During the year of 2020 the Covid-19 pandemic entailed restrictions that affected Sweden and the world in general. At the request of the Swedish Public Health Agency, Swedish universities were asked to conduct digital distance education. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the attitude to the change from traditional education to distance education among full-time students at Örebro University, can be understood in relation to factors linked to learning. The study also intends to examine whether and how the students experience that their social interaction and sense of coherence has been affected as a result of the change. The results of this qualitative study are based on qualitative interviews with full-time students at Örebro University, who have been involved in the change from traditional education to distance education. Previous research in these subject areas highlight, among other things, the prerequisites for successful distance education, as well as factors that have been found to have an impact on students’ experience of social interaction and sense of coherence. In addition to previous research, the study’s theoretical framework is based on Erving Goffman’s (2014 [1974]) dramaturgical perspective on social interaction and Aaron Antonovsky’s (2005) theory of sense of coherence.The result indicates that the students were predominantly negative about the change, mainly due to the lack of social interaction. The study also shows that the students experienced difficulties within the social interaction during distance education, in terms of impression management, maintenance of traditional norms and the separation between study time and free time. In conclusion, the study shows that the students’ sense of coherence has been affected in various degrees, depending on how they perceive that their sense of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness is met in distance education. / Under år 2020 medförde Covid-19-pandemin restriktioner som påverkade Sverige och världen i stort. På begäran av Folkhälsomyndigheten uppmanades svenska universitet att bedriva digital distansundervisning. Syftet med detta självständiga arbete är att undersöka hur inställningen till förändringen från traditionell undervisning till distansundervisning hos heltidsstudenter vid Örebro Universitet, kan förstås i relation till faktorer kopplat till lärande. Fokus ligger därtill på om och i sådana fall hur studenterna upplever att deras sociala interaktion och känsla av sammanhang har påverkats till följd av förändringen. Denna kvalitativa studie baserar sitt resultat på kvalitativa intervjuer med heltidsstudenter vid Örebro Universitet, som varit med om förändringen från traditionell undervisning till distansundervisning. Tidigare forskning inom dessa ämnesområden belyser bland annat förutsättningar för en lyckad distansundervisning, samt faktorer som har visat sig ha en inverkan på studenters upplevelse av social interaktion och känsla av sammanhang. Utöver tidigare forskning grundas studiens teoretiska ramverk i Erving Goffmans (2014 [1974]) dramaturgiska perspektiv gällande social interaktion samt Aaron Antonovskys (2005) teori om känsla av sammanhang.Resultatet från studien tyder på att studenterna var övervägande negativt inställda till förändringen, främst på grund av avsaknaden av socialt umgänge. Studien visar även att studenterna upplevde svårigheter i den sociala interaktionen vid distansundervisning vad gäller intrycksstyrning, upprätthållning av traditionella normer samt avgränsningen mellan studietid och fritid. Avslutningsvis visar studien att studenternas känsla av sammanhang påverkats i varierande grad, beroende på hur de uppfattar att deras känsla av begriplighet, hanterbarhet samt meningsfullhet tillgodoses vid distansundervisningen.

Aim: The aim of this study is to understand how digitalization affects on leadership. We investigate how the discussion on digital transformation and leadership has emerged in recent years. Method: This study is based on a single case study connecting a Swedish company called Sandvik. Qualitative research methods have been applied which includes in-depth interviews. Results & Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that digitalization was more or less articulated by the Sandvik managers. Almost all the leaders suggested that digitalization brings new opportunities to their company with the help of which Sandvik got the effective edge on leadership in the digital world. The empirical results show that all the interviewees were in favour of the fact that their organization, leadership, and employees are affected by digitalization. The interviewees believed that their daily life, as well as business-related activities, has been revolutionized by digital transformation. Implications: Managers need to build a situation that will promote the creation of new leaders. Leaders need to make sure that their middle-level managers understand and let them make choices about the core strategy behind the digital transformation. Our theoretical contribution enlists that digitalization was seemed to as an effective and essential driver for promoting effective leadership in an organization.   Suggestions for Future Research: Qualitative studies support us to understand how things operate in reality but it does not completely provide one answer to the research questions. It is difficult to generalize the impact of digitalization on leaders and employees since the situation could be different for other companies. It might have been interesting to compare the situation of digital impact on leaders and employees in different industrial segments in the future. As this research is taken under time bond restrictions, we can develop only a concise and short detail therefore future research should be taken to explore a more clear and concise description of the selected topic.

The aim of this study was to obtain a deeper understanding how social workers, who practice public authority in social services, perceive that social services are affected when it takes place in an increasingly digital arena. The chosen method of this study was semistructured interviews held with six social workers from two different municipalities. The gathered material was analyzed using the theory discretion and professional approach. The result showed that digitalization has affected social work. It also entails both benefits and challenges regarding relationships between professionals and clients as well as quality in work. The respondents did see obstacles with the digitalization, the mentioned problems did often concern the challenges of creating relationships and uncertainty with usage of the digital devices related to the legal aspects. Our conclusion was that social workers, by using their discretion and a professional approach, can take advantage of the benefits that digital devices entails to improve the quality of social work. This requires social workers to make assessments based on awareness of the obstacles regarding digital devices in relation to clients’ different conditions.

I en värld som präglas av den ökade digitaliseringen står företagen inför både möjligheter och utmaningar. Försäkringsbranschen är inget undantag och även om den digitala utvecklingen inte skett lika snabbt som inom exempelvis banksektorn går den digitala utvecklingen nu snabbt i försäkringsbranschen. Denna sektor skiljer sig från många andra branscher då kunderna sällan interagerar med sin tjänsteleverantör vilket i detta fall är försäkringsbolaget. Branschen präglas även av hög konkurrens och kunderna har idag tillgång till jämförelsesidor vilket ökar deras valmöjligheter bland annat. Syftet med studien är att beskriva på vilket sätt ett urval av försäkringskunders lojalitet påverkas av digitaliseringen, samt hur deras lojalitet påverkas av kundnöjdheten. Studien genomförs genom att 12 respondenter som valts ut delar med sig av sina upplevelser genom semistrukturerade intervjuer då en kvalitativ metod används. Studiens resultat indikerar att kunderna föredrar digitala alternativ framför mänsklig kontakt när de interagerar med sina försäkringsbolag. Slutsatserna som dras i studien är att konsumenternas lojalitet anses försämras till följd av digitaliseringen. Samt att en hög kundnöjdhet inte anses leda till en hög lojalitet. Då den större delen av forskningen med koppling till digitalisering, kundnöjdhet och lojalitet som genomförts inom det finansiella området varit inriktad mot banksektorn, bidrar denna studie genom att tillämpa ovanstående faktorer inom ett relativt outforskat område, försäkringsbranschen.

E-archive create more efficient opportunities for operations through process-oriented archival reporting that provides better overview of documents and a better support for case management and increases security for compliance. E-archive are also a prerequisite for achieving the municipalities goals for future e-government and a fully digital flow of information. The purpose of the essay is to investigate why some municipalities have started using electronic archiving while others are still using paper archives. The study also aims to examine the requirements for safety, accessibility, and costs for introducing electronic archives into municipal activities. Previous research in this field has mainly focused on areas that I believe together form the basis of my research area, namely digitalization, security, accessibility, information management, and e-government and digital archives (e-archives). Then presented OAIS model used as theory in this essay. To reach the aim of the study primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews. For this essay, there have been interviews with eight different municipalities, four of which use e-archiving and four using paper archives. The study is also based on secondary data in the form of articles and dissertations for previous studies on e-archives. The result that I got showed that digital archives are evolving very quickly. At the same time e-archives create great benefits such as being able to respond to the digital needs of the activities, follow the digital development that takes place in the public sector. The introduction of e-archives needed sufficient financial and human resources to carry out all the necessary activities.

Background: The public sector like all other sectors of the economy has been influenced by digitalization. Governments and policy makers are forced to rethink their operational models and business logics. Digitalization offers organizations new ways of creating, delivering and capturing values at the same time new relationships are ensured. However, to leverage these opportunities and to avoid being stagnant, organizations need to rethink their strategies and adapt their operations to suit the digital technologies. Purpose: This paper aims to understand the digitalization impact on the public organizations’ business models and managing the impact. The identified limited empirics in this context informed the purpose of this study. Design/methodology/approach: This study was designed as exploratory with a case study carried out. In total four semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of a municipality. A combined data and concept driven strategies were used to analyse the data collected to identify how digitalization impact the way the municipality create, deliver and capture value and subsequently how they innovate their business model to adopt to digitalization Findings: The findings revealed that digitalization is relevant to the municipality and impacts the majority of the business model components of the municipality. Thus, it was identified the municipality engaged in business model innovation to be able to adapt. The strategic agility meta-capabilities appeared to be relevant in managing the changes to the business model components.

Legitimacy is about meeting society's expectations and as we live in a society that is constantly changing, the perception of what is legitimate or not is also changing. The main purpose of an auditor in today's society is to review financial reports and guarantee their quality. In recent years, technological developments have changed the profession of auditors and previous research shows that digitalization has made it easier for the auditors as certain parts of the audit process have been automated. The purpose of the study was to examine how AI in audit firms will affect the legitimacy of auditors. The focus has been on the audit companies' working process and how the process is going to change with the help of AI, and finally how the auditors believe this will affect the legitimacy of the audit companies. Qualitative interviews have been used on auditors, to be able to get into the depth and obtain personal thoughts from the respondents. The results of the study show that the introduction of AI will have a positive impact on the audit process since it is assumed that standardized and time-consuming tasks will be automated. Furthermore, this means that auditors will be able to perform more accurate analyzes and get more time over to the customers, which means that the audit companies are assumed to be able to increase their legitimacy. Therefore, the conclusion is that AI will help audit companies with their legitimacy in the future.

Due to digitalization, e-commerce and online presence is something most of us take for granted. Companies are moving more towards an internet-based arena of sales, rather than traditional commerce in physical stores. This development has led to that firms’ choses to market themselves through various online channels such as social media. Big data is our digital DNA that we leave behind on every part of the internet that we utilize. Big data has become an international commodity that can be sold, stored and used. The authors of this thesis have investigated the way international firms extract and use big data to construct customized marketing for their customers. This thesis has also examined the ethical perspective of how this commodity is handled and used, and people’s perception regarding the matter. This is interesting to investigate since very few researches has been previously conducted combining big data usage with ethics. To accomplish the aim of this thesis, significant theory has been reviewed and accounted for. Also, a qualitative research has been conducted, where two large companies that are working closely with big data has been investigated through a case-study. The authors have also conducted six semi-structured interviews with people between the age of 20-30 years old. The outcome of this thesis shows the importance of implementing ethics within the concept and usage of big data and provide insight into the mind of the consumer that has been lacking in previous research of this subject.

This paper is based on Lennart Lundquist thesis of the importance of incorporating both democratic and economic values in public administration, what he calls "our public ethos", as economic values have become increasingly important due to the development of New Public Management. The paper aimed to investigate which economic or democratic values could be identified in relation to e-government in an analysis of three Swedish administrative authorities' policy documents. To obtain the purpose of this study, following question was asked: ● Which economic or democratic values can be identified in relation to e-government in a review of the Swedish Social Insurance Agency, the Police Authority and the Employment Service's policy document? A ideal-type analysis was used as a method, and the measurement point consisted of democratic and economic values in our public ethos. The result turned out to be that both economic and democratic values can be found in the documents. It is arguable that New Public Management has had an impact on all, but its hegemonic position could not be substantiated. The dissertation's analysis section also pointed out that, in addition to emphasizing democratic values, e-government reforms can also strengthen these.

Banksektorn har genomgått omfattande förändringar till följd av digitaliseringens framväxt. Ett bredare utbud av differentierade produkter har möjliggjort för konsumenter att utföra vardagliga bankärenden på egen hand. Detta har resulterat i att alltfler bankkontor stängs ner då det inte längre genererar samma lönsamhet, något som i sin tur reducerat den fysiska interaktionen mellan banker och deras konsumenter. Att produkter och tjänster blivit digitala har inneburit konsekvenser för banksektorn då det fysiska mötet utgjort en central del för konsumenters kundnöjdhet. Ett bredare utbud av differentierade produkter och tjänster har bidragit till en ökad komplexitet där avsaknaden av kompetens med hänsyn till datorer och teknik har påverkat konsumenters attityd till digitala produkter och tjänster. Då fysisk interaktion förekommer mer sällan är det avgörande för banker att utforma produkter och tjänster utefter konsumenternas behov. Då konsumenters beteendemönster tenderar att utvecklas i samma takt som digitaliseringen är det avgörande för banker att ha en förståelse om huruvida konsumenters attityd i relation till digitala produkter uppfattas samt bredda en förståelse om konsumenternas upplevelse med hänsyn till nya banktjänster. Då kundupplevelsen utgör grunden för kundnöjdhet är det betydelsefullt för banker att leverera en god upplevelse genom att möta kundens behov. Studien ämnade undersöka digitaliseringens inverkan på svenska bankkunders kundnöjdhet. Genom att studera detta var förhoppningen att få en bredare förståelse om huruvida svenska bankkunder upplever att digitaliseringen inverkat på deras kundnöjdhet. Studien tog avstamp i en tvärsnittsdesign med ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt. Studiens datainsamling grundar sig i en kvantitativ metod och har genomförts genom en enkätundersökning i förhoppning om att nå en stor mängd respondenter. Antalet respondenter som deltog i studien uppgick till 241 där samtliga blev kontaktade via sociala medier. En regressionsanalys har använts för att studera sambandsmönster mellan studiens beroende-, oberoende- samt kontrollvariabler. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs av kundnöjdhet, digitalisering, TAMmodellen samt kundupplevelse. TAM-modellen samt kundupplevelse utgör i denna studie grunden för att närma sig ett svar kring hur digitaliseringen inverkat på svenska bankkunders kundnöjdhet. Med utgångpunkt i dessa två teorier framgick det att digitaliseringens inte haft någon negativ inverkan på kundnöjdhet men att det istället effektiviserat konsumenters sätt att uträtta bankärenden. Vidare framgår det av studiens resultat att upplevelse i allmänhet är en bidragande faktor till en högre grad av kundnöjdhet. / The banking sector has undergone extensive changes as a result of the growth of digitalisation. A wider range of differentiated products has made it possible to for consumers to carry out everyday banking on their own with no need for physical interaction with the bank. As a result of this, bank branches have been closed as it no longer generates the same profitability. Due to this, there has been a reduction in the physical interaction between bank and customers. The fact that products and services has become digital has had consequences for the banking sector as the physical meeting has been a key part of customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of digitalization on customer satisfaction. The study was conducted using a cross sectional design with a deductive approach. The study’s data collection is based on a quantitative method and has been carried out through a digital survey. The data was analysed by a regression analysis to identify possible relationships between the studies variables. The results of this study show that digitalization does not have a negative impact on customer satisfaction.