O objeto deste texto é o ruído em sua relação com a música. Minha ideia é investigar, nem sempre num percurso linear, o papel que ele desempenha na música, especialmente no período que vai do início do século XX aos dias de hoje. Essa investigação não está voltada para um levantamento técnico, nem historicista do tema. Minha preocupação está mais voltada a uma camada mais profunda em que transparecem algumas conexões entre o que chamamos de pensamento musical e a própria cultura que engendra esse pensamento. O ruído é um elemento essencial para o entendimento de certos aspectos da Modernidade, especialmente no que diz respeito à produção musical (e porque não dizer, à produção das artes em geral) no período. O que pretendo mostrar é que muitas das contradições e tensões que alimentam a música moderna podem ser entendidas como movimentos em direção à aceitação ou rejeição do ruído. A ideia central deste texto é a de que existe um processo dialético recorrente na relação entre música e ruído. Como algo incômodo, marginal, o ruído tende a ser evitado, pois sempre traz o risco de desagregação de um sistema. Minha intenção é investigar a passagem do ruído, enquanto elemento desorganizador, para som quando incorporado na música. Essa relação se direciona a uma compreensão da maneira como o ruído, no século XX, tornou-se um elemento desestabilizador, instaurando uma tensão dialética entre sua rejeição e sua aceitação enquanto elemento musical. / The object of this research is the noise and its relationship with music. My idea is to investigate, not always through linear path, the role it plays in music, especially in the period from early twentieth century to now. This investigation is not focused on a technical survey, nor on an historicist approach to the theme. My concern is more focused on a deeper layer in which one can find some connections between what we call \"musical\" and the very culture that generates it. Noise is an essential element for the understanding of certain aspects of modernity, especially in respect of music production (and why not to say, of art production in general) in that period. What I want to show is that many of the contradictions and tensions that feed modern music can be understood as a movement toward acceptance or rejection of noise. The central idea of this text is that there is a recurring dialectical process in the relationship between music and noise. As a disturbance, as a marginal element, noise tends to be avoided, because it always brings the risk of desegregating a system. My intention is to investigate the passage from noise as a disruptive element to music. This relationship is directed to an understanding of how noise has become a destabilizing element, establishing a dialectic tension between its rejection and acceptance as a musical element.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 brunaribeiroduque.pdf: 1742764 bytes, checksum: f627a5ce49adc9ffbc23310a410912ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / Assobios são emitidos por golfinhos para a comunicação entre indivíduos da mesma espécie, transmitindo informações que possibilitam a identificação individual e a coordenação do grupo. Devido a este fato, os assobios apresentam características que os diferenciam de maneira espécie-específica. Um crescente número de estudos têm utilizado este tipo de vocalização para a identificação de espécies, mas poucos no contexto de associações interespecíficas. Portanto, informações acerca da relação entre estas associações e as propriedades dos assobios representam um importante aspecto a ser compreendido. Nestas circunstâncias, o objetivo deste trabalho foi classificar e caracterizar os assobios emitidos pelas espécies Globicephala melas (baleia-piloto-de-peitoral-longa) e Tursiops truncatus (golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa) registradas durante uma interação na região da plataforma continental e talude sul brasileiro, Oceano Atlântico Sul. Os dados acústicos foram coletados oportunisticamente em maio de 2014 por dois hidrofones de uma matriz de arrasto Auset® (resposta de frequência: 1,592 a 48 kHz) rebocada pela popa do navio R/V Atlântico Sul e acoplada a um gravador digital Fostex FR-2 LE (amostragem de 48 kHz/24 bits). Um total de 418 assobios foram analisados, dos quais 117 foram classificados visualmente como G. melas e 301 como T. truncatus. A análise discriminante multivariada mostrou uma taxa de classificação correta de 97,99%. Os assobios de contorno constante foram comumente mais produzidos pela espécie G. melas (N = 50; 46,73%), enquanto para T. truncatus a categoria múltiplo ocorreu em maior frequência (N = 131; 46,13%). O golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa produziu sinais com médias de frequência maiores do que a baleia-piloto-de-peitoral-longa, em contrapartida esta espécie apresentou coeficiente de variação com valores mais altos para a maioria das variáveis. Os assobios de G. melas variaram de 1,64 a 13,93 kHz, enquanto os assobios de T. truncatus alcançaram frequências entre 5,03 e 23,91 kHz. As duas espécies emitiram assobios com média de duração próxima e com número de pontos de inflexão acima de um. Foram encontradas diferenças nos parâmetros acústicos dos assobios em relação a estudos com outras populações das duas espécies. As diferenças interespecíficas podem estar relacionadas à sobreposição de habitat e às características corporais de G. melas e T. truncatus, ao passo que as variações intraespecíficas podem ser ocasionadas devido à gama de contextos populacionais e ecológicos aos quais as populações estão submetidas. / Dolphins emit whistles for communication among individuals of the same species, transmitting information that enables individual identification and group cohesion. Due to this fact, whistles show characteristics that differentiate them in a species-specific way. An increasing number of studies have used this type of vocalization to identify species, but few of them were carried out in interspecific association contexts. Thus, information about the relationship between these associations and whistles properties represent an important aspect to be understood. In these circumstances, the aim of this work was to classify and characterize the whistles emitted by Globicephala melas (long-finned pilot whale) and Tursiops truncatus (bottlenose dolphin) recorded during an interaction in the Brazilian south continental shelf and slope, South Atlantic Ocean. The acoustic data were opportunistically collected in May 2014 using two hydrophones of an Auset® array (response frequency: 1,592 to 48 kHz) towed through the stern of the R/V Atlântico Sul and coupled to a Fostex FR-2 LE digital recorder (sampling of 48 kHz/24 bits). A total of 418 whistles were analyzed, 117 of which were visually classified as emitted by G. melas and 301 by T. truncatus. The multivariate discriminant analysis showed a correct classification rate of 97.99%. Constant whistles were more commonly produced by G. melas (N = 50, 46.73%), while for T. truncatus the multiple category occurred more frequently (N = 131, 46.13%). The bottlenose dolphin produced whistles with higher mean frequencies than the long-finned pilot whale, in contrast, this species showed a coefficient of variation with higher values for most variables. G. melas whistles varied from 1.64 to 13.93 kHz, while T. truncatus whistles ranged between 5.03 and 23.91 kHz. Both species emitted whistles with near mean duration and number of inflection points above one. Differences were found in whistles acoustic parameters in relation to studies with other populations. We hypothesize that interspecific differences may be related to habitat overlapping and body characteristics of G. melas and T. truncatus, whereas intraspecific variations can be caused due to the range of population and ecological contexts to which the populations are submitted.

L'homme peut discriminer les caractéristiques acoustiques de bruits Gaussiens. Les mécanismes de la mémoire sensorielle à long terme ont récemment été étudiés en utilisant des segments de bruit répétés en continu, ou bruits cycliques (CNs) (Agus et al., 2010). Les sujets devaient discriminer des CNs d'autres bruits aléatoires, certains CNs cibles étant présentés plusieurs fois à l'insu des sujets. Une mémorisation à long terme de ces CNs cibles a été démontrée, soulevant des questions quant aux mécanismes mnésiques sous-jacents. Ici, nous avons étudié la robustesse de cette mémoire, en testant la reconnaissance implicite à long terme (1 mois) de CNs cibles transformés : son enroulé sur lui-même (CNs " looped "), ou brouillé (CNs " scrambled ", 10 ou 20 ms). Nous montrons que de très courts segments de bruit peuvent être stockés en mémoire à long terme (10 ms). Le rôle des structures (sous-corticales) dans cette reconnaissance à long terme a ensuite été étudié par IRMf. Nous observons une trace mnésique des CNs cibles impliquant les premiers relais de la voie auditive, en particulier le corps genouillé médian, ainsi que l'hippocampe. Enfin, nous avons exploré les limites de cette mémoire en présentant des CNs cibles de différentes durées dans une oreille, et des bruits purement aléatoires dans l'autre oreille ; les sujets devant localiser le CN. Un mois après, les sujets ont une reconnaissance implicite de CNs cibles aussi brefs que 10 ms, avec seulement 8 répétitions (80ms). Nous démontrons ainsi : 1) la capacité d'apprendre et de conserver en mémoire des segments de bruit aussi courts que 10 ms, 2) une trace mnésique sous-corticale, dans les régions impliqués dans la perception des sons, 3) ces résultats sont en accord avec les performances de reconnaissance prédites par un modèle d'apprentissage STDP. / Humans are able to detect acoustic features in Gaussian noise. Researchers recently used repeating noise segments [cyclic noises (CNs), presenting a segment of noise several times back to back] to investigate long-term sensory memory (Agus et al., 2010). They asked participants to discriminate CNs from plain noise, while implicitly presenting them with a few target CNs several times. The results demonstrated long-term memory for such sounds, which have raised several further questions. First, the robustness of memory for implicitly learned Gaussian sounds was tested using a similar paradigm. Participants' recognition memory was tested by presenting them with looped and scrambled (10 or 20-ms bin size) versions of target CNs 4 weeks post-learning. Our results suggest that neurons might code for very small bits of acoustic information (10 ms). Next, the spatial correlates of memory, specifically, the role of subcortical areas in storing auditory patterns was investigated. Using the same paradigm, participants performed the testing session during fMRI scanning. Implicit memory for target CNs was demonstrated and functional contrasts implicate the Medial Geniculate body and hippocampus. Lastly, we explored the mechanisms and resolution limits of this memory. Participants were presented with CNs in one ear and plain noise in the other ear, and had to localize the CN. Implicit and explicit memory for target CNs was tested 4 weeks later. Although participants lacked conscious memory, they were better at localizing target 10-ms CNs than novel CNs, even with 8 repeats (80 ms). Altogether we demonstrate: 1) the ability to learn and store short acoustic patterns (10 ms); 2) this memory is sub-cortical, in regions implicated in perception of sounds; and 3) these results are compatible with an STDP model of learning.

A combination of an original work of fiction, Alone Among Friends, and a critical discussion of masculinity in the work of Per Petterson, this dissertation joins a growing conversation in the field of Masculine Studies about the depiction of men in literature. Written in a spare and realistic style, Alone Among Friends is a novella that hopes to explore ideas of masculinity, friendship, success, and failure present in the mindset of the American Millennial generation. Takings its cues from The Sun Also Rises, Light Years, and The Salt Point, Alone Among Friends examines the destructive nature of hyper-masculinity and highlights the danger of attaching too much meaning to external validation as the measuring stick for one's self worth. Moreover, Alone Among Friends is also influenced by the themes of memory and knowing found within the work of Per Petterson. "How Memories of the Father Inform a Son's Understanding of Masculinity in the Novels of Per Petterson" discusses the ways in which Per Petterson, a Norwegian writer, has been both influenced by American notions of masculinity and also managed to incorporate European aspects of family into his work to create a unique hybrid perspective that merges the American idea of the emancipated male protagonist with the European family centered narrative. By tracing Petterson's influences, this dissertation will attempt to show how Petterson is a logical heir to such American writers as Ernest Hemingway and Richard Ford, and it will argue that, by firmly grounding his novels in the point of view of sons that study every aspect of their fathers, Petterson inhabits a space that has long been absent from both American and Norwegian literature alike. Through the examination of Out Stealing Horses and In the Wake, this dissertation focuses on the varying ways in which these direct comparisons between father and son influence the son's perception of his own success and failure as a man.

La localisation des sources en azimuth repose sur le traitement des différences de temps d'arrivée des sons à chacune des oreilles: les différences interaurales de temps (``Interaural Time Differences'' (ITD)). Pour certaines espèces, il a été montré que cet indice dépendait du spectre du signal émis par la source. Pourtant, cette variation est souvent ignorée, les humains et les animaux étant supposés ne pas y être sensibles. Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier cette dépendance en utilisant des méthodes acoustiques, puis d'en explorer les conséquences tant au niveau électrophysiologique qu'au niveau de la psychophysique humaine. A la proximité de sphères rigides, le champ sonore est diffracté, ce qui donne lieu à des régimes de propagation de l'onde sonore différents selon la fréquence. En conséquence, quand la tête d'un animal est modélisée par une sphère rigide, l'ITD pour une position donnée dépend de la fréquence. Je montre que cet effet est reflété dans les indices humains en analysant des enregistrements acoustiques pour de nombreux sujets. De plus, j'explique cet effet à deux échelles: localement en fréquence, la variation de l'ITD donne lieu à différents délais interauraux dans l'enveloppe et la structure fine des signaux qui atteignent les oreilles. Deuxièmement, l'ITD de sons basses-fréquences est généralement plus grand que celui pour des sons hautes-fréquences venant de la même position. Dans une seconde partie, je discute l'état de l'art sur le système binaural sensible à l'ITD chez les mammifères. J'expose que l'hétérogénéité des réponses de ces neurones est prédite lorsque l'on fait l'hypothèse que les cellules encodent des ITDs variables avec la fréquence. De plus, je discute comment ces cellules peuvent être sensibles à une position dans l'espace, quel que soit le spectre du signal émis par la source. De manière générale, j'argumente que les données disponibles chez les mammifères sont en adéquation avec l'hypothèse de cellules sélectives à une position dans l'espace. Enfin, j'explore l'impact de la dépendance en fréquence de l'ITD sur le comportement humain, en utilisant des techniques psychoacoustiques. Les sujets doivent faire correspondre la position latérale de deux sons qui n'ont pas le même spectre. Les résultats suggèrent que les humains perçoivent des sons avec différents spectres à la même position lorsqu'ils ont des ITDs différents, comme prédit part des enregistrements acoustiques. De plus, cet effet est prédit par un modèle sphérique de la tête du sujet. En combinant des approches de différents domaines, je montre que le système binaural est remarquablement adapté aux indices disponibles dans son environnement. Cette stratégie de localisation des sources utilisée par les animaux peut être d'une grande inspiration dans le développement de systèmes robotiques. / Azimuth sound localization in many animals relies on the processing of differences in time-of-arrival of the low-frequency sounds at both ears: the interaural time differences (ITD). It was observed in some species that this cue depends on the spectrum of the signal emitted by the source. Yet, this variation is often discarded, as humans and animals are assumed to be insensitive to it. The purpose of this thesis is to assess this dependency using acoustical techniques, and explore the consequences of this additional complexity on the neurophysiology and psychophysics of sound localization. In the vicinity of rigid spheres, a sound field is diffracted, leading to frequency-dependent wave propagation regimes. Therefore, when the head is modeled as a rigid sphere, the ITD for a given position is a frequency-dependent quantity. I show that this is indeed reflected on human ITDs by studying acoustical recordings for a large number of human and animal subjects. Furthermore, I explain the effect of this variation at two scales. Locally in frequency the ITD introduces different envelope and fine structure delays in the signals reaching the ears. Second the ITD for low-frequency sounds is generally bigger than for high frequency sounds coming from the same position. In a second part, I introduce and discuss the current views on the binaural ITD-sensitive system in mammals. I expose that the heterogenous responses of such cells are well predicted when it is assumed that they are tuned to frequency-dependent ITDs. Furthermore, I discuss how those cells can be made to be tuned to a particular position in space irregardless of the frequency content of the stimulus. Overall, I argue that current data in mammals is consistent with the hypothesis that cells are tuned to a single position in space. Finally, I explore the impact of the frequency-dependence of ITD on human behavior, using psychoacoustical techniques. Subjects are asked to match the lateral position of sounds presented with different frequency content. Those results suggest that humans perceive sounds with different frequency contents at the same position provided that they have different ITDs, as predicted from acoustical data. The extent to which this occurs is well predicted by a spherical model of the head. Combining approaches from different fields, I show that the binaural system is remarkably adapted to the cues available in its environment. This processing strategy used by animals can be of great inspiration to the design of robotic systems.

This dissertation is a critical, performative exploration and analysis of mother-son incest as a site for educational inquiry. Particular attention is given to the sexual abuse of gay males. The text challenges and re-enacts personal and social perceptions of taboos as spaces of silence, trauma, and transformation, drawing on discourses of anti-oppressive pedagogy and narratives of healing. My views of anti-oppressive pedagogy, influenced by Freire, Kumashiro, and others, trouble taboos as personal, political, and cultural narratives. This inter/play of texts serves to acknowledge painful histories associated with incest and, on a conceptual level, to explore secrets, silences and shame around sexual abuse inbedded in cultural curriculum. Curriculum stems from currere meaning "to run," as in a course, and narrative stems from narrare meaning to make known. When both terms are juxtaposed they suggest a running from knowing. What if traumatic sexual abuse histories were placed at the center of pedagogical inquiry? Presented as a work of fiction, my dissertation is informed by an extensive literature review of motherson incest. The image of a mother as a perpetrator of sexual abuse is antithetical to mythohistoric constructions of motherhood. Literature on incest reveals that men are less often viewed as abuse victims, that gay men experience much higher histories of abuse than heterosexuals, that homosexuality and early childhood sexual abuse may be correlated, and that both homosexuality and sexual abuse remain acutely silenced topics in education. All of this generates a lifelong sequelae of problems for male survivors. Trauma necessitates a critical and creative reconsideration of educational research as a site of narrative inquiry and healing. The methodology I employed is mythopoetics presented in the form of a fairy tale within a play. Drawing on the fairy tale genre's tradition as a vehicle for imparting moral and ethical messages, the encompassing play creates a forum for dialogue and disruption of the tale. Music, art, and photographs are integrated into the text to augment the mythopoetic presentation. Mythopoetics becomes an avenue of make believe and a framework for anti-oppressive pedagogy. If education is about learning new ways of being and becoming in the world, we need to re/collect difficult subjects in order to transform lived experiences of learners. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

There are a number of childhood factors reported to be associated with gay male sexual orientation including childhood gender non-conformity and socialization factors such as paternal and peer rejection. Attachment theory suggests that poor quality childhood relationships may be related to anxiety and avoidance attachment dimensions in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between these childhood factors and anxiety and avoidance in gay men's close relationships. A community sample of 192 self-identified gay men completed questionnaires and a 2 hour attachment interview. No major findings related to the avoidance dimension were significant. In terms of attachment anxiety, results were partially consistent with attachment theory: paternal and peer, but not maternal, rejection independently predicted anxiety. Quality of peer relationships largely mediated the association between parental rejection and anxiety. In addition, quality of peer relationships mediated the association between gender nonconformity and anxiety. Good quality relationships in one domain did not compensate for poor quality relationships in another domain. The importance of fathers and peers to gay men's current relationship functioning is discussed. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

D.H. Lawrence’s novel Sons and Lovers, written in 1913 is an autobiographical novel that captures the Morel’s disharmonious family situation. Critics have many times looked at Mr. Morel and his behavior to offer an explanation for the disharmony. However, by applying a historical and socioeconomic, gender and psychoanalytical perspective to an analysis of Mrs. Morel this analysis will focus on her many actions and behavior in an attempt to offer another explanation for the disharmony in the narrative. The analysis will mainly focus on her relationship with her sons, especially Paul. The conclusion of the analysis shows that Mrs. Morel through her over attached relationship with Paul led to three main consequences: his mental downfall, his incapability to have normal relationships, and the collapse of his individuality.

Orientador: Larissa Cristina Berti / Resumo: Introdução: Apesar de as consoantes líquidas virem sendo descritas como segmentos complexos por envolverem a produção concomitante de duplos gestos articulatórios, ponta e dorso, e estarem comumente envolvidas nos processos fonológicos de simplificação, há argumentos contrários a esse respeito (Recasens, 2016), não havendo um consenso na literatura. Objetivo: descrever qualitativamente e quantitativamente a produção típica e os processos de simplificação (substituição de líquida não lateral para lateral, bem como substituição da líquida não lateral por uma semivogal) das consoantes líquidas alveolares do português brasileiro, em crianças de 4 a 9 anos, a partir da análise ultrassonográfica. Baseando-se em evidências advindas de estudos anteriores, as hipóteses assim se definem: as produções típicas de crianças se assemelhariam às dos adultos, caracterizando-se pela presença de duplos gestos; as produções atípicas, as quais envolvem os processos de substituição de líquida não lateral por uma lateral (/ɾ / [l]) e de semivocalização (/r/ [j]) tratam-se de modificações gestuais de redução da magnitude e/ou omissão de um dos gestos e uma fusão gestual, respectivamente. Método: Foram selecionadas de um banco de dados 60 produções (imagens US e áudios) advindas de 10 crianças com produção típica e de 20 crianças com distúrbios dos sons da fala (DSF) envolvendo os processos anteriormente mencionados. Dentre as produções típicas, 10 corresponderam à podução alvo de [l] e 10 correspo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Although liquid consonants have been described as complex segments involved in the concomitant production of double articulatory gestures, tip and dorsum, and are commonly involved in phonological simplification processes, there are opposite arguments to this respect (Recasens, 2016), without a consensus in the literature. Objective: to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the typical production and simplification processes (substitution of non-lateral to lateral liquid, as well as substitution of non-lateral liquid by a semivowel) of alveolar liquids consonants from Brazilian Portuguese in children aged 4 to 9 years, based on ultrasound analysis. Based on evidence from previous studies, the hypotheses defined are: children’s typical productions would resemble adults’ productions, characterized by the presence of double gestures; the atypical productions, such as those involving the substitution processes of non-lateral liquids for a lateral one (/ɾ/ [l]) and semivocalization (/ɾ/[j]) are gestural changes of magnitude reduction and/or omission of one of the gestures and a gestural fusion, respectively. Methods: Sixty productions (US images and audios) from 10 children with typical production and 20 children with speech sound disorders (SSD) involving the aforementioned processes were selected from a database. Among the typical productions, 10 corresponded to the target production of [l] and 10 corresponded to the target production of [ɾ]. Among the atypic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Plenzdorf's works, one written before the fall of socialism in the German Democratic Republic (hereafter referred to as the DDR), and one after, portray relationships between fathers and sons, which act as a metaphor to express a personal perspective of the state, revealing that the DDR was neither as repressive or as omnipresent for the average citizen as outsiders are often given to believe. The father, or Übervater, a figure deeply rooted in the German consciousness, is represented by the state and proves itself as an entity which gives the protagonists in both works little notice, despite their best efforts to seek out a paternalistic presence.