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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

北洋政府時期總統權力之研究(1912~1924)

池炫璋, Chih, Hsuan Chang Unknown Date (has links)
過去的學者在研究北洋政治時期的政治史時,或許由於意識型態的關係,認為軍閥主政本身就是一件負面的事,常常預先做了價值判斷,而導致多從批判的角度切入。對於北洋政府時期的描述,也多在軍閥間的權力鬥爭,大小戰役,和國際關係之間為主,對於此一時期人物的研究,也較多關注於各大軍閥領袖,或是革命派人士身上,甚少將重點放在此時的國家元首-大總統上面。本文從制度的角度出發,分析在臨時約法、新約法、曹錕憲法等不同的時期之間,總統與國會、國務總理及軍閥之間的關係,對於總統權力的大小及運作有何影響。 研究發現,北洋政府時期的總統權力,在初期袁世凱執政的時候是由小而大的變化,經過一連串有計畫的步驟,其權力在廢棄臨時約法,實施新約法後達到最高峰;在曹錕執政的時期則次於袁世凱時期,因為他掌握了軍閥的主要勢力與國會的多數,而且曹錕憲法中總統的權力也較臨時約法中略大;其次是徐世昌執政的時期,雖然他為文人出身,但他能周旋於各大軍閥之間,從中取得平衡並適時的施展自己的主張;黎元洪與馮國璋執政的時期則是權力最小的,在有一個強勢國務總理的狀況下,大部分的政治權力都被總理所掌握,此時的總統最為符合虛位元首的特徵。
2

俄羅斯總統權力之研究

吳清風 Unknown Date (has links)
本文研究以總統權力、國會政黨體系與府會關係,來分析俄羅斯的總統權力及其政府體制類型。藉由評量俄羅斯總統權力與他國總統權力比較的方式,瞭解俄羅斯總統權力的範圍,及其所產生的影響。 本文重新檢視俄羅斯政府體制是否符合半總統制的定義,探討在俄羅斯政治發展過程中,總統權力的範圍會是否受到府會一致與否(府會一致或不一致)、國會內政黨分佈型態(聯盟或單一政黨組成)與國會多數的席次多寡(過半或三分之二過半)的影響。 本文研究發現,俄羅斯現行的政府體制實際運作模式為總統制,但俄羅斯政府體制仍有向半總統制傾斜的可能性,而這種可能必須具備兩個要件:一、憲法修改;二、慣例的建立,總統尊重國會多數,放棄組閣的權力。
3

半總統制中準內閣制與內閣制政治運作比較 / A Comparison of Quasi-Parlimentarism in Semi- Presidentialism and Parlimentarism in Political Practice

石鵬翔, Shih, Peng Hsiang Unknown Date (has links)
半總統制的運作特色是行政權力分別由總統和總理掌握,當半總統制的總統權力較小,就會由總理主導行政權力,此時半總統制的運作模式趨近於內閣制。但過去較少有文獻比較總統權力較小的半總統制國家,與內閣制國家的實際政治運作,是否有顯著的差異。本文先參照Wu(2012)的分類,選擇準內閣制做為總統權力較小的半總統制次類型,再與內閣制國家做比較。 本文的研究結果,發現準內閣制與內閣制之間,在國會的有效政黨數目、無黨籍總理出現的機率、總統總理同黨的機率沒有顯著的差異。顯示準內閣制的總統如同Wu分類的定義,不會介入任命過程,另外,總統選舉的衣尾效應也無法使大黨的席次增加。在總理任期的比較方面,雖然兩種制度的總理任期沒有顯著的差異,不過準內閣制的總理遭遇提前選舉下台的風險,低於內閣制,且準內閣制的總理連任機率也低於內閣制。這些結果皆表示,準內閣制的總統雖然不會介入組閣過程,但有可能對於國會的選舉時程產生影響,使總理無法在最佳時機發動國會提前選舉,進一步降低總理的連任機率。 綜合本文的研究發現,再對照過去的相關理論。半總統制與內閣制在實際運作上,仍然有一些差異。近年來,學界認為總統權力不是半總統制的重要條件,實際上,即使在總統權力較小的國家,總統權力可能還是有重要的影響。 / The executive power in semi-presidentialism is shared by the president and prime minister where the prime minister will control executive power with a weak president, and the political practice will be like those found in parlimentarism. There are very few articles examining the difference between parlimentarism and semi-presidentialism with a weak president. This paper compares the political practice of semi-presidentialism with a weak president and parlimentarism in different countries. The case selection criteria of a weak president is based on Wu(2012). In his research, quasi-parlimentarism is a subtype of semi-presidentialism, that the president has weak power. The result of this research demonstrates that effective number of parties in parliamentary, probability of non-party prime minister, president and prime minister in the same party have no significant difference between two institutions. This means that in the quasi-parlimentarism the coattail effect of a presidential election does not ensure more seats for a large party, and the president has a weak power to appoint the cabinet. Although the duration of the term of a prime minister has no significant difference, the hazard of early election, and probability of prime minister renewal in quasi-parlimentarism is less than parlimentarism. This means that a president in quasi-parlimentarism has blocked dissolution of parliamentary, and the prime minister cannot call for an early election at his or her favorable time. In summary, the political practice of semi-presidentialism is different than parlimentarism. Presidential power is an important feature of semi-presidentialism, even in small presidential power, a semi-presidentialism country, and its president have great influence on politics.

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