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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

半總統制中準內閣制與內閣制政治運作比較 / A Comparison of Quasi-Parlimentarism in Semi- Presidentialism and Parlimentarism in Political Practice

石鵬翔, Shih, Peng Hsiang Unknown Date (has links)
半總統制的運作特色是行政權力分別由總統和總理掌握,當半總統制的總統權力較小,就會由總理主導行政權力,此時半總統制的運作模式趨近於內閣制。但過去較少有文獻比較總統權力較小的半總統制國家,與內閣制國家的實際政治運作,是否有顯著的差異。本文先參照Wu(2012)的分類,選擇準內閣制做為總統權力較小的半總統制次類型,再與內閣制國家做比較。 本文的研究結果,發現準內閣制與內閣制之間,在國會的有效政黨數目、無黨籍總理出現的機率、總統總理同黨的機率沒有顯著的差異。顯示準內閣制的總統如同Wu分類的定義,不會介入任命過程,另外,總統選舉的衣尾效應也無法使大黨的席次增加。在總理任期的比較方面,雖然兩種制度的總理任期沒有顯著的差異,不過準內閣制的總理遭遇提前選舉下台的風險,低於內閣制,且準內閣制的總理連任機率也低於內閣制。這些結果皆表示,準內閣制的總統雖然不會介入組閣過程,但有可能對於國會的選舉時程產生影響,使總理無法在最佳時機發動國會提前選舉,進一步降低總理的連任機率。 綜合本文的研究發現,再對照過去的相關理論。半總統制與內閣制在實際運作上,仍然有一些差異。近年來,學界認為總統權力不是半總統制的重要條件,實際上,即使在總統權力較小的國家,總統權力可能還是有重要的影響。 / The executive power in semi-presidentialism is shared by the president and prime minister where the prime minister will control executive power with a weak president, and the political practice will be like those found in parlimentarism. There are very few articles examining the difference between parlimentarism and semi-presidentialism with a weak president. This paper compares the political practice of semi-presidentialism with a weak president and parlimentarism in different countries. The case selection criteria of a weak president is based on Wu(2012). In his research, quasi-parlimentarism is a subtype of semi-presidentialism, that the president has weak power. The result of this research demonstrates that effective number of parties in parliamentary, probability of non-party prime minister, president and prime minister in the same party have no significant difference between two institutions. This means that in the quasi-parlimentarism the coattail effect of a presidential election does not ensure more seats for a large party, and the president has a weak power to appoint the cabinet. Although the duration of the term of a prime minister has no significant difference, the hazard of early election, and probability of prime minister renewal in quasi-parlimentarism is less than parlimentarism. This means that a president in quasi-parlimentarism has blocked dissolution of parliamentary, and the prime minister cannot call for an early election at his or her favorable time. In summary, the political practice of semi-presidentialism is different than parlimentarism. Presidential power is an important feature of semi-presidentialism, even in small presidential power, a semi-presidentialism country, and its president have great influence on politics.
12

自國際規範FIDIC標準契約條款論我國工程保險—以保險責任期間為重心

林幸頎, Lin, Hsing Chi Unknown Date (has links)
本論文係以工程風險及我國工程保險之現況與發展作為基礎,先予敘明目前當代工程保險的起源與趨勢,鑒古知今,推論出工程保險應回歸以安全檢查與損害防阻作為思考核心,並強調工程風險管理的重要性,進而有發展工程界與保險界聯合行動模式之可能性,使工程從策劃階段即獲得風險管理,而保險人亦得依保險法第九十六條以下之規定,於施工過程中介入安全檢查措施,共同防範出險。 再者,就工程保險之本質以言,應強調工程保險係屬於損失填補保險,故於處理相關實務爭議時,必須考量到工程保險應受到損失填補原則之限制。且因工程保險係採取全險保單的方式為之,是以,本文認為應得參酌美國立法例,而特別強調保險利益有無之判斷。 此外,現今工程保險實務上所面臨之諸多爭議,實得以「保險責任期間」作為軸心而貫穿之。即本文認為,應辨明保險期間並非完全等同於保險責任期間,而於探究保險人是否應負理賠責任時,其重點之一應係在於保險責任期間是否開始、終止或延長。對此,本文認為,應可從下列幾個主要之面向加以觀察:一者,若自工程契約之關係以論,首須探討者,係民法相關概念(如交付、受領)與工程實務上所使用之「啟用」、「接管」、「驗收」之概念是否相同?有無歧異之處?更為重要者,係工程風險究應如何合理分配?二者,若自工程保險契約之角度以觀,則需分析保險契約所承保的危險是否增加?保險利益是否變動?具權威性之地位,而被譽為工程契約「聖經」的國際規範FIDIC標準契約條款之相關內容為何? 本文認為,由於判斷工程保險契約時往往將受到工程契約內容之影響,而工程契約又多係由定作人一方所主導擬定,故而在判定保險人是否應依工程保險契約負擔理賠責任時,毋寧應本著公平合理之精神,配合工程慣例,從工程契約、工程保險契約所關涉之定作人、承攬人,以及保險人三方關係而為綜合審酌認定。換言之,不應使業主人有機會利用工程契約之約定,而將本應由業主承擔之風險移轉至承包商一方,進而間接地影響保險人應否理賠之判斷。 歸納以言,本文認為,我國工程保險實務爭議的解決方向,應以保險責任期間作為保險人是否需予理賠的主要判斷基準之一;再者,並應認知到工程保險本質上係屬於損失填補保險,而需受到損失填補原則之限制;另參酌美國立法例,需強調工程保險之保險利益有無之判斷;又於配合我國國情之前提下,應得適時適度地引進國際規範FIDIC標準契約條款之相關內容,以使我國與國際之接軌能更為緊密切實。

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