Este trabalho analisou os efeitos da radiação solar UV (UV-A e UV-B) em duas espécies de importância comercial do Chile, Mazzaella laminarioides e Porphyra columbina durante a primavera, período no qual freqüentemente tem sido verificado um aumento de radiação UV-B decorrente da diminuição da camada de ozônio. A interação entre a radiação UV e o suprimento de N foi também investigada. Essa interação estimulou a síntese de aminoácidos tipo micosporinas (MAAs) nas duas espécies, durante a exposição a altas irradiâncias de UV em curtos períodos. Esses resultados sugerem um ciclo diário na síntese desses compostos. A longo prazo (18 dias de cultivo), a adição de diferentes concentrações de NO3 não promoveu diferenças no conteúdo de MAAs e no crescimento de M. laminarioides, sugerindo uma adequação do metabolismo da espécie às condições experimentais. Discute-se a mobilização do N intra-celular para a manutenção da capacidade de fotoproteção das algas. Em geral, a UV-B não promoveu efeitos deletérios no crescimento e na produção de carragenanas em tetrasporófitos e gametófitos de M. laminarioides, o que seria esperado para uma espécie do médiolitoral que está exposta a variações na quantidade e qualidade de radiação solar. Entretanto, observou-se uma resposta diferenciada entre esses estádios em altas intensidades de irradiâncias de PAR e UV-B, sugerindo que gametófitos podem se aclimatar mais rapidamente a mudanças na irradiância solar do que tetrasporófitos. As radiações UV-B e UV-A promoveram alterações ultraestruturais em P. columbina. No entanto, após um período no escuro, foi observada uma recuperação parcial dessas estruturas. A partir dos resultados deste trabalho, pode-se concluir que os níveis de UV-B solar que atingiram a região de Magallanes, Chile, não causaram efeitos negativos para a produção de M. laminarioides. Entretanto, promoveram um grande acúmulo de MAAs em P. columbina, principalmente em experimentos com disponibilidade de nitrogênio. / This work analyzed the effects of solar UV radiation (UV-A and UV-B) on two commercial important species from Chile, Mazzaella laminarioides and Porphyra columbina, during the spring when it has often been reported a ozone layer depletion, and consequently increased UV-B radiation. Additionally, the interactive role of nitrogen supply and UV radiation was also investigated. This interaction stimulated synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in both species when exposed to high UV irradiance in short-term cultivation. These results suggest the presence of a daily cycle in the MAAs production. In the long-term (18 days), different concentrations of N supply did not cause differences neither in MAAs content nor in growth, suggesting a metabolic acclimation to the experimental conditions. The shift of intracellular N from photosynthetic pigments to MAAs to maintain the capacity of photoprotection is discussed. In general, the UV-B did not cause differences neither in growth nor in carrageenan production in tetrasporophytes and gametophytes of M. laminarioides, once a intertidal species is exposed to variations in solar radiation quality and quantity. However, differentiated responses between gametophytes and tetrasporophytes were observed in high UV and PAR irradiances, suggesting that gametophytes can acclimate more quickly to solar radiation changes than tetrasporophytes. The UV-B and UV-A radiation promoted ultra-structural changes in P. columbina. However, a partial recovery was observed after a period in dark. Based on these results we concluded that UV-B levels that were reaching Magallanes Region, Chile, did not affect biomass production of M. laminarioides, but promoted a greater accumulation of MAAs in P. columbina when cultivated with N addition

Les lignées clonales sont un outil puissant pour une meilleure caractérisation génétique des organismes utilisés en recherche. En utilisant les techniques de reproduction uniparentale, de telles lignées peuvent être développées chez les poissons en seulement deux générations. L'androgenèse avait déjà été réalisée chez plusieurs espèces d'eau douce et a été tentée chez le loup, une espèce d'intérêt économique et scientifique. Le faible nombre d'individus contenant effectivement uniquement le patrimoine génétique du père, après irradiation des œufs aux UV, a soulevé des questions quant à la présence de composés photoprotecteurs dans les œufs pélagiques. Les acides aminés de type mycosporines et le gadusol ont été recensés dans de nombreux organismes marins et d'eau douce, mais leur présence n'a pu être reliée au comportement flottant ou coulant des œufs. Tandis que le gadusol apparaissait en plus grande quantité dans les œufs marins flottants, ce résultat était beaucoup moins clair en eau douce et le type de composés photoprotecteurs semble lié à la phylogénie. D'autres études sur les mécanismes de photoréparation de l'ADN pourraient éclairer les résultats obtenus dans les expériences d'androgenèse. La gynogenèse avait déjà été reportée chez le loup mais le grand nombre d'individus méiotiques contaminant les descendances homozygotes produites a conduit à valider des marqueurs microsatellites efficaces à distinguer les individus mitotiques. De plus, un retard de développement des gonades a été observé, augmentant les difficultés à obtenir les lignées clonales. La grande variabilité observée entre les individus quant au succès des reproductions uniparentales a montré que la caractérisation et la qualité des gamètes sont un préalable indispensable. / Clonal lines are a powerful scientific tool for improved genetic characterization of organisms used in research. Inbred fish lines can be produced in only two generations using uniparental reproduction techniques. Androgenesis, achieved with variable success in several freshwater species, has been attempted in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L), a marine fish of commercial and scientific interest. The low yields of progenies inheriting only the paternal genome after UV-irradiation of eggs led to considerations on the occurrence of UV screening compounds in pelagic eggs. Mycosporine-like amino acids and gadusol were found in many marine and freshwater organisms, but their occurrence in fish eggs was not clearly related to a behavioral pattern and while gadusol appeared in higher proportions in pelagic marine eggs compared to benthic species, this statement did not apply in freshwater, and moreover the kind of compounds was related to phylogeny. Further studies on DNA photorepair could enlighten hypotheses to understand the mechanisms underlying the disparate results obtained in inducing androgenesis in different fish species. Gynogenesis was reported successful to produce clonal founders in the sea bass, but high numbers of meiotic individuals contaminating fully homozygous progenies highlighted the need for efficient DNA markers to distinguish mitotic gynogenetic individuals. Furthermore, gonad development was highly delayed in gynogenetic progenies enhancing the difficulties to produce clonal lines. A high variability between individuals in the success of uniparental reproduction brought out gamete characterization and quality as a prerequisite.

Este trabalho analisou os efeitos da radiação solar UV (UV-A e UV-B) em duas espécies de importância comercial do Chile, Mazzaella laminarioides e Porphyra columbina durante a primavera, período no qual freqüentemente tem sido verificado um aumento de radiação UV-B decorrente da diminuição da camada de ozônio. A interação entre a radiação UV e o suprimento de N foi também investigada. Essa interação estimulou a síntese de aminoácidos tipo micosporinas (MAAs) nas duas espécies, durante a exposição a altas irradiâncias de UV em curtos períodos. Esses resultados sugerem um ciclo diário na síntese desses compostos. A longo prazo (18 dias de cultivo), a adição de diferentes concentrações de NO3 não promoveu diferenças no conteúdo de MAAs e no crescimento de M. laminarioides, sugerindo uma adequação do metabolismo da espécie às condições experimentais. Discute-se a mobilização do N intra-celular para a manutenção da capacidade de fotoproteção das algas. Em geral, a UV-B não promoveu efeitos deletérios no crescimento e na produção de carragenanas em tetrasporófitos e gametófitos de M. laminarioides, o que seria esperado para uma espécie do médiolitoral que está exposta a variações na quantidade e qualidade de radiação solar. Entretanto, observou-se uma resposta diferenciada entre esses estádios em altas intensidades de irradiâncias de PAR e UV-B, sugerindo que gametófitos podem se aclimatar mais rapidamente a mudanças na irradiância solar do que tetrasporófitos. As radiações UV-B e UV-A promoveram alterações ultraestruturais em P. columbina. No entanto, após um período no escuro, foi observada uma recuperação parcial dessas estruturas. A partir dos resultados deste trabalho, pode-se concluir que os níveis de UV-B solar que atingiram a região de Magallanes, Chile, não causaram efeitos negativos para a produção de M. laminarioides. Entretanto, promoveram um grande acúmulo de MAAs em P. columbina, principalmente em experimentos com disponibilidade de nitrogênio. / This work analyzed the effects of solar UV radiation (UV-A and UV-B) on two commercial important species from Chile, Mazzaella laminarioides and Porphyra columbina, during the spring when it has often been reported a ozone layer depletion, and consequently increased UV-B radiation. Additionally, the interactive role of nitrogen supply and UV radiation was also investigated. This interaction stimulated synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in both species when exposed to high UV irradiance in short-term cultivation. These results suggest the presence of a daily cycle in the MAAs production. In the long-term (18 days), different concentrations of N supply did not cause differences neither in MAAs content nor in growth, suggesting a metabolic acclimation to the experimental conditions. The shift of intracellular N from photosynthetic pigments to MAAs to maintain the capacity of photoprotection is discussed. In general, the UV-B did not cause differences neither in growth nor in carrageenan production in tetrasporophytes and gametophytes of M. laminarioides, once a intertidal species is exposed to variations in solar radiation quality and quantity. However, differentiated responses between gametophytes and tetrasporophytes were observed in high UV and PAR irradiances, suggesting that gametophytes can acclimate more quickly to solar radiation changes than tetrasporophytes. The UV-B and UV-A radiation promoted ultra-structural changes in P. columbina. However, a partial recovery was observed after a period in dark. Based on these results we concluded that UV-B levels that were reaching Magallanes Region, Chile, did not affect biomass production of M. laminarioides, but promoted a greater accumulation of MAAs in P. columbina when cultivated with N addition

Cette thèse d’urbanisme s’est donnée pour objectif de réfléchir à l’avenir des gares métropolitaines françaises et allemandes à horizon 2050. Elle porte une interrogation sur les fondements de la gare comme objet urbain conceptuel (abordé comme un système) et pose comme hypothèse qu’il serait en quelque sorte doté de propriétés autonomes. Parmi ces propriétés, c’est le processus d’expansion et de dialogue sans cesse renouvelé et conflictuel, entre la gare et son tissu urbain environnant, qui guide cette recherche ; notamment dans le rapport qu’il entretient avec l’hypermobilité des métropoles. Pour ce faire, cette thèse convoque quatre terrains d’études : les gares principales de Cologne et de Stuttgart en Allemagne et les gares de Paris-Montparnasse et Lyon-Part-Dieu en France ; et commence par un historique détaillé de leurs évolutions morphologiques, pour dégager une série de variables architectoniques et urbaines. Il procède dans un deuxième temps à une série d’analyse prospective, permettant de juger de l’influence possible des politiques publiques en matière transports et de mobilité, sur l’avenir conceptuel des gares. Cette thèse propose alors le concept de système-gare, pour décrire l’expansion et l’intégration des gares métropolitaines avec leur environnement urbain ; un processus de négociation dialectique qui ne trouve pas sa résolution dans le concept de gare comme lieu de vie/ville. Elle invite alors à penser la gare comme une hétérotopie, et propose une lecture dépolarisée et déhiérarchisée de ces espaces, en introduisant les concepts d’orchestre de gares et de métagare. Cette recherche propose enfin une lecture critique de la « ville numérique » et du concept de « mobilité comme service. » Pour éviter une mise en flux tendus potentiellement dommageables, l’application de ces concepts en gare ne pourra se soustraire à une augmentation simultanée des espaces physiques. / This urban planning thesis aims to reflect on the future of French and German metropolitan stations by 2050. It questions the foundations of the station as a conceptual urban thing (considered as a system) and suggests as a hypothesis that it might somehow have autonomous properties. Among these properties, it is the process of expansion and ever renewed and conflictual dialogue between the station and its surrounding urban fabric which guides this research; particularly its link to metropolises’ hypermobility. To do this, this thesis calls up four study sites: the main stations in Cologne and Stuttgart in Germany, and the Paris-Montparnasse and Lyon-Part-Dieu stations in France; and starts with a detailed history of their morphological evolutions, to identify a series of architectonic and urban variables. In a second stage, it proceeds to a series of prospective analyses, allowing us to evaluate the possible influence of public transport and mobility policies on the conceptual future of stations. This thesis then puts forward the concept of a station-system, to describe the expansion and integration of metropolitan stations within their urban environment; a process of dialectic negotiation which does not resolve itself within the concept of stations as a living/urban space. It therefore invites us to think of stations as a heterotopia, and puts forward a depolarised and dehierarchised reading of these spaces, introducing the concepts of station orchestras and metastations. Finally, this research suggests a critical reading of the “smart city” and the concept of “mobility as a service”. To avoid that stations move to a just-in-time model which could potentially be damaging, the application of these concepts to stations cannot avoid a simultaneous increase of physical spaces. / Diese Doktorarbeit im Bereich der Stadtplanung zielt darauf ab, sich mit der Zukunft der französischen und deutschen Metropol-Großbahnhöfe bis zum Jahr 2050 auseinanderzusetzen. Sie hinterfragt die Grundprinzipien des Bahnhofs als konzeptuelles urbanes Objekt (welchem sich als System angenähert wird) und formuliert die Hypothese, dass der Bahnhof als Objekt oder System in gewisser Weise autonome Eigenschaften hat. Zu diesen Eigenschaften gehört der diese Forschungsarbeit prägende Prozess der Expansion und des ständig erneuerten und konfliktgeladenen Dialogs zwischen Bahnhof und umliegenden städtischen Strukturen. Ein Augenmerk liegt hierbei auf der Beziehung dieses Expansionsprozesses und Dialoges zur Hypermobilität von Ballungsräumen. Zu diesem Zweck beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit mit vier Forschungsgegenständen: den Hauptbahnhöfen Köln und Stuttgart in Deutschland und den Großbahnhöfen Paris-Montparnasse und Lyon-Part-Dieu in Frankreich; und stellt zu Beginn eine detaillierte Geschichte der morphologischen Entwicklung derselben dar, um eine Reihe von architektonischen und urbanen Variablen zu identifizieren. Anschließend werden prospektive Analysen durchgeführt, die es ermöglichen, den möglichen Einfluss der aktuellen und geplanten Verkehrspolitik auf die Zukunft des Konzepts Bahnhof zu bewerten. Sodann wird das Konzept des Bahnhofssystems (système-gare) vorgeschlagen, um die Expansion von Großbahnhöfen und deren Integration in ihr urbanes Umfeld zu beschreiben; ein dialektischer Verhandlungsprozess, der vom Konzept des Bahnhofs als Lebensraum und Stadtraum/-ort nicht hinreichend erfasst wird. Die Arbeit lädt dazu ein, Bahnhöfe als Heterotopien zu betrachten und schlägt eine entpolarisierte und de-hierarchische Lesart dieser Räume vor, indem die Konzepte Bahnhofs- Orchester und Meta-Bahnhof eingeführt werden. Schließlich erfolgt eine Auseinandersetzung mit der “Smart City” und dem Konzept der “Mobilität als Dienstleistung”, die sich insbesondere kritisch mit dem Umstand befasst, dass beide Ansätze den aufgrund der Zunahme des Verkehrs und zur Vermeidung einer potentiell schädlichen Just-in-time Organisation in Bahnhöfen notwendigen Ausbau der Bahnhöfe nicht vermeiden können.

The relationship between stress and physical health has been well established in the medical and psychological literature. Mindfulness meditation is a practice that has been successfully used to reduce stress in several populations, and the construct itself has recently begun to be measured as a naturally occurring characteristic. A recent study demonstrating the significant relationships between mindfulness, stress, and physical health prompted the investigation in the present study of the possible mechanisms underlying these relationships. It was hypothesised that the relationship between mindfulness and physical health would be largely mediated by stress, and that in addition, mindfulness would explain a significant proportion of the variance in health after stress had been accounted for. Participants were 129 undergraduate students who completed a battery of self-report questionnaires including the Perceived Stress Scale, the Short-Form 36 Health Survey, and two recently developed measures of mindfulness; the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Perceived stress was shown to account for a large proportion of the relationship between mindfulness and health, and mindfulness was also shown to explain a significant proportion of the variance in physical health after stress had been controlled for. An additional finding was that acceptance demonstrated stronger relationships with both physical and mental health than any of the other components of mindfulness studied. Potential mechanisms of mindfulness that may help explain these findings are discussed.

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2005

In the context of globalization, regions see themselves more and more exposed to a competition about qualified work force, company settlements, employment and European funds. In parallel, global challenges like an aging population or climate change ask for regional solutions and collaborations have become vital. Cross-border regions across Europe have developed to reduce barrier effects and foster new development potentials. The aim of the following study is to analyse the effects of the implementation of cross-border regions on the competitiveness of local companies and institutions. Therefore, a comparative case study of the European Region Donau-Moldau and the Euregio Meuse-Rhine has been designed. The analysis shows that the potential of CBRs relies in the fact to join forces and competencies and that these collaborations address relevant topics to foster the competitiveness.

No description available.

Transport and travel is necessary for our society to function. Today, the privately owned car stands for more than half of all personal trips in Sweden. In the last couple of years researchers have highlighted the idea that personal transport is facing a paradigm shift, which means a reduction in the use and dependent of the privately owned car and an increased focus on individuals buying their Mobility as a Service (MaaS). MaaS is described as an integrated mix of different mobility services which are arranged in the form of customized mobility packages to the customer. These mobility packages can be compared to a mobile phone subscription, which includes various mobility services, such as train, bus, subway, taxi, carpool, etc. in various amounts depending on the individual's changing needs. The individual can take care of their own travel planning, booking and payment via an app in their smartphone. What distinguish MaaS from other mobility services is that the customer can travel from door-to-door instead of a predefine station to another. There have been various Maas projects around the world in order to increase understanding of the concept of MaaS, there is still a lot of unanswered questions and researchers would like to see more studies in the field, in order to find factors that are important and vital to the concept MaaS. The aim of the thesis is to: Discuss some competences that may be significant for the further development of the concept Maas in Sweden and discuss potential challenges that may arise at further development of the concept MaaS in Sweden. This study is based on previous research and experiences and thoughts on the concept MaaS from various stakeholders with knowledge and experience of the concept. This study has an abductive approach. Primary data were obtained through qualitative semistructured interviews with eight people who have knowledge and experience of the Maas. The main conclusions in this study is that the competences that are most important in the development of MaaS is collaborative skills and competences required to create an attractive mobility package based on customer needs. One challenge identified in this study is the challenge of creating individualized mobility package in which different types of mobility services are integrated. Another challenge can arise when public and private organizations collaborate and when new organizations enter the transport network and try to cooperate with the established organizations / Transporter och resor är nödvändiga för att vårt samhälle ska fungera. Idag står den privatägda bilen för mer än hälften av alla personresor. Flera forskare har under de allra senaste åren lyft fram idén att persontransportsektorn står inför ett paradigmskifte, som innebär ett minskat användande och beroende av den egenägda bilen och ett ökat fokus på att individer köper sin förflyttning i form av en tjänst, Mobilitet som tjänst; Mobility as a Service (MaaS). MaaS beskrivs som en integrerad mix av olika mobilitetstjänster vilka arrangeras till kunden i form av skräddarsydda mobilitetspaket. Dessa mobilitetspaket kan liknas vid ett mobiltelefonabonnemang, där det ingår flera olika mobilitetstjänster, så som tåg, buss, tunnelbana, taxi, bilpool med mera i olika mängd beroende på individens skiftande behov. Via en app i en Smartphone sköter individen själv sin reseplanering, bokning och betalning. Utmärkande för en MaaS-tjänst är att kunden kan köpa tjänsten att bli förflyttad från den punkt där denne befinner sig till den punkt individen vill åka till. Det har genomförts olika MaaS-projekt runt om i världen i syfte att öka förståelsen för konceptet MaaS, frågorna inom detta område är ännu många och flera forskare menar att det skulle behöva göras flera studier i syfte att finna faktorer som är viktiga och avgörande för konceptet Mobilitet som tjänst. Syftet med examensarbete är att diskutera några kompetenser som kan tänkas bli betydelsefulla vid vidareutvecklingen av konceptet MaaS i Sverige samt diskutera möjliga utmaningar som kan uppstå vid vidareutvecklingen av konceptet MaaS i Sverige. Denna studie har en abduktiv ansats. Primärdata har insamlats genom kvalitativa semistrukterade intervjuer med åtta personer vilka har delvis olika kunskaper och erfarenheter av MaaS. De viktigaste slutsatserna som dras i denna studie är att de kompetenser som är mest betydelsefulla vid utvecklingen av MaaS är samarbetsinriktade kompetenser samt de kompetenser som krävs för att skapa ett attraktivt MaaS-bjudande utifrån kundens behov. En utmaning som identifieras i denna studie är utmaningen att skapa individanpassade mobilitetspaket i vilka olika typer av mobilitetstjänster ska integreras. En annan utmaning kan uppstå då offentliga och privata aktörer ska samarbeta samt då nya aktörer träder in i transportnätverket och ska samarbete med de etablerade aktörerna.

A radiação ultravioleta (RUV) causa efeitos deletérios em ecossistemas aquáticos e terrestres. Um dos mecanismos de defesa criados pelos organismos para evitar estes danos é o acúmulo de compostos que absorvem RUV, dentre os quais os aminoácidos tipo micosporina (MAAs, do inglês mycosporine-like amino acids) representam uma classe importante. As MAAs são substâncias solúveis em água caracterizadas pela presença de uma unidade ciclo-hexenona ou ciclo-hexenimina conjugada com nitrogênio substituído por um aminoácido, aminoálcool ou grupo amino, apresentando absorção máxima entre 308 e 362 nm e altos coeficientes de absortividade molar. Dado o importante papel desempenhado pelas MAAs na fisiologia e bioquímica celular de algas, seja atuando como protetoras de RUV ou como antioxidantes, o objetivo desta tese foi expandir o corpo de conhecimentos disponíveis sobre a ocorrência e distribuição destes compostos em macroalgas brasileiras. Para atingir tal meta, foi necessário desenvolver procedimentos analíticos de isolamento por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (high procedure liquid chromatography, HPLC), de modo a gerar padrões que pudessem ser utilizados para a qualificação e quantificação de MAAs em extratos de algas. Foi necessário também desenvolver dois novos métodos de análise por HPLC acoplada a espectrometria de massas (HPLC-MS) - sendo um utilizado como método diagnóstico, capaz de indicar se há MAAs presentes em determinada amostra, e outro utilizado como método para quantificação. Todos os métodos trouxeram bons resultados, e os métodos por HPLC-MS foram utilizados para o estudo de diversas macroalgas coletadas na região intertidal de praias do litoral Sul do estado do Espírito Santo - Brasil. Apesar da localização restrita, é o maior estudo desta natureza realizado até então com algas do litoral brasileiro. Além disso, 11 dos 32 gêneros e 34 das 45 espécies presentes nesta tese nunca haviam sido alvo de nenhum estudo relacionado a MAAs. Nessas amostras, foi possível encontrar oito MAAs: chinorina, palitina, porphyra-334, asterina-330, palitinol, micosporina-2-glicina, o par cis/trans usujireno/paliteno e uma molécula desconhecida com relação massa-carga de 317 m/z ([M+H]+). Dentre elas, as três primeiras foram quantificadas de forma absoluta, e pôde-se perceber que as rodófitas apresentam níveis de MAAs sensivelmente maiores que as clorófitas e feófitas. Em relação à variedade, foi possível notar que, dentre as amostras que possuem dados do conteúdo de MAAs na literatura (seja para a espécie ou para o gênero), praticamente todas apresentam maior variedade de MAAs do que o anteriormente descrito. Foi encontrada a maior variedade de MAAs já descrita para uma alga parda: seis MAAs diferentes nas espécies Dictyopteris delicatula e Padina gymnospora coletadas na praia de Castelhanos - ES. Pôde-se detectar, pela primeira vez, a presença de MAAs em 32 espécies de macroalgas. Algumas espécies mostram-se fontes muito interessantes de MAAs para diferentes usos pela indústria, seja para a obtenção de compostos puros ou para a utilização de seus extratos como ingredientes de formulações de filtros solares. A molécula desconhecida, cujo íon quasimolecular [M+H]+ apresenta m/z 317, foi tentativamente identificada como sendo a micosporina-glicina-alanina. Este é o primeiro trabalho a descrever a ocorrência desta molécula in natura. / Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exerts deleterious effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. One defense mechanism created by organisms to avoid this damage is the accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds, among which the mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) represent an important class. MAAs are water-soluble compounds characterized by the presence of a cyclohexenone or cyclohexenimine ring conjugated with amino acids, amino alcohols or other amino groups, presenting absorption maxima ranging from 309 nm to 362 nm and high molar extinction coefficients. Given their important role in algae physiology and cellular biochemistry, as photoprotective compounds or antioxidants, the objective of this thesis is to expand the available knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of MAAs in Brazilian macroalgae. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to develop an isolation methodology by high procedure liquid chromatography (HPLC), so as to generate standards for qualifying and quantifying MAAs in macroalgae extracts. It was also necessary to develop two new analysis methods by HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) - one utilized as a diagnosis method, capable of indicating if there are MAAs in a given sample; and the other utilized as quantification method. All methods gave good results, and the ones relying on HPLC-MS were used to study several macroalgae collected at the intertidal region of beaches located in the south coast of Espírito Santo State - Brazil. This is the biggest study of this nature ever done with Brazilian macroalgae; besides that, 11 out of 32 genera and 34 out of 45 species herein tested had never had their content of MAA assessed. In these samples, it was possible to find eight MAAs: shinorine, palythine, porphyra- 334, asterina-330, palythinol, mycosporine-2-glycine, the cis/trans pair usujirene/palythene and an unknown molecule with mass-to-charge ratio of 317 m/z ([M+H]+). Among them, absolute quantification was performed for the first three ones, and it was possible to notice that red algae have higher MAA levels than green and brown algae. In terms of variety, it could be seen that, amongst the samples that have MAA data available in the literature (either for the species or for the genus), nearly all present a higher MAA variety than the previously described one. The highest variety ever recorded from brown algae is presented in this work: six different MAAs in Dictyopteris delicatula and Padina gymnospora, both collected at Castelhanos Beach - ES. For the first time, it was possible to detect MAAs in 32 species of macroalgae. Some species seem to be very interesting sources of MAAs for industrial purposes, either for obtaining pure compounds or for utilizing their extracts as ingredients of sunscreen formulas. The unknown molecule, with mass-to-charge ratio of 317 m/z ([M+H]+), was tentatively identified as mycosporine-glycine-alanine. This is the first work to describe the occurrence of this molecule in natura.