A radiação ultravioleta (RUV) causa efeitos deletérios em ecossistemas aquáticos e terrestres. Um dos mecanismos de defesa criados pelos organismos para evitar estes danos é o acúmulo de compostos que absorvem RUV, dentre os quais os aminoácidos tipo micosporina (MAAs, do inglês mycosporine-like amino acids) representam uma classe importante. As MAAs são substâncias solúveis em água caracterizadas pela presença de uma unidade ciclo-hexenona ou ciclo-hexenimina conjugada com nitrogênio substituído por um aminoácido, aminoálcool ou grupo amino, apresentando absorção máxima entre 308 e 362 nm e altos coeficientes de absortividade molar. Dado o importante papel desempenhado pelas MAAs na fisiologia e bioquímica celular de algas, seja atuando como protetoras de RUV ou como antioxidantes, o objetivo desta tese foi expandir o corpo de conhecimentos disponíveis sobre a ocorrência e distribuição destes compostos em macroalgas brasileiras. Para atingir tal meta, foi necessário desenvolver procedimentos analíticos de isolamento por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (high procedure liquid chromatography, HPLC), de modo a gerar padrões que pudessem ser utilizados para a qualificação e quantificação de MAAs em extratos de algas. Foi necessário também desenvolver dois novos métodos de análise por HPLC acoplada a espectrometria de massas (HPLC-MS) - sendo um utilizado como método diagnóstico, capaz de indicar se há MAAs presentes em determinada amostra, e outro utilizado como método para quantificação. Todos os métodos trouxeram bons resultados, e os métodos por HPLC-MS foram utilizados para o estudo de diversas macroalgas coletadas na região intertidal de praias do litoral Sul do estado do Espírito Santo - Brasil. Apesar da localização restrita, é o maior estudo desta natureza realizado até então com algas do litoral brasileiro. Além disso, 11 dos 32 gêneros e 34 das 45 espécies presentes nesta tese nunca haviam sido alvo de nenhum estudo relacionado a MAAs. Nessas amostras, foi possível encontrar oito MAAs: chinorina, palitina, porphyra-334, asterina-330, palitinol, micosporina-2-glicina, o par cis/trans usujireno/paliteno e uma molécula desconhecida com relação massa-carga de 317 m/z ([M+H]+). Dentre elas, as três primeiras foram quantificadas de forma absoluta, e pôde-se perceber que as rodófitas apresentam níveis de MAAs sensivelmente maiores que as clorófitas e feófitas. Em relação à variedade, foi possível notar que, dentre as amostras que possuem dados do conteúdo de MAAs na literatura (seja para a espécie ou para o gênero), praticamente todas apresentam maior variedade de MAAs do que o anteriormente descrito. Foi encontrada a maior variedade de MAAs já descrita para uma alga parda: seis MAAs diferentes nas espécies Dictyopteris delicatula e Padina gymnospora coletadas na praia de Castelhanos - ES. Pôde-se detectar, pela primeira vez, a presença de MAAs em 32 espécies de macroalgas. Algumas espécies mostram-se fontes muito interessantes de MAAs para diferentes usos pela indústria, seja para a obtenção de compostos puros ou para a utilização de seus extratos como ingredientes de formulações de filtros solares. A molécula desconhecida, cujo íon quasimolecular [M+H]+ apresenta m/z 317, foi tentativamente identificada como sendo a micosporina-glicina-alanina. Este é o primeiro trabalho a descrever a ocorrência desta molécula in natura. / Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exerts deleterious effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. One defense mechanism created by organisms to avoid this damage is the accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds, among which the mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) represent an important class. MAAs are water-soluble compounds characterized by the presence of a cyclohexenone or cyclohexenimine ring conjugated with amino acids, amino alcohols or other amino groups, presenting absorption maxima ranging from 309 nm to 362 nm and high molar extinction coefficients. Given their important role in algae physiology and cellular biochemistry, as photoprotective compounds or antioxidants, the objective of this thesis is to expand the available knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of MAAs in Brazilian macroalgae. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to develop an isolation methodology by high procedure liquid chromatography (HPLC), so as to generate standards for qualifying and quantifying MAAs in macroalgae extracts. It was also necessary to develop two new analysis methods by HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) - one utilized as a diagnosis method, capable of indicating if there are MAAs in a given sample; and the other utilized as quantification method. All methods gave good results, and the ones relying on HPLC-MS were used to study several macroalgae collected at the intertidal region of beaches located in the south coast of Espírito Santo State - Brazil. This is the biggest study of this nature ever done with Brazilian macroalgae; besides that, 11 out of 32 genera and 34 out of 45 species herein tested had never had their content of MAA assessed. In these samples, it was possible to find eight MAAs: shinorine, palythine, porphyra- 334, asterina-330, palythinol, mycosporine-2-glycine, the cis/trans pair usujirene/palythene and an unknown molecule with mass-to-charge ratio of 317 m/z ([M+H]+). Among them, absolute quantification was performed for the first three ones, and it was possible to notice that red algae have higher MAA levels than green and brown algae. In terms of variety, it could be seen that, amongst the samples that have MAA data available in the literature (either for the species or for the genus), nearly all present a higher MAA variety than the previously described one. The highest variety ever recorded from brown algae is presented in this work: six different MAAs in Dictyopteris delicatula and Padina gymnospora, both collected at Castelhanos Beach - ES. For the first time, it was possible to detect MAAs in 32 species of macroalgae. Some species seem to be very interesting sources of MAAs for industrial purposes, either for obtaining pure compounds or for utilizing their extracts as ingredients of sunscreen formulas. The unknown molecule, with mass-to-charge ratio of 317 m/z ([M+H]+), was tentatively identified as mycosporine-glycine-alanine. This is the first work to describe the occurrence of this molecule in natura.

Un criblage phytochimique à partir de quatre lichens saxicoles hydrophiles du genre Dermatocarpon a mis en évidence la présence inattendue de composés de type mycosporines dans ces chlorolichens. Leur présence a été confirmée dans des échantillons historiques d'herbiers couvrant une période de plus de 170 ans. Leur teneur était comprise entre 0,1 et 1,4 mg/g de lichen sec. Trois mycosporines ont été isolées de Dermatocarpon luridum collecté en Bretagne sur des rochers d'eau vive: deux mycosporines natives, la mycosporine glutaminol et la mycosporine glutamicol ainsi qu'un artéfact d'isolement, l'ester éthylique de la mycosporine glutamicol. Leurs propriétés physico-chimiques incluant le calcul de leur pKa ont été déterminées. L'étude phytochimique a également conduit à l'isolement de sept autres composés dont un acide aminé non protéique, un dipeptide et un céramide identifiés pour la première fois dans un lichen et le cérévistérol jusqu'ici non décrit dans D. luridum. Les activités cytotoxiques et photoprotectrives des composés disponibles en quantité suffisante ont été évaluées. Le cérévistérol a montré une cytotoxicité modérée sur huit lignées cellulaires contrairement aux cinq autres composés. Les propriétés photoprotectrices et activités antioxydantes de l'ester éthylique de la mycosporine glutamicol et d'un extrait aqueux semi-purifié de D. miniatum présentent un intérêt pour un possible développement comme actif solaire. / A screening of mycosporine-like compounds in four hydrophilic Dermatocarpon lichen species has highlighted the unexpected occurrence of such metabolites in chlorolichens. These compounds were confirmed and quantified in historical herbarium samples (15-50 mg) even more than 170 years old. Total mycosporine contents ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 mg/g of dry lichens. Two genuine mycosporines (mycosporine glutaminol and the more stable mycosporine glutamicol) with an artifact mycosporine glutamicol ethyl ester were isolated from Dermatocarpon luridum collected in a breton river. Their physico-chemical properties were also determined including pKa. The phytochemical studies led to the isolation of seven additional compounds in which a non-protein amino acid, a dipeptide and a ceramide were identified for the first time in lichens and cerevisterol for the first time in D. luridum. Compounds obtained in suitable quantity were evaluated for their cytotoxic and photoprotective properties. Except a moderate cytotoxicity of cerevisterol, the five tested compounds were not found toxic on the eight cell lines. Photoprotective properties of the mycosporine glutamicol ethyl ester and a semi-purified aqueous extract of Dermatocarpon miniatum along with some antioxidant activities are promising to develop new sunscreens.

Aminoácidos tipo micosporinas (MAAs) são compostos responsáveis pela fotoproteção no ultravioleta de diversos organismos aquáticos. São sintetizados pela via do ácido chiquímico por algas, bactérias e fungos, de maneira similar à síntese de flavonóides em plantas superiores. Neste trabalho foram conduzidos estudos relacionados a estes compostos em algas. Protocolos de extração de diferentes algas foram testados alterando-se parâmetros como solventes, temperatura e condições de incubação. Os resultados mostraram que dependendo da alga estudada, diferentes condições podem mudar a concentração de MAAs extraída, ressaltando a importância de se testar diversos parâmetros na extração, evitando assim valores sub- ou superestimados de concentrações. O desenvolvimento de um método por HPLC permitiu a separação de 6 MAAs com boa resolução. A caracterização estrutural foi realizada majoritariamente por espectrometria de massas utilizando diferentes tipos de analisadores. Estas análises permitiram a proposição de mecanismos de fragmentação descritos pela primeira vez para esta classe de compostos e possibilitaram a identificação de diferentes MAAs em algumas micro e macroalgas. Ensaios in vitro foram realizados com o extrato obtido da macroalga Gracilaria domingensis no intuito de avaliar seu potencial uso em formulações cosméticas direcionadas à fotoproteção. Os testes de estabilidade quanto ao pH, temperatura e exposição à radiação ultravioleta bem como os ensaios de citotoxicidade, fototoxicidade e avaliação do fator de proteção solar sugeriram que este extrato pode ser promissor quando incorporado em formulações direcionadas para a fotoproteção. Este extrato não apresentou atividade antioxidante significativa. Os estudos com o dinoflagelado Prorocentrum minimum isolado de duas regiões diferentes, quando exposto às radiações ultravioleta, mostraram que houve uma indução das MAAs em ambas linhagens em todos os tratamentos realizados no período de 72 h. A indução foi mais rápida e pronunciada na linhagem oriunda de Lisboa, em Portugal do que na linhagem proveniente de Kattegat, na Dinamarca. Estes dados estão de acordo com as características do local de origem das linhagens, uma vez que os dinoflagelados originários de Portugal em seu meio natural estavam sujeitos a maiores irradiações. Medidas do rendimento quântico do fotossistema II indicaram que a síntese e acúmulo de MAAs em P. minimum isolada de Lisboa ofereceu vantagens na proteção do sistema fotossintético e na supressão de espécies reativas de oxigênio desta microalga quando comparada aos indivíduos da mesma espécie de regiões com menores irradiações. / Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are chemically related water soluble compounds responsible for UV photoprotection in many aquatic organisms. They are biosynthesized via the shikimate pathway by algae, bacteria and fungi in a similar manner to the biosynthesis of UV-screening flavonoids in terrestrial plants. In this work, studies related to this class of compounds were performed with algae. Extraction protocols of some algae were tested using diverse solvents at different temperature. The results showed that depending on the organism examined, both solvent concentration and temperature affected extraction efficiency and final MAA concentration. The improvement of a HPLC method separated a mix of 6 MAAs with good resolution. The structural characterization was made by mass spectrometry using different analyzers. The analysis by mass spectrometry allowed the proposition of new mechanisms of fragmentation and identification of different MAAs in some micro and macroalgae. In vitro preliminary assays were performed to evaluate the potential use of Gracilaria domingensis extract in suncare products. The extract showed no antioxidant activity, however the pH, temperature and UV exposure stability, as well the citotoxicity, phototoxicity and sun protection factor showed a potential commercial utilization for the extracts. The UV exposure experiments with the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum isolated from Lisbon, Portugal and Kattegat, Denmark, showed that MAAs were induced in all treatments during 72 h. The induction was faster in the species from Lisbon than the ones from Kattegat. These data are in agreement with local isolation place, since the dinoflagellates from Portugal are submitted to high irradiance regime in their natural enviroment. The quantum yield of photosystem II suggested that the over production of MAAs by P. Minimum from Lisbon protects the photosynthetic apparatus, indicating that MAAs act as spectrally specific UV sunscreens in phytoplankton.

Bakgrund: Patienter som ventilatorvårdas på intensivvårdsavdelning behöver ofta någon form av lätt sömn (sedering) för att tolerera endotrachealtuben och ventilatorbehandling. De traditionella intravenösa läkemedel som ges har lång halveringstid och det är stor risk för kvardröjande effekter. Syfte: Denna pilotstudie syftar till att studera sederingsdjupet enligt MAAS hos de patienter som blivit sederade med inhalationsgas, kontrollera vakenhetsgraden enligt GCS hos dessa patienter efter avslutad sedering, samt beskriva vilka patientgrupperna är som fått inhalationssedering. Metod: Journalgranskning där resultatet har analyserats och kategoriserats, därefter har en sambandsanalys gjorts. Resultat: I resultatet identifierades 3 patientkategorier som fått isofluransedering: patienter med hotad luftväg som förväntats behöva kort sederingstid och snabb väckning, patienter som var svåra att sedera optimalt med intravenös metod samt patienter med organsvikt där risk för ackumulation och/ eller förlängd elimination av läkemedel förelåg. Något samband mellan MAAS 12 timmar före extubation och GCS- värde efter väckning hos de 14 patienter som ingick i studien har inte kunna styrkas. Konklusion: Inhalationssedering med isofluran förefaller vara en effektiv sederingsmetod när en lättstyrd sederingssituation med möjlighet till snabb väckning prioriteras, samt när man strävar efter att patienten ska uppnå 14-15 i GCS- värde så snart som möjligt efter väckning och extubation. / Background: Patients which are nursed by ventilator at the intensive care unit often need some form of sedative in order to tolerate an endotracheal tube and the ventilator treatment. The traditional intravenous drugs have a long half- life and potential risk for lingering effects. Aim: This pilot study aim to study the depth of sedation according to MAAS with the patients having been sedated with inhalation gas, check alertness according to GCS with these patients after completion of sedation, and describe which group of patients that have received inhalation treatment. Method: Journal Review where the result have been analysed and categorized then a link analysis has been made. Result: In the result three patient categories were identified which had received isoflurane sedation: patients with threatened airway and expected short time of sedation and fast wake- up, patients which were difficult to sedate optimally with intravenous method, and patients with organ failure where risk for accumulation and/ or  extended elimination of drugs were expected. Any relationship between MAAS 12 hour prior to extubation and GCS- score after awakening with the 14 patients included in the study have not been established. Conclusion: Sedation by isoflurane inhalation seems to be an effective sedation method when an easily controlled sedation situation with the possibility of a fast awakening are prioritized as well as when the strive is to achieve a GCS- score of 14-15 as soon as possible after awakening and extubation.

Aminoácidos tipo micosporinas (MAAs) são compostos responsáveis pela fotoproteção no ultravioleta de diversos organismos aquáticos. São sintetizados pela via do ácido chiquímico por algas, bactérias e fungos, de maneira similar à síntese de flavonóides em plantas superiores. Neste trabalho foram conduzidos estudos relacionados a estes compostos em algas. Protocolos de extração de diferentes algas foram testados alterando-se parâmetros como solventes, temperatura e condições de incubação. Os resultados mostraram que dependendo da alga estudada, diferentes condições podem mudar a concentração de MAAs extraída, ressaltando a importância de se testar diversos parâmetros na extração, evitando assim valores sub- ou superestimados de concentrações. O desenvolvimento de um método por HPLC permitiu a separação de 6 MAAs com boa resolução. A caracterização estrutural foi realizada majoritariamente por espectrometria de massas utilizando diferentes tipos de analisadores. Estas análises permitiram a proposição de mecanismos de fragmentação descritos pela primeira vez para esta classe de compostos e possibilitaram a identificação de diferentes MAAs em algumas micro e macroalgas. Ensaios in vitro foram realizados com o extrato obtido da macroalga Gracilaria domingensis no intuito de avaliar seu potencial uso em formulações cosméticas direcionadas à fotoproteção. Os testes de estabilidade quanto ao pH, temperatura e exposição à radiação ultravioleta bem como os ensaios de citotoxicidade, fototoxicidade e avaliação do fator de proteção solar sugeriram que este extrato pode ser promissor quando incorporado em formulações direcionadas para a fotoproteção. Este extrato não apresentou atividade antioxidante significativa. Os estudos com o dinoflagelado Prorocentrum minimum isolado de duas regiões diferentes, quando exposto às radiações ultravioleta, mostraram que houve uma indução das MAAs em ambas linhagens em todos os tratamentos realizados no período de 72 h. A indução foi mais rápida e pronunciada na linhagem oriunda de Lisboa, em Portugal do que na linhagem proveniente de Kattegat, na Dinamarca. Estes dados estão de acordo com as características do local de origem das linhagens, uma vez que os dinoflagelados originários de Portugal em seu meio natural estavam sujeitos a maiores irradiações. Medidas do rendimento quântico do fotossistema II indicaram que a síntese e acúmulo de MAAs em P. minimum isolada de Lisboa ofereceu vantagens na proteção do sistema fotossintético e na supressão de espécies reativas de oxigênio desta microalga quando comparada aos indivíduos da mesma espécie de regiões com menores irradiações. / Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are chemically related water soluble compounds responsible for UV photoprotection in many aquatic organisms. They are biosynthesized via the shikimate pathway by algae, bacteria and fungi in a similar manner to the biosynthesis of UV-screening flavonoids in terrestrial plants. In this work, studies related to this class of compounds were performed with algae. Extraction protocols of some algae were tested using diverse solvents at different temperature. The results showed that depending on the organism examined, both solvent concentration and temperature affected extraction efficiency and final MAA concentration. The improvement of a HPLC method separated a mix of 6 MAAs with good resolution. The structural characterization was made by mass spectrometry using different analyzers. The analysis by mass spectrometry allowed the proposition of new mechanisms of fragmentation and identification of different MAAs in some micro and macroalgae. In vitro preliminary assays were performed to evaluate the potential use of Gracilaria domingensis extract in suncare products. The extract showed no antioxidant activity, however the pH, temperature and UV exposure stability, as well the citotoxicity, phototoxicity and sun protection factor showed a potential commercial utilization for the extracts. The UV exposure experiments with the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum isolated from Lisbon, Portugal and Kattegat, Denmark, showed that MAAs were induced in all treatments during 72 h. The induction was faster in the species from Lisbon than the ones from Kattegat. These data are in agreement with local isolation place, since the dinoflagellates from Portugal are submitted to high irradiance regime in their natural enviroment. The quantum yield of photosystem II suggested that the over production of MAAs by P. Minimum from Lisbon protects the photosynthetic apparatus, indicating that MAAs act as spectrally specific UV sunscreens in phytoplankton.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich detailliert mit multimodalen Mobilitätsflatrates und -paketen im Zusammenhang mit Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) und liefert eine ganzheitliche Gesamtschau zu diesem Forschungsgebiet. Dabei werden verschiedene wissenschaftliche als auch praktische Ansätze zur Konzeption aufgezeigt, woraus jedoch noch keine favorisierte Ausführung hervorgegangen ist. Dies hängt mit der Aktualität des Themas und den erst wenig umgesetzten Beispielen in der Praxis zusammen. Herausforderungen treten insbesondere im regulatorischen, wirtschaftlichen und im geringeren Umfang auch im technischen Kontext auf. Der wichtigste Aspekt bei der Konzeption ist die Wirtschaftlichkeit, weshalb es unabdingbar ist, die Nachfrage und die Angebotskonditionen sorgfältig zu ermitteln. Der ÖPNV stellt bei den Mobilitätspaketen das Rückgrat dar, der durch zusätzliche andere Verkehrsdienstleistungen erweitert wird. Multimodale Mobilitätsflatrates und -pakete verfügen über die Fähigkeit die verschiedenen Verkehrsdienstleistungen zu kombinieren und dabei teilweise eine einfachere, komfortablere, nachhaltigere und auch günstigere Mobilität zu realisieren als dies mit dem eigenen Auto möglich wäre. Verschiedene Ansätze zur zukünftigen Weiterentwicklung schließen diese wissenschaftliche Arbeit ab.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Glossar 1 Einführung 1.1 Hintergrund 1.2 Untersuchungsgegenstand und Forschungsfragen 1.3 Inhalt und Aufbau 2 Grundlagen und Klassifizierung 2.1 Definitionen 2.1.1 Bündelung 2.1.2 Flatrate 2.1.3 Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) 2.2 Literaturüberblick zur Klassifizierung von Mobilitätsflatrates und -paketen innerhalb von MaaS 3 Konzeption von multimodalen Mobilitätsflatrates und -paketen 3.1 Stakeholder und Ecosysteme 3.1.1 Stakeholder 3.1.2 Ecosysteme 3.2 Kontext und Anforderungen 3.2.1 Technischer Kontext 3.2.2 Regulatorischer und gesetzlicher Kontext 3.2.3 Wirtschaftlicher Kontext 3.3 Produktkonzeption 3.3.1 Allgemeines und Theorie 3.3.2 Produktgestaltung 3.3.3 Produktbündelung 3.3.4 Produktpreisbestimmung und Zahlungsbereitschaft 3.3.5 Produkterweiterung 3.4 Chancen und Risiken 3.5 Business Model Canvas 4 Stand der Umsetzung 4.1 Übersicht Anwendungsbeispiele 4.2 Whim 4.2.1 Geschäftsmodell 4.2.2 Produkt 4.2.3 Erfahrungen und Auswirkungen 4.2.4 Zukunft 4.3 UbiGo 4.3.1 Geschäftsmodell 4.3.2 Produkt 4.3.3 Erfahrungen und Auswirkungen 4.3.4 Zukunft 4.4 swa Mobil-Flat 4.4.1 Geschäftsmodell 4.4.2 Produkt 4.4.3 Erfahrungen und Auswirkungen 4.4.4 Zukunft 4.5 SBB Green Class 4.5.1 Geschäftsmodell 4.5.2 Produkt 4.5.3 Erfahrungen und Auswirkungen 4.5.4 Zukunft 4.6 Zusammenfassung der Praxisbeispiele 5 Weiterentwicklung und Ergänzung um branchennahe Dienstleistungen und Produkte 5.1 Weiterentwicklung 5.1.1 Roaming 5.1.2 Gamification und verhaltensbeeinflussende Maßnahmen 5.1.3 Ticketportfolio 5.1.4 Verhältnis Sharing und Owning 5.2 Ergänzung um branchennahe Dienstleistungen und Produkte 5.2.1 Versorgungs- und Immobilienbranche 5.2.2 Finanz- und Versicherungsbranche 5.2.3 Medienbranche 5.2.4 Lokale Gastronomie und lokaler Einzelhandel 5.2.5 Lieferservices und Logistik 6 Schlussbetrachtung 6.1 Zusammenfassung 6.2 Offene Forschungsfelder 6.3 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick Anhang Literaturverzeichnis / This thesis examines multimodal mobility flat rates and packages in relation to Mobilityas-a-Service (MaaS) in detail and provides a holistic overview of this field of research. Various scientific as well as practical approaches to the concept are outlined but have not resulted in a favoured version yet. This is due to the recency of this topic and the fact that only a few cases have been implemented in practice. Challenges particularly arise in regulatory, economic and, to a lesser extent, technical contexts. The most important aspect in the design is economic efficiency. Therefore, it is essential to carefully determine demand and service conditions. Public transport is the backbone of mobility packages, which is complemented by other transport services. Multimodal mobility flat rates and packages have the capability to combine the various transport services and to realise a simpler, more comfortable, more sustainable and more affordable mobility compared to car-ownership. Finally, several approaches for future development complete this academic thesis.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Glossar 1 Einführung 1.1 Hintergrund 1.2 Untersuchungsgegenstand und Forschungsfragen 1.3 Inhalt und Aufbau 2 Grundlagen und Klassifizierung 2.1 Definitionen 2.1.1 Bündelung 2.1.2 Flatrate 2.1.3 Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) 2.2 Literaturüberblick zur Klassifizierung von Mobilitätsflatrates und -paketen innerhalb von MaaS 3 Konzeption von multimodalen Mobilitätsflatrates und -paketen 3.1 Stakeholder und Ecosysteme 3.1.1 Stakeholder 3.1.2 Ecosysteme 3.2 Kontext und Anforderungen 3.2.1 Technischer Kontext 3.2.2 Regulatorischer und gesetzlicher Kontext 3.2.3 Wirtschaftlicher Kontext 3.3 Produktkonzeption 3.3.1 Allgemeines und Theorie 3.3.2 Produktgestaltung 3.3.3 Produktbündelung 3.3.4 Produktpreisbestimmung und Zahlungsbereitschaft 3.3.5 Produkterweiterung 3.4 Chancen und Risiken 3.5 Business Model Canvas 4 Stand der Umsetzung 4.1 Übersicht Anwendungsbeispiele 4.2 Whim 4.2.1 Geschäftsmodell 4.2.2 Produkt 4.2.3 Erfahrungen und Auswirkungen 4.2.4 Zukunft 4.3 UbiGo 4.3.1 Geschäftsmodell 4.3.2 Produkt 4.3.3 Erfahrungen und Auswirkungen 4.3.4 Zukunft 4.4 swa Mobil-Flat 4.4.1 Geschäftsmodell 4.4.2 Produkt 4.4.3 Erfahrungen und Auswirkungen 4.4.4 Zukunft 4.5 SBB Green Class 4.5.1 Geschäftsmodell 4.5.2 Produkt 4.5.3 Erfahrungen und Auswirkungen 4.5.4 Zukunft 4.6 Zusammenfassung der Praxisbeispiele 5 Weiterentwicklung und Ergänzung um branchennahe Dienstleistungen und Produkte 5.1 Weiterentwicklung 5.1.1 Roaming 5.1.2 Gamification und verhaltensbeeinflussende Maßnahmen 5.1.3 Ticketportfolio 5.1.4 Verhältnis Sharing und Owning 5.2 Ergänzung um branchennahe Dienstleistungen und Produkte 5.2.1 Versorgungs- und Immobilienbranche 5.2.2 Finanz- und Versicherungsbranche 5.2.3 Medienbranche 5.2.4 Lokale Gastronomie und lokaler Einzelhandel 5.2.5 Lieferservices und Logistik 6 Schlussbetrachtung 6.1 Zusammenfassung 6.2 Offene Forschungsfelder 6.3 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick Anhang Literaturverzeichnis

Landsbygden saknar i stor utsträckning tillräcklig kollektivtrafik och har i dagsläget få alternativ till självständigt resande. Befintliga mobilitetstjänster är inte tillräckligt anpassade efter landsbygdens förutsättningar vilket blir särskilt märkbart i samhällen med varierande befolkningsmängd. Eftersom användningsgraden har stor betydelse är det problematiskt att engagera användare på landsbygden. Istället för att lita på flexibla mobilitetstjänster för att säkerställa utbud mot efterfrågan oavsett säsong, används föreningslivet som en stabil grund till en fallstudie av förutsättningarna för effektiv användning av mobilitetstjänster på landsbygden. Föreningslivets gemenskap med gemensamma syften och mål skapar gynnsamma förutsättningar för mobilitetstjänster på landsbygden. Studiens resultat visar andra faktorer av betydelse för mobilitetstjänster i föreningslivet såsom ansvar, samordning, motivation, samhörighet, flexibilitet och trygghet. Även om föreningslivet ger grundläggande motivation och önskan om att samåka så behöver mobilitetstjänsterna förenkla flexibiliteten och inte påtvinga strikta planer, vilket upplevs som minskad kontroll. Framgångsfaktorerna kan vara gynnsamma för mobilitetstjänster på landsbygden även utanför föreningslivet, vad som är avgörande är inriktningen till sociala aktiviteter. Genom samåkning till sociala aktiviteter kan mobilitetstjänsterna användas oavsett säsong eftersom reseutbudet inte blir beroende av användningsgraden. Resultatet av studien visar att föreningslivets förutsättningar bidrar till en robust lösning för mobilitetstjänster som blir oberoende av den säsongsbetonade varierande befolkningsmängden. / The rural society lacks sufficient public transport to a large extent and currently has few alternatives for independent travel. Existing mobility services are not sufficiently adapted to rural conditions, which becomes particularly noticeable in communities with varying population sizes. Since the degree of use is of great importance, it is problematic to engage users in rural areas. Instead of relying on flexible mobility services to ensure supply versus demand regardless of season, association life is used as a solid foundation for a case study of the conditions for effective use of mobility services in rural areas. The community of associations with common purposes and goals creates favorable conditions for mobility services in rural areas. The results of the study show other factors of importance for mobility services in association life such as responsibility, coordination, motivation, belonging, flexibility and security. Although associational life provides basic motivation and the desire to carpool, mobility services need to simplify flexibility and not impose strict plans, which is perceived as reduced control. The success factors can be favorable for mobility services in rural areas even beside association life, what is decisive is the focus on social activities. By carpooling to social activities, the mobility services can be used regardless of the season, as the supply does not depend on the level of use. The results of the study show that the conditions of association life contribute to a robust solution for mobility services that are independent of the seasonally varying population.

Congestion and pollution are challenges that have started to build pressure on urban cities to introduce more environmental-friendly transportation alternatives. One transport solution that has gained attention in the light of digitalization is a concept called mobility as a service (MaaS) that has the potential to change how people travel today. However, the main issue related to MaaS is that there is no sustainable or long-term business model in place, and it is unclear how value can be created for actors that are considering to integrate themselves to this ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to investigate what the potential opportunities and challenges are from a transport operator’s perspective when considering to integrate their transportation service to MaaS. This study further addresses the key elements that are needed in this service and its system-level enablers, as well as, how transportation operators’ ability and desire differ to influence the development of MaaS. The study is moreover built on a qualitative research approach where actors from both private and public organizations were interviewed. The gathered data was in combination with a literature review and business model theory analyzed to provide an answer to the current opportunities and challenges with MaaS. The results indicate that both public transport and carpools are essential parts to even consider developing MaaS further and to be able to compete with privately owned vehicles. To be able to make MaaS an attractive transportation solution and to be able to develop this service further, thirdparty resellers have to be granted permission by PTA’s to sell their travel tickets, and that carpool cars have to be given a definition to receive parking subsidies. Next, it was concluded that a clearer added value is needed in order for private and public transportation operators to see the actual value that MaaS could potentially offer their businesses and customers. Moreover, both roles and responsibilities have to be determined to make transport operators aware of how an integration of their service into the MaaS ecosystem could affect them. Additionally, transportation operators that are operating within procured public traffic are limited in their ability to influence the development of MaaS, since they do not have the mandate to make that decision. On the contrary, private transport operators do have the ability to affect the development of MaaS and could have the potential to create their own MaaS solution. / Till följd av ökad trafikträngsel och ökade utsläpp inom transportsektorn i storstadsregioner så efterfrågas nya hållbara resealternativ. Ett koncept som kallas mobilitet som tjänst (MaaS) har därför ökat i intresse de senaste åren och tros ha potentialen att förändra människors sätt att resa. En av de stora utmaningarna för MaaS är dock att det ännu inte har presenterats någon hållbar affärsmodell och det är oklart hur värde kan skapas för de aktörer som överväger att integrera sig till detta ekosystem. Därför är syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka möjligheter och hinder som transportoperatörer ser i samband med att integrera sig till ett MaaS koncept. Dessutom undersöks det vilka element som anses vara nödvändiga för att MaaS ska fungera samt hur transportoperatörernas möjlighet och förmåga till att påverka utvecklingen av MaaS skiljer sig. Studien är byggd på en kvalitativ ansats vilket innebär att både offentliga och privata aktörer från transportindustrin intervjuades. En litteraturgranskning och affärsmodellteori användes som utgångspunkt i analysen av det insamlade empiriska underlaget. Resultatet i studien indikerar att kollektivtrafik och bilpooler är nödvändiga element i en MaaS tjänst som måste finnas på plats för att MaaS ska kunna konkurrera med det privata bilägandet. För att fortsätta utveckla Maas måste tredjepartsleverantörer få tillåtelse att sälja kollektivtrafikbiljetter och bilpoolsbilar behöver definieras för att kunna kvalificeras för parkeringssubventioner. Dessutom krävs det att MaaS kan uppvisa ett tydligt värde för privata -och offentliga transportoperatörer och deras kunder. De ingående aktörernas roller och ansvar behöver bestämmas för att på längre sikt förstå hur en integration till MaaS påverkar deras tjänst. Det kunde även konstateras att transportoperatörer som jobbar som underleverantörer inom upphandlad kollektivtrafik är mer begränsade till att påverka utvecklingen av MaaS då de inte innehar mandat för beslutsfattande. De transportoperatörer som jobbar på kommersiell marknadsbasis har däremot inga begränsningar till att påverka utvecklingen av MaaS.

Vårdpersonal har kategoriserats som en yrkesgrupp med höga stressnivåer och ungefär 70 % av tillfrågade sjuksköterskor har beskrivit sitt arbete som psykiskt påfrestande. Sjuksköterskestudenter upplever liknande problematik. Tidigare studier har visat att mindfulnessbaserade interventioner (MBI) kan reducera stress, öka mindfulnessförmågor samt främja mer positiva tidsattityder. Befintlig forskning har dock inte undersökt sambanden mellan dessa variabler tillsammans. Syftet i denna studie var att undersöka sambanden mellan tidsattityd, mindfulnessförmåga och grad av stress. Ytterligare syften var att granska effekten av mindfulnessträning på dessa variabler hos sjuksköterskestudenter samt att undersöka om tidsattityd och mindfulness kan predicera stress. Studien var en randomiserad kontrollerad studie med pre-post-kontrollgruppsdesign. Urvalet bestod av 75 sjuksköterskestudenter som genom randomisering delades in i kontrollgrupp (n=37) och experimentgrupp (n=38). Experimentgruppen genomförde ett tvåveckors webbaserat mindfulnessprogram medan kontrollgruppen stod på väntelista. Mätningar genomfördes innan och efter interventionen med formulären Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), Adolescent Time Inventory (ATI) samtMindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Resultaten visade på signifikanta interaktioner där experimentgruppen ökade sin mindfulnessförmåga, minskade i grad av stress och fick en mer positiv syn på sin framtid medan det omvända gällde för kontrollgruppen. Mindfulnessförmåga och negativ attityd till nuet predicerade stress. Resultatet stödjer att MBI kan vara en relevant intervention för stressreducering i denna urvalsgrupp.

Iceland faces problems in achieving decarbonization goals, especially regarding its transportation sector having highly car-oriented passenger transport in the capital city, Reykjavík. Therefore, there is a need to shift toward more sustainable transport modes. It is well established that private and car-centered mobility regimes impose externalities on the environment and the livability of cities. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is a recent mobility service concept that poses a promising solution to shift much of the travel demand within urban settings from private car ownership to shared mobility. This thesis aims to determine whether MaaS can function as a disincentive for private car ownership and find use in the context of Reykjavík, Iceland. Specifically, it provides an initial investigation on how influences on car ownership and use, and opinions on shared mobility services and the concept of MaaS may differ between different demographic groups. To test whether MaaS can function as a disincentive for private car ownership and use in Reykjavík, an online survey was distributed to car owners in the city. Respondents volunteered and were asked to respond to two sets of inquiries relating to perceived influences on car ownership and use, and sentiments on shared mobility and MaaS, respectively. The responses were inferentially analyzed. The results showed that in Reykjavík’s current state (i.e. public transport infrastructure and built environment), MaaS would struggle to disincentivize car ownership and be adopted city-wide. However, the younger generations are the most promising first adopters of the service. The results suggest that the city should focus on increasing urban densification and enhancing public transport. Furthermore, the results suggest that as these factors are enacted, the disincentivizing function of MaaS may become more effective. In line with this, further research should be focused on how to facilitate first adopters in their use of MaaS.