Данная диссертация посвящена исследованию категории исчисляемости на примере английских существительных singularia tantum. В работе исследуется каким образом эти существительные могут переходить в разряд исчисляемых, рассматриваются особенности этого перехода, в частности семантические сдвиги существительных singularia tantum и оценивается влияние контекста на этот переход. / This thesis is dedicated to the research of the category of countability illustrated by singularia tantum nouns in the English language. The study shows how singularia tantum nouns can move to the class of countable nouns, looks into the characteristics of this transition, especially into the sematic shift of singularia tantum nouns and evaluates the influence of the context on this transition.

В данной магистерской диссертации исследуется категориальная специфика жанра (текстотипа) новостной заметки. Рассматриваются особенности выражения темы, хронотопа и тональности в новостных заметках на сайте агентства URA.Ru за декабрь 2017 г. Описано типологическое функционирование данных категорий; доказано, что набор категорий «тема + хронотоп + тональность» может быть признан необходимым и достаточным для описания новостной заметки как жанра публицистического функционального стиля. Полученные результаты анализа проявлений названных текстовых категорий ассоциированы со всем объемом сплошной выборки и транспонированы на весь жанр новостной заметки как текстотип. / This master degree thesis studies the categorical specifics of the news notes texts. The features of topical, chronotopical, and tonal representations in the news notes texts published on the URA.Ru website during December 2017 are considered. The typical functionality of the categories given is characterized, the set of such categories as theme, chronotope, and tonality being recognized as essential and sufficient to describe a news note as a genre of the newspaper style. The analysis results of the verbal representations of the text categories given were then associated with the entire continuous sampling, and transposed to the whole text type of the news notes.

Syfte: I den komplexa miljö som inköp inom lågvolymstillverkande företag befinner sig i ställs krav på kostnadsreducering. Ofta är fokus på inköpspriset medan flertalet osynliga kostnader, som ofta är större, är dolda under vattenytan. Det återfinns befintlig teori kring totalkostnadsanalyser men det finns fortfarande behov av att skapa möjlighet för praktisk implementering på företag. I linje med det är studiens syfte att utveckla en praktisk totalkostnadsanalysprocess för inköp inom lågvolymstillverkande företag. För att uppnå syftet har tre frågeställningar formulerats enligt följande: (1) Vilka kostnader återfinns vid inköp av artiklar inom lågvolymstillverkning? (2) Hur bör kostnaderna vid inköp av artiklar inom lågvolymstillverkande företag prioriteras i en totalkostnadsanalys? (3) Hur bör kostnaderna vid inköp av artiklar inom lågvolymstillverkande företag beaktas vid en totalkostnadsanalys? Metod: Studien baseras på en fallstudie av kvalitativ karaktär. Studien genomfördes på Saab Aeronautics i Linköping, där empiri insamlats via datainsamlingsteknikerna dokumentstudie, enkät och intervju. Därtill utfördes en litteraturgenomgång där befintlig teori inom området kartlades. Vidare jämfördes teori och empiri från företaget för att fastställa den praktiska process som var syftet med studien att uppnå. Resultat: I studien identifieras 14 grupper av kostnader som sedan storleksmässigt delas upp efter artikeltyp och prioriterades baserat på empiri från fallföretaget. Vidareresulterar studien i hur artiklar beaktas utifrån teori om Kraljics matris och leverantörspreferensiering samt empiri om hur olika artiklar kan hanteras utifrån empiri från fallföretaget. Studien resulterar i en totalkostnadsanalysprocess i åtta steg där praktisk möjlighet till implementering skapas via artikeluppdelning. Ekonomisk och miljömässig hållbarhet uppnås genom att företag ges möjligheten att minska sina kostnader och göra miljövänligare beslut. Implikationer: Studien bidrar till både praktiska och teoretiska implikationer.Processen är ett verktyg som inköpsavdelningen på lågvolymstillverkande företag kan använda sig av för att skapa sig en möjlighet att få vetskap om dolda kostnader.Vetskapen om kostnaderna skapar även möjlighet till att minska kostnader utifrån ett totalkostnadsperspektiv. I arbetet skapas en praktisk process utifrån de två redan befintliga litteraturområden, totalkostnad och artikeluppdelning. Därtill skapas bidrag till forskningen om möjligheten att kombinera dessa teoretiska områden. Avgränsningar: Studien är begränsad till ett företag via enfallstudie. Därtill sker utgångspunkt ifrån inköpsavdelningen och begränsas studien till att endast undersöka kvalitativa delar av en totalkostnadsanalysprocess, det vill säga inte genomförande av beräkningar.

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The number of new cases of lung and bronchus cancer was 55.8 per 100,000 men and women per year. The number of deaths was 44.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2010-2014 cases and deaths. Each year, more people die of lung cancer than of colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. The knowledge that lung cancer can be successfully treated if caught early has driven a decades-long search to find an accurate and reliable screening test. National Cancer Institute's National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) found that annual screening with Low-Dose CT (LDCT) for asymptomatic patients aged 55 to 74, with a smoking history of at least 30 pack-years, and smokers who quit less than 15 years ago, had a 20% reduction in risk of death from lung cancer. Findings of this trial resulted in that LDCT becoming the gold standard of screening for lung cancer. The SEED method is a community-engaged research approach to develop conceptual models and generate patient-centered research questions. This method has been used to engage community stakeholders of Martinsville, Virginia to develop conceptual models of the factors contributing to lung cancer outcomes. In the first manuscript of this dissertation, these models which were produced by 3 different groups of stakeholders have been examined closely to explore the complexity, similarities, and differences. The models were used to produce a research agenda on the topic of factors impacting lung cancer outcomes for future researchers. A literature review was conducted by the study team on the final research agenda. The goal of this literature review was to avoid duplication of research and to focus future research on the identified gaps. The knowledge and attitudes of the health care providers and patients about lung cancer screening and the barriers in the uptake of LDCT were identified as a research gap. The design of the Martinsville lung cancer study described in the second manuscript of this dissertation responds to this identified research gap. These studies and their results shed light on the factors that impact lung cancer outcomes using a community based participatory approach. / Ph. D. / Each year, more people die of lung cancer than of colon, breast, and prostate cancers combined. Many researchers are studying to find an accurate and reliable screening test for lung cancer by testing the knowledge that if lung cancer can be successfully treated if caught early. One study that was conducted by National Cancer Institute found that annual screening with Low-Dose CT (LDCT) for patients who are 55 to 74, without any symptoms, with a smoking history of at least 30 pack-years, and smokers who quit less than 15 years ago, lowered their risk of dying from lung cancer. Findings of this study resulted in that Low-Dose CT becoming the best screening test for lung cancer. The SEED method is a research method to create conceptual models and produce research questions based on the direct feedback from patients and other stakeholders. This method has been used to engage community stakeholders of Martinsville, Virginia to develop conceptual models of the factors that impact the lung cancer outcomes in this area. In the first manuscript of this dissertation, these models have been examined closely to find their similarities and differences and to find out how complex they are. After generating the research questions by using these models, related studies were reviewed by the study team to find the gap of information on this topic. This review revealed that there is a gap of information in the knowledge and attitudes of the health care providers and patients about lung cancer screening and the barriers in using the Low-Dose CT. The design of the Martinsville lung cancer study described in the second manuscript of this dissertation is an answer to this gap of information.

Existing research suggests that when consumers encounter hybrid products or boundary-spanning products with attributes belonging to multiple categories, consumers tend to generate inferences based on only a single product category. Reliance on a single category for inferencing is termed as the “single category belief problem” which has been regarded as a vital marketing challenge because it leads consumers to underestimate the true utility of a hybrid product as certain product attributes are ignored. Our objective was to explore whether single category beliefs manifest in consumer choice for a hybrid product when strategically placed within varying contexts. The research used discrete choice experiment (DCE) to test hypotheses. Our research confirms that the single category belief is evident in consumer choice. We also found that the context the hybrid product is placed within has a major influence on what consumers preferred the most. Depending on the context a hybrid product was seen in had significant influence on how consumers evaluated product attributes and made purchase decisions. The findings for this research may be very beneficial for marketers.

Design fixation is a phenomenon experienced by professional designers and engineering design students that stifles creativity and innovation through discouraging ideational productivity, fluency and diversity. During the design idea and concept generation phase of the design process, a reliance on perceptual surface feature similarities between design artefacts increases the likelihood of design fixation leading to design duplication. Psychologists, educators and designers have become increasingly interested in creative idea generation processes that encourage innovation and entrepreneurial outcomes. However, there is a notable lack of collaborative research between psychology, education and engineering design particularly on inductive reasoning of undergraduate engineering students in higher education. The data gathered and analysed for this study provides an insight into property inference decision-making preferences and decision switching (SWITCH) patterns of engineering undergraduates under similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] and category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. For this psychology experiment, property induction tasks were devised using abstract shapes in a triad configuration. Participants (N = 180), on an undergraduate engineering programme in London, observed a triad of shapes with a target shape more similar-looking to one of two given shapes. Factors manipulated for this experiment included category alignment, category group, property type and target shape. Despite the cognitive development and maturation stage of undergraduate engineers (adults) in higher education, this study identified similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] to play a significant role during inductive reasoning relative to the strength of category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. In addition to revealing the property inference decision-making preferences of a sample of undergraduate engineers (N = 180), two types of switch classification and two types of non-switch classification (SWITCH) were found and named SIM_NCC, SIM-Salient, Reverse_CAT and CAT_Switching. These different classifications for property inference switching and non-switching presented a more complex pattern of decision-making driven by the relative strength between similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] and category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. The conditions that encouraged CAT_Switching is of particular interest to design because it corresponds to inference decision switching that affirms the sharing of properties between dissimilar-looking shapes designated as category members, i.e., in a conflicting category alignment condition (CoC). For CAT_Switching, this study found a significant interaction between a particular set of conditions that significantly increased the likelihood of property inference decisions switching to affirm the sharing of properties between dissimilar-looking shapes. Stimuli conditions that combined a conflicting category alignment condition (where dissimilar-looking shapes belong to the same category) with category specificity, a causal property and a target shape with merged (or blended) perceptual surface features significantly increased the likelihood of a property inference decision switching. CAT_Switching has important implications for greater ideational productivity, fluency and diversity to discourage design fixation within the conceptual design space. CAT_Switching conditions could encourage more creative design transformations with alternative design functions through inductive inferences that generalise between dissimilar artefact designs. The findings from this study led to proposing a Cartesian view of the concept design space to represent the possibilities for greater movements through flexible and expanding category boundaries to encourage conceptual combinations, greater ideational fluency and greater ideational diversity within a configuration design space. This study has also created a platform for further research into property inference decision-making, ideational diversity and category boundary flexibility under stimuli conditions that encourage designers and design students to make inductive generalisations between dissimilar domains of knowledge through a greater emphasis on causal relations and semantic networks.