Nessa dissertação, o objetivo principal é a análise da checagem de foco da categoria sujeito no cabo-verdiano, variedade de São Nicolau, região de Barlavento. No tocante à introdução dos aspectos sociolinguísticos do cabo-verdiano de São Nicolau, o trabalho corrobora que a morfossintaxe nominal e verbal da língua atesta marcas de flexão, como por exemplo, o gênero, o número e marca de flexão verbal. O resultado do estudo, a partir do alargamento do corpus, submetido à ferramenta Praat, ratifica a análise realizada por Lopes & Zanoli (2012): o foco da categoria sujeito nessa variedade de Barlavento só pode ser realizado por meio de estruturas clivadas. No entanto, a análise amplia o escopo do estudo anterior: aponta três tipos de clivadas que marcam a tipologia do foco em São Nicolau e identifica, por meio da análise entoacional, a predominância de um acento bitonal específico do foco na língua: L+H*. / In this dissertation, the main goal is the analysis of the checks \'focus\' category \'subject\' in Cape Verde, variety of St. Nicholas, the Windward area. Regarding the introduction of the sociolinguistic aspects of Cape Verde of St. Nicholas, the work confirms that the nominal and verbal morphosyntax of the language attests brands flexion, for example, the \'gender\', the \'number\' and verbal inflection. The result of the study, from the extension of the corpora underwent Praat tool, confirms the analysis by Lopes & Zanoli (2012): the focus of the category \'subject\' in this variety Windward can only be accomplished through cleaved structures. However, the analysis expands the scope of the previous study: Three types of cleaved marking the typology of \'focus\' on St. Nicholas and identifies, by means of analysis intonation, the predominance of a bitonal accent specific focus on language: L + H *.

This study looked at risk factors associated with vitamin D levels in the body among a representative sample of adults in the U.S., NHANES III (2001-2006) data were used to assess the relationship between several demographic and health risk factors and vitamin D levels in the body. The Baseline-Category Logit Model was used to test the association between vitamin D level and the potential risk factors age, education, ethnicity, poverty status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol with both genders. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were significantly associated with age, race, education, physical activity, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol level for both genders. Almost half of the adults sampled in these data had vitamin D levels lower than the recommended limits, with the highest frequency among the younger groups. Determining an individual’s vitamin D level is very difficult without proper clinical testing. Many of those who have low vitamin D levels are unaware. With such a high prevalence of individuals with low vitamin D levels in the U.S. and a better understanding of characteristics associated with these lower levels, increased education and prevention efforts should be focused toward those with higher risk characteristics.

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Cette thèse porte sur la théorie de la discrimination multi-classe à marge. Elle a pour cadre la théorie statistique de l’apprentissage de Vapnik et Chervonenkis. L’objectif est d’établir des bornes de généralisation possédant une dépendances explicite au nombre C de catégories, à la taille m de l’échantillon et au paramètre de marge gamma, lorsque la fonction de perte considérée est une fonction de perte à marge possédant la propriété d’être lipschitzienne. La borne de généralisation repose sur la performance empirique du classifieur ainsi que sur sa "capacité". Dans cette thèse, les mesures de capacité considérées sont les suivantes : la complexité de Rademacher, les nombres de recouvrement et la dimension fat-shattering. Nos principales contributions sont obtenues sous l’hypothèse que les classes de fonctions composantes calculées par le classifieur ont des dimensions fat-shattering polynomiales et que les fonctions composantes sont indépendantes. Dans le contexte du schéma de calcul introduit par Mendelson, qui repose sur les relations entre les mesures de capacité évoquées plus haut, nous étudions l’impact que la décomposition au niveau de l’une de ces mesures de capacité a sur les dépendances (de la borne de généralisation) à C, m et gamma. En particulier, nous démontrons que la dépendance à C peut être considérablement améliorée par rapport à l’état de l’art si la décomposition est reportée au niveau du nombre de recouvrement ou de la dimension fat-shattering. Ce changement peut affecter négativement le taux de convergence (dépendance à m), ce qui souligne le fait que l’optimisation par rapport aux trois paramètres fondamentaux se traduit par la recherche d’un compromis. / This thesis deals with the theory of margin multi-category classification, and is based on the statistical learning theory founded by Vapnik and Chervonenkis. We are interested in deriving generalization bounds with explicit dependencies on the number C of categories, the sample size m and the margin parameter gamma, when the loss function considered is a Lipschitz continuous margin loss function. Generalization bounds rely on the empirical performance of the classifier as well as its "capacity". In this work, the following scale-sensitive capacity measures are considered: the Rademacher complexity, the covering numbers and the fat-shattering dimension. Our main contributions are obtained under the assumption that the classes of component functions implemented by a classifier have polynomially growing fat-shattering dimensions and that the component functions are independent. In the context of the pathway of Mendelson, which relates the Rademacher complexity to the covering numbers and the latter to the fat-shattering dimension, we study the impact that decomposing at the level of one of these capacity measures has on the dependencies on C, m and gamma. In particular, we demonstrate that the dependency on C can be substantially improved over the state of the art if the decomposition is postponed to the level of the metric entropy or the fat-shattering dimension. On the other hand, this impacts negatively the rate of convergence (dependency on m), an indication of the fact that optimizing the dependencies on the three basic parameters amounts to looking for a trade-off.

A recurring theme in the cognitive development literature is the notion that people restructure their task knowledge as they develop increasingly sophisticated strategies. A large body of empirical literature spanning several domains suggests that in some cases, the process of knowledge restructuring is best characterized by a process of sequentially replacing old strategies with newer ones. In other cases, restructuring appears to be better characterized as a process involving changes in the way partial knowledge elements are selectively applied to a task. Critically, the former, but not the latter position, suggests that it may be quite difficult for people to revert to using an old strategy after restructuring has already occurred. The three experiments reported herein suggest that knowledge restructuring observed in experimental settings is aptly characterized by a process of strategy retention. Specifically, people are shown to readily revert to using an old categorization strategy even after demonstrably having restructured their knowledge, suggesting that knowledge is best conceptualized as having a heterogeneous structure. Formal modeling further supports this interpretation of the empirical results, and highlights the important role of selective attention in determining the manifest response strategy. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of an overarching mixture-of-experts framework of knowledge representation.

本論文研究股票分類與否對投資組合報酬有無差別，因此以目標規畫方式提出兩個混合整數線性規劃模型建立投資組合。在考量市場風險上，兩模型的差別在於一個是單股比重的限制，另一個是類股數目的限制。兩模型中均考慮交易數量為整數與實務中的交易成本，且採用了0-1決策變數，決定股票及類股的選取與否。並以台灣股票市場作為實證研究對象，探討兩模型投資組合在市場不同走勢下的表現，同時也觀察股票分類後，探討選幾個類股數會有較佳的績效，並分析投資組合建立後多久應該進行調整。 / This thesis studies the effect of return of a portfolio while restricting the number of asset category. Two mixed-integer linear programming models are proposed by using the goal programming technique. In consideration of the risk, the difference between these two models is that one focuses on a single stock restriction, and the other is on the asset category restriction. The integer restriction and transaction cost are included in the model while using binary decision variable to indicate the selection of an asset and the selection a category. Finally, an empirical study will be presented by applying to Taiwan’s stock market. The performances of these two models are discussed. Moreover, the best number of category in the portfolio and the best timing of rebalance are also investigated.

This thesis is devoted to the proof of a theorem showing the existence of a closed model category structure for weakly enriched categories. It requires first of all the definitions of weakly enriched categories and equivalences of weakly enriched categories such that these definitions recover some existing notions of higher order weak categories, for example Segal categories, Tamsamani n-categories and strict n-categories. In order to prove our theorem, we elaborate a theory of plans for cell addition following the approach of the small object argument <i>à la</i> Quillen. We conclude this work with the proof that our theorem recovers the case of Segal categories. This last result requires a fundamental groupoid-geometric realization adjunction between Segal groupoids and topological spaces.

The times of following a ‘one brand – one product’ strategy have long past. Nowadays, firms are increasingly recognizing the true value of their brands and are starting to use these as a source of competitive advantage. By introducing new products under an existing brand name, firms leverage the power of their brands and thus, aim at benefiting from the success of the parent brand. Brands are amongst the most valuable assets owned by a company, which encourages them to engage in brand extensions. The authors mainly distinguish between three brand extension strategy types: line extension, vertical line extension and category extension.             Previous quantitative studies have identified that particularly brand equity and brand identity stand out as significantly influencing brand extension strategies. Therefore, this qualitative case study further explores how these two branding constructs affect firms’ brand extension decisions. While most past studies investigated the potential success of fictitious brands, this study performs qualitative interviews with brand and product managers of eight real case firms operating in the FMCG industry in Germany.             The empirical data indicates that the pressure to innovate rises, as more and more new extension products are being introduced to the market in recent years. Nevertheless, the majority of firms opt for line extension strategies, while only few dare to enter a further distanced market segment. Hence, the condition of a “fit” between the parent brand and extension product is mostly accounted for. The study further suggests that a brand without strong brand equity will not be able to perform brand extensions at any level. However, even if brands do benefit from strong brand equity, firms may adopt divergent strategies, which is mainly dependent on the brand’s identity. The research results show that narrowly defined brands, predominantly distinguishable by concrete product features and physical facets, restrict the firms’ capability to extend a brand beyond its original product line. Contrarily, brands with a more abstract or value based identity provide more opportunities to stretch further from the parent brand. An emotional brand that succeeds in building a relationship to the customer, in representing a distinct personality or telling a story, is able to extend to a new product category. The study concludes that certain brands may be under-exploited, as they do not leverage their high equity and identity capabilities in terms of extending the brand to a further distanced market segment.             As a result of the findings, two Brand Extension Strategy Matrices are constructed, setting the brand identity abstraction level (product or value based identity) into relation to (1) brand equity and (2) the identity “fit” of an extension product and the parent brand. Each of these two matrices explains the strategic consequences of a given set of brand equity and brand identity.

Darbo objektas – Mažeikių miškų urėdijos Mažeikių girininkijos miškai. Darbo tikslas - įvertinti miškų kokybinius ir kiekybinius pokyčius ir jų priežastis Mažeikų miškų masyve 1982 – 2006 metais, panaudojant sklypinės inventorizacijos duomenis. Darbo metodai - panaudoti sklypinės miškų inventorizacijos, taksacinių rodiklių analizės metodai. Vertinant medynų našumą ir jo pasikeitimus, atlikta įvairiapusė medynų analizė, gauti duomenys palyginti su ankstesnių inventorizacijų duomenimis. Įvertintas naudmenų pasikeitimas, miškų taksaciniai ir kt. rodikliai. Įvertinta kokį poveikį miško našumo pasikeitimams turėjo girininkijos ūkinė veikla. Darbo rezultatai. Atlikus tyrimus, gauti rezultatai: Mažeikių girininkijos miškuose didėja eglynų ir beržynų plotai. Tokie medynai dabar vyrauja Lcs, Lbl, Ncs augavietėse. Vyraujantys pusamžiai ir bręstantys medynai, mažos apimties pagrindiniai kirtimai lemia didelį tūrio prieaugio kaupimą. Per analizuojamą laikotarpį padidėjo medynų tūris 1 ha ( dabar 217 m³/ ha ). Pagal sklypinės miškų inventorizacijos duomenis nustatytas vidutinis tūrio prieaugio kaupimas 6,86 m3/ha per metus. / The object of Master's study is forest yield and its changes under growth and forest measures in Mažeikiai forest district of Mažeikiai Training Forest. Enterprise. The purpose of the work is to estimate changes of forest and forest yield as well as efficiency of silviculture activities in Mažeikiai forest district. Analysis of there changes was made using data of standwise inventory. Following work methods were used in this study: forest inventory by standwise inventory method, analysis of stand parameters changes, method of stand yield balance. Following analysis of stand yields and its changes was made using data of inventory by sampling method. Obtained results were compared with data of standvvise inventory forest. There were estimated changes of forestland categories, distribution by forest types felled volume and other parameters. The impact of forestry activities on changes of forest stand yield was evaluated too. Research results showed increasing of area pine and black alder forest types in Mažeikiai forest district. This results show purposive formation of stands' species composition in Lcs, Lbl, Ncs sites. Prevailing in Mažeikiai forest district young, medium and mature age stands determine high grass increment, stands age, grown up stock volume. According to the results of sampling inventory by method there is defined grow annual increment increasing by 6,86 m3/ha over a year intense average stock volume increase.

The meanings of Lithuanian past simple tenses and their equivalents in English is the object of the thesis. Other forms expressing past, i.e. compound forms, participles used instead of indicative mood in the narrative speech as well as predicative indeclinable forms of past passive participles are the subject matter in the thesis. There are two simple past tenses in Lithuanian: the past simple and the past frequentative tense. Both tenses are used to express an action which happened before the moment of speech; however, the relation to the moment of speech is different: the past simple tense is used to express a very close action to the reference time (whether it is present or other past action). Thus, the past simple tense has the perfective and plusquamperfective meaning. Whereas, the past frequentative tense does not possess those meanings; it is used to express a repetitive action of a more distant past. Moreover, the relationship of analytic forms to the simple ones is determined in the study. The problem of modus relativus and the meaning of predicative participles of passive voice are covered in the thesis as well. Analytical nature of English tenses enables to perceive and evaluate the meanings and functions of Lithuanian tenses more accurately. The search for the equivalents of Lithuanian tenses in English allows determining more precise meanings of Lithuanian past tenses, particularly the grammaticalization of analytic constructions, the relationships of... [to full text] / Disertacijoje analizuojami ne tik vientisinių būtųjų lietuvių kalbos laikų reikšmės ir jų atitikmenys anglų kalboje, bet ir praeities raiškos formos, įtraukiant ir vadinamąsias sudurtines arba sudėtines laikų formas, dalyvius, vartojamus vietoj tiesioginės nuosakos atpasakojamojoje kalboje, ir predikatines nelinksniuojamas neveikiamosios rūšies būtojo laiko dalyvių formas. Lietuvių kalboje yra du vientisiniai laikai: būtasis kartinis ir būtasis dažninis. Abiems šiems laikams bendra tai, kad jie reiškia veiksmą, vykusį prieš kalbamąjį momentą, o skiria juos pagrindinė santykio su kalbamuoju momentu reikšmė: būtasis kartinis laikas gali reikšti labai artimą veiksmą atskaitos momentui: ar tai būtų dabartis, ar kitas praeities veiksmas. Taigi būtasis kartinis laikas turi ir perfekto, ir pliuskvamperfekto reikšmes. Šių reikšmių neturi būtasis dažninis laikas. Jis reiškia tolesnės praeities kartojamą veiksmą, kurio atžvilgiu jis sudaro opoziciją būtajam kartiniam laikui. Darbe taip pat nagrinėjamos analitinės formos, nustatomas jų santykis su vientisinėmis: ar jos sudaro vientisinėms opozicijas, ar yra sinoniminės, ar visos santykiauja vienodai. Taip pat tiriama vadinamoji netiesioginė nuosaka (modus relativus) ir neveikiamosios rūšies formą turinčių predikatinių dalyvių reikšmė. Analitinis anglų kalbos laikų pobūdis geriau padeda suprasti ir įvertinti lietuvių kalbos laikų reikšmes ir funkcijas. Ieškojimas lietuvių kalbos laikų formoms atitikmenų anglų kalboje padeda geriau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]