bristande kunskap och erfarenhet i yrket samt fysiskt krävande arbetsbelastning betydande faktorer. Flera studier rapporterade dessutom att stor del av sjuksköterskorna övervägde att lämna sitt yrke på grund av den arbetsrelaterade stressen.

Purpose: This work systematically reviews the extant academic management literature on supply networks. It specifically examines how network configurations and network governance mechanisms influence each other in supply networks. Design: 125 analytical and empirical studies were identified using an evidence-based approach to review the literature mainly published between 1985 and 2012. Synthesis: Drawing on a multi-disciplinary theoretical foundation, this work develops an integrative framework to identify three distinct yet interdependent themes that characterize the study of supply networks: a) Network Configurations (structures and relationships); b) Network Governance Mechanisms (formal and informal); and c) The Interplay between Network Configurations and Network Governance Mechanisms. Findings: Network configurations and network governance mechanisms mutually influence each other and cannot be considered in isolation. Formal and informal governance mechanisms provide better control when used as complements rather than as substitutes. The choice of governance mechanism depends on the nature of exchange; role of management; desired level of control; level of flexibility in formal contracts; and complementary role of formal and informal governance mechanism. Research implications: This nascent field has thematic and methodological research opportunities for academics. Comparative network analysis using longitudinal case studies offers a rich area for further study. Practical Implications: The complexity surrounding the conflicting roles of managers at the organisation and network levels poses a significant challenge during the development and implementation stage of strategic network policies. Originality/value: This review reveals that formal and informal governance mechanisms provide better control when used as complements rather than as substitutes.

Purpose: To describe the gender impact on the situation of women at the onset of myocardial infarction and describe why women wait to contact medical caregivers when showing symptoms of myocardial infarction. Method: Literature review with a descriptive design. Articles was retrieved from PudMed and Cinahl. Findings: Women are affected more than men of the so-called atypical symptoms of a heart attack. This means that they can not always relate the symptoms to a heart attack. In some cases, female patients have had an ongoing heart attack without knowing it. In addition to the diffuse symptom picture can also gender, women's social role and status have a major impact on the decision to seek care. The fear of disturbing, denial and not to be taken seriously, plays a major role. Women find it difficult to put their own needs first. Conclusion: The authors of this study believe that more information is needed to reach out to the public continuously for women to recognize atypical symptoms of heart attack. Keywords: Atypical Symptoms, Literature review, women / Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva genus inverkan på kvinnors situation vid insjuknande av hjärtinfarkt och beskriva varför kvinnor väntar med att söka sjukvård vid symtom på hjärtinfarkt. Metod: Litteraturstudie i beskrivande design. Artiklarna söktes fram i databasarna Pubmed och Cinahl. Resultat: Kvinnor drabbas oftare än män av så kallade atypiska symtom vid en hjärtinfarkt. Detta gör att de inte alltid kan relatera symtomen till en hjärtinfarkt. I vissa fall så har kvinnliga patienter haft en pågående hjärtinfarkt utan att veta om det. Förutom den diffusa symtombildens så kan även genus, kvinnans sociala roll och status ha en stor inverkan på beslutet att söka vård. Rädslan för att störa, förnekelse och att inte bli tagen på allvar spelar stor roll. Kvinnor har svårt att sätta sina egna behov förts utan tänker i första hand på hemmet och familjen. Slutsats: Författarna till denna studie anser att mer information behövs nå ut till allmänheten kontinuerligt för att kvinnor ska känna igen atypiska symtom på hjärtinfarkt. Nyckelord: Atypiska symtom, Litteraturstudie, kvinnor

Despite a general consensus concerning the relevance of supply partnerships to agility, the literature reveals disagreements and contradictions regarding their characteristics and, in particular, their duration. This is, whether partnerships in an agile strategy should be long-term (strategic partnerships) or short-term (agile partnerships). The research joins this debate by investigating the types and characteristics of supply partnerships to achieve agility. The underlying premise of the work is that the type of supply partnership is contingent on the degree of turbulence an agile strategy is designed to face. The research was carried out in the fashion industry, given the relevance of agility in this industry. Specifically, the research focused the supply partnerships developed by the footwear companies in the Macerata-Fermo district, the largest footwear district in Italy. The focus on district companies allow the comparison of several companies sharing a very similar business context, allowing a better control of external variables and increasing the internal validity of the study. The field research consisted of a preliminary survey on agility drivers and agile capabilities in the Macerata-Fermo footwear district, followed by an in-depth investigation on supply partnerships using multiple embedded cases studies. Overall six medium-large footwear companies have been analysed in their supply relationships with respect to five key supply categories. For each supply category, the buyer view of the focal firms has been complemented with a view from the supplier side. In total the fieldwork is built upon 30 interviews with 22 informants from 18 companies for a total of more than 23 hours of interviews. In all cases, except two, the key informant was owner, CEO or general manager of the company, eventually supported by another company manager. In two cases, the interviews data have been strengthened by a longitudinal analysis of purchase orders over eight years. The fieldwork highlights that agility drivers and agile capabilities impact on the footwear companies’ decision of developing agile supply partnerships. Specifically footwear companies that are under the pressure of high-turbulence agility drivers (here represented by a high collection renewal rate) and that have developed strong agile capabilities (here represented by a local supply network and a purchase orders postponement) choose agile supply partnerships with respect to supply categories that are sensitive to the fashion trends and therefore difficult to be sourced in a stable way – season after season – from the same suppliers. The main contribution to theory is related to the characteristics of supply partnerships in an agile strategy and specifically to the apparent paradox of “high-involvement & short- term” relationships (i.e. agile supply partnerships). In spite of the presence of time compression diseconomies in building up partnership and of the loss of relational (non- redeployable) benefits in closing down partnerships, scenarios of high-turbulence can give companies an incentive to look for short-term partnerships. Such finding can support a wider claim that different levels of turbulence call for different agility strategies requiring different capabilities and practices. The main contribution to practice is related to the way agile partnerships are selected, started and ended. Given that many industries are facing an increase in market turbulence, it appears that many companies – even outside the fashion industry – might have to learn how to balance high-involvement supply relationships with respect to a shorter time horizon.

This thesis takes a critical look at the present state of bicycle safety research, highlighting data needs and some conclusions researchers have already drawn using the data available to them. In particular, this thesis examines safety literature relating to 22 bicycle treatments, synthesizing findings, study methodologies, and data sources used in the studies. The current body of bicycle safety literature points toward some defensible conclusions regarding the safety of certain bicycle treatments such as bike lanes and removal of on-street parking; however, many treatments are still in need of rigorous research. Also, there are fundamental questions about data that need to be answered, and data availability issues need to be addressed. Among them are what constitutes appropriate exposure measures for bicycles, how to obtain accurate crash and exposure data for bicycles, and what impact safety treatments have on injury severity.

Bakgrund: Uppskattningsvis lider 10 % av världens befolkning utav någon form av stickrädsla. Vaccinationer och blodprovstagning är vanligt förekommande i dagens moderna sjukvård och stickrädda patienter kan undvika sjukvården och på så vis försämra sin hälsa. Sjuksköterskan kan lindra lidandet som rädslan medför hos den enskilda individen genom beprövad kunskap om stickrädsla. Syfte: Belysa omvårdnadsmetoder sjuksköterskan kan använda sig av för att lindra patientens lidande vid stickrädsla. Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på kvalitativa artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Resultatet redovisas i enligt med de fyra teman som framkom i analysen. Miljö som visat sig spela stor roll för den stickrädda patienten och om sjuksköterskan kan skapa en mindre klinisk miljö samt dölja nålar och dylikt så hjälper det patienten att klara sin rädsla bättre. Tid som ges till patienter som känner rädsla och obehag inför vaccinationer, blodprovstagning eller dylikt, har visat sig lugna stickrädslan. Likaså sjuksköterskans förmåga att göra proceduren kort om så önskas, uppskattas utav patienten. Distraktion har visat sig som en mycket bra metod att omhänderta stickrädda patienter och kan ske i form utav samtal, andningstekniker, ordspel eller pussel. Bli tagen på allvar är ofta avgörande om patienten upplever vården som god och en förutsättning för att en stickrädd patient vid ett senare tillfälle skall förlita sig på sjukvården och söka sig dit om behov finns. Slutsats: Det finns vetenskapligt bevisade omvårdnadsmetoder sjuksköterskan kan använda sig utav för att lindra lidandet hos patienter med stickrädsla. Klinisk betydelse: Ett stort problem hos vårdpersonal är kunskapsbrist om att stickrädsla förekommer hos vuxna. Därför hoppas författarna att genom att belysa ämnet inom sjukvården, skall även vuxna få likvärdigt omhändertagande för sin stickrädsla som barn har tillgång till. / Background: Approximately 10% of the world population suffers from some kind of needle fear. Vaccinations and blood sampling is common in today's modern health care and patients with needle fear may therefore avoid medical care which in turn could have a negative impact on their health. The nurse can alleviate suffering caused on the individual through proven knowledge of needle fear. Aim: To illustrate different nursing practices that can be used to relieve patients suffering from needle fear. Method: Literature review. Result: The results are reported under four themes. The Environment is shown to play a major role for the needle fear patient. The nurse can create a less clinical setting and hide needles, which have shown to help the patient cope with their fears better. The Time given to patients who feel fear and discomfort with vaccinations, blood tests or similar, have been shown to calm the needle fear. Likewise, the nurse's ability to make the process short, if desired, is appreciated by the patient. Distraction has been proven as a very good method to take care of needle fear patients and good examples are conversations, breathing techniques, word games or puzzles. Being taken seriously is often important to give a needle fear patient a good care experience and has also shown to be crucial as to whether the needle patient at a later date would rely on medical services and seek help or not. Conclusion: There are nursing care methods, which have been scientifically proven, that nurse can use to alleviate the suffering from patients with needle fear. Clinical significance: A major problem within the health profession is a lack of knowledge that needle fear occurs among adults. Therefore, the authors hope that by highlighting the topic in health care, adults should receive the same considerate needle fear care as children have access to today.

Bakgrund: När ett barn blir kritiskt sjukt och behöver intensivvård kan det innebära enorma kroppsliga och mentala påfrestningar för föräldrarna. Föräldrarna har oftast en central roll i barnets vård och tillfrisknande, men kan uppleva besvär med att få sina personliga behov uppfyllda under barnets vårdtid. Syfte: Beskriva föräldrars uttryckta behov av stöd från sjuksköterskor när deras barn vårdas på BIVA. Metod: Litteraturöversikt med analys av kvalitativ data. Resultat: Fem kategorier presenteras i studien; stöd i form av begriplig information, stöd till att bevara föräldrarollen, stöd i form av tillit till sjuksköterskor, stöd till kroppsligt välbefinnande samt emotionellt stöd. Slutsats: Föräldrar kan uppleva en förlorad känsla av kontroll när barnet vårdas på BIVA. Tankar och känslor, så som osäkerhet gällande barnets överlevnad, kan hindra dem från att ta hand om sig själva vilket i sin tur kan leda till utmattning. Information, delaktighet och goda relationer till sjuksköterskor uttrycks främja föräldrarnas välbefinnande, känsla av kontroll och trygghet. Klinisk betydelse: Resultatet i studien skulle kunna bidra till hur sjuksköterskor kan stödja och hjälpa föräldrar till sjuka barn. Resultatet skulle även kunna bidra till diskussion och reflektion över attityder och förhållningssätt inom hälso- och sjukvården när det kommer till föräldrars roll och välmående i vården av sjuka barn. / Background: When a child becomes critically ill and needs intensive care, it can involve enormous bodily and mental strain for parents. Parents often have a central role in the child's care and recovery, but can experience trouble with getting their personal needs met during the child's hospital stay. Aim: Describe parents expressed needs of support from nurses when their child is cared for in the PICU. Method: Literature review, analyzing qualitative data. Results: Five categories is presented in this study; support in the form of understandable information, support to preserve the parental role, support in the form of trust in nurses, support for bodily well-being and emotional support. Conclusion: Parents can experience a loss of control when the child is cared for in the PICU. Thoughts and feelings, such as uncertainty regarding the child's survival, can prevent them from taking care of themselves which can lead to exhaustion. Information, participation and trusting relationships with nurses can promote parents well-being, feelings of control and security. Clinical significance: The results of this study could contribute to how nurses can support and help parents of ill children. The results could also contribute to the discussion and reflection on the attitudes of health care when it comes to the role and well-being of parents in the care of ill children.