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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

健康風險評估中的樂觀化偏誤現象-台北市六所幼稚園家長對腸病毒問題之解讀

陳麗萍 Unknown Date (has links)
據衛生署疾病管制局的統計資料顯示,在1998年時,共有四百多位重症病例,其中74位死亡。至此之後,每年都有相關的重症病例及死亡人數傳出。因此,每年到了流行的高峰期,政府相關單位即透過各種管道來傳遞腸病毒的相關知識,然而,這真的促使學童家長正視疾病發生的可能性嗎?   在Weinstein的一系列研究中發現,人們有一種傾向,那就是在經驗不幸的事物時,我們會有所謂不切實際的樂觀。傳統上,對於上述現象的產生,大都僅從心理學層面來做探討。但研究者認為這樣的解釋過於單純,因為其並沒有進一步考慮到,健康資訊在傳遞的過程中,可能因為傳播管道的不同及個人間不同的社會人口特徵,而造成不同的個人對此健康資訊的解讀有差異,並影響其對健康風險的評估。   因此,本研究想探討的是,腸病毒相關的健康資訊在透過不同的傳播管道傳遞時,如何影響學童家長來評估家中學童的健康風險?是否有所謂樂觀化偏誤現象出現?學童家長及學童間,不同的社會人口特徵,像是學童家長的性別、.學童家長的教育程度、學童本身是否曾罹患腸病毒,及學童本身的健康狀況,是否也會影響學童家長對健康風險的評估?是否有所謂樂觀化偏誤現象出現?   從實證資料中發現,在自覺健康風險層面上,受大眾傳播管道影響的學童家長較受人際傳播管道影響的學童家長高。從這其實可以看出,大眾傳播媒體在提醒學童家長注意腸病毒問題時,的確有很大的功效。但受大眾傳播管道影響的學童家長,在評估家中學童的健康風險時,確實存在樂觀化偏誤現象,這也證實了Tyler所說的,大眾傳播媒介僅對評估他人風險有影響,但在評估己身的風險上,大眾媒介就顯得較無影響力。而學童家長的教育程度,及學童本身是否曾罹患腸病毒等社會行為層面,研究者證實教育程度愈高的學童家長,其自覺健康風險程度愈低,其樂觀化偏誤現象也愈明顯。這證實過去研究所指出的,高教育程度者或許對許多議題都自認為自己是專家,容易低估他人對訊息的判斷力,並因而認為他人比自己容易被傳播訊息說服。家中學童曾罹患腸病毒者,雖有較高的自覺健康風險,但也出現了所謂的樂觀化偏誤現象。
2

H1N1新型流感報導中憤怨恐慌的要素與風險解釋 / Outrage factors and risk explanations in news coverage of H1N1 influenza

曾薏珊, Tseng, Yi Shan Unknown Date (has links)
2009年4月,墨西哥與美國西南地區出現人類感染A/H1N1新型流感病毒,此一新興傳染疾病在短時間內,擴散至全球各地。因媒體是社會大眾獲得健康風險訊息的主要來源之一,媒體呈現的H1N1新型流感樣貌,可能影響閱聽眾對此疾病的認知、態度,甚或行為。故本文研究目的有二,一為探討報紙媒體如何呈現H1N1新型流感新聞,分析新聞版面、性質、篇幅、主題、消息來源與圖表運用,二為檢視H1N1新型流感新聞內容是否聚焦風險不確定的面向,呈現公眾憤怨恐慌的要素,以及是否提供民眾評估風險的資訊。了解台灣報紙媒體如何呈現新流感相關議題,為國內媒體呈現傳染疾病的研究新增不同類型的個案。 本研究蒐集《中國時報》、《聯合報》、《自由時報》和《蘋果日報》,自2009年4月25日至2010年2月25日止,共1,324則H1N1新型流感新聞為樣本,採用內容分析法檢視四報H1N1新型流感新聞的特性與呈現的風險訊息。並依H1N1新型流感疫情發展分為五個階段,比較各階段報導呈現風險訊息之異同。 研究結果發現,主題分布依疫情階段而有顯著差異,雖「疫情現況」為各時期H1N1新型流感報導最常呈現的報導主軸,但各疫情階段報導的主題比例仍有不同,尤其疫情趨緩期的主題比重與其他時期差異較大。在主要消息來源方面,各疫情階段皆以「衛生單位官員」為最多,尤其至疫情趨緩期時,主要消息來源偏向更為明顯。 在報導呈現公眾憤怨恐慌的要素方面,以各時期呈現憤怨恐慌的要素總比例比較之,疫情升溫期呈現憤怨恐慌要素的比例為最多,至疫情高峰期與疫情趨緩期,呈現憤怨恐慌的要素之總比例則明顯減少。四報呈現憤怨恐慌的要素皆以「憤怨恐慌的修辭」為最多,高達近五成新聞出現「憤怨恐慌的修辭」要素。 在報導呈現風險解釋方面,以各疫情階段呈現風險解釋的總比例相比,疫情入台傳散期,報導呈現各項風險解釋的比例為最高,其次為疫情初始期,再次為疫情升溫期。四報呈現的風險解釋以「過程解釋」類訊息為最多,其次為「實用建議」類的訊息,而「定義解釋」、「風險程度」、「風險比較」類訊息則較少被提及。 報導圖表文字內容呈現方面,則發現除《蘋果日報》外,其他三報運用圖表的比重偏低,顯示H1N1新型流感報導運用圖表解釋風險仍不甚普遍。但包含圖表的報導,圖表文字多為「風險解釋」的訊息,常提及「過程解釋」與「實用建議」類資訊。研究也發現,新聞正文與圖表文字呈現相對應的風險解釋類型有顯著相關性,其中以新聞正文與圖表文字呈現「風險比較」的相關程度最高。 透過本研究分析發現,四報有部分報導凸顯風險不確定的面向,憤怨恐慌要素以「恐懼恐慌」、「疫情失控淪陷」、「衝突或矛盾」比例較多;在風險解釋呈現方面,則以「疫情數據資料更新」、「目前疫情傳佈範圍/地區」類的訊息為最多,「風險程度」、「定義」與「風險比較」等訊息則較少被提及。 假定報導提供風險解釋,可減少公眾因對風險的「不確定性」產生的憤怨恐慌,本研究發現提醒媒體實務工作者,記者在危機或風險事件發生,擔負風險溝通的責任之際,應提供閱聽眾評估風險的資訊,以清晰明確的文字或圖表解釋風險過程與民眾自我保護的等訊息,減輕民眾的憤怨不安或恐懼。 / In April 2009, Mexico and the Southwestern United States confirmed human cases of Influenza A/H1N1. In a short time, H1N1 influenza was spreading across the rest of the world. People obtain health risk messages mainly through mass media, so what the media cover about H1N1 influenza may do have influences on their audience’s cognition, attitudes, and even behaviors toward this disease. This study has two research purposes. First, it studies how the newspaper media cover H1N1 influenza by analyzing location of article, article type, news length, content about theme, news source, and usage of graphics. Second, it examines the coverage of H1N1 influenza to see if the media focus the facets of risk and uncertainty, present public outrage factors, and offer people the information to evaluate the risks. From this study, we can understand what related issues of H1N1 influenza were presented by four major newspapers in Taiwan, and to the study of coverage of domestic media on infectious diseases this adds a different case. It sampled 1324 H1N1 influenza news reports from Chinese Times, United Daily News, The Liberty Times, and Apple Daily, covered from April 25, 2009 to February 25, 2010. It adopted content analysis to examine these four newspapers about the characteristics of their H1N1 influenza coverage and their risk communication factors. And according to the development of H1N1 influenza in Taiwan, we divided the period into five phases, comparing the similarities and differences of news content among various phases. Results of content analysis showed that the distribution of news theme varies significantly among the phases, though “epidemiological description” is the main theme. There were differences in news theme proportion among the five phases, especially notable difference of the decreasing phase. And that main news source is health officials in all phases. Source bias was more obvious especially during the decreasing phase. In terms of the coverage of public outrage factors, the news content of the four newspapers showed that it has the most outrage factors during H1N1 influenza increasing phase. In the peak and the decline of H1N1influenza contagion, news content of outrage factors decreased significantly. The most presented outrage factors by the four newspapers is the “outrage rhetoric.” Nearly fifty percent of the coverage has “outrage rhetoric” factor. Regarding the coverage of risk explanations in news content, compared by phases, the spreading phase has the highest percentage of risk explanations of H1N1 influenza news, followed by the initial phase and then the epidemic increasing phase. Among the risk explanations presented by the four newspaper, the news group of “process explanations” was found the most, followed by the news categorized of “ practical recommendation,” whereas the news groups of “definitions”, ”risk level explanations” and ”risk comparisons” were seldom mentioned. On the news with graphics, except for Apply Daily, three other newspapers have low usage of graphics. It appears that for H1N1 influenza news it is not common yet to use graphics to explain risks. For those reports with graphs, they are commonly for “risk explanations” and they often mention of messages of “process explanations” and “practical recommendation.” In addition, this study finds that there is significant correlation between articles and graphs when they both present same risk explanations in the news content. To sum up, through this study we found some reports of the four newspapers highlight the risk uncertainty, among which outrage factors are presented with higher exposure of “fear/ panic”, “epidemic out of control”, and “conflicting reports.” On the coverage of 'risk explanations,” it has the most messages about “update the data of H1N1 influenza” and “current epidemic category and area,” whereas it has less messages about “definitions”,” risk level explanations” and ”risk comparisons”. This study used an exploratory framework that posits risk explanations can mitigate negative public reactions by communicating the hazard with clearer articles or graphics. Result of this study recommends when a crisis or risk event happens, media worker should take responsibility of risk communication, and provide accurate and clear risk information to the audience. Thus, it may alleviate the negative public reactions, like outrage, anger, worry, fear, and panic.
3

論全民健康保險之心理危險因素-以個人健康管理之風險控制為核心- / A study on the morale hazard of National Health Insurance : focusing on personal health risk control

陳俞沛 Unknown Date (has links)
全民健保自1995年施行以來,已成為照顧國人健康最重要的社會安全措施之一,更創造世界各國稱羨的社會健康保險奇蹟。然由於全民健保的保障,使國人忽略平時對個人健康管理之風險控制,因被保險人心理危險所導致之醫療浪費極為嚴重,醫療費用不斷增加,造成健保財務負擔與效率低落,若不進行調整,將危及健保的永續經營。 從社會福利國演進歷史觀之,社會連帶思想與分配正義原則,雖強調人民具人性尊嚴生存之權利及國家之保護義務,但並非單純將個人風險轉由社會共同承擔,而是以國民對於自我社會責任的履行為前提,因天賦或環境等因素,對於無法以自身能力來克服及排除社會風險所帶來的負面影響,使其無法維持「具人性尊嚴之生存」時,始將該風險轉由社會共同承擔,且以保障其基本生活為原則,以求「禁止過度侵害」與「禁止保護不足」原則間之平衡。因此全民健保雖為社會連帶原則之體現,但仍應以個人責任為基礎。 國內外研究皆指出,與個人直接相關之生活型態及遺傳等因素,為影響健康的主要風險來源,醫療服務的影響力約僅佔一成,而加重被保險人責任可有效抑制心理危險因素,透過部分負擔,誘導被保險人重視個人健康責任,以健康之生活型態配合政府之健康檢查與各種篩檢措施,降低罹病率或及早治療,即使不幸罹患重病亦應遵從醫囑,以最經濟的手段達到必要之治療成效。因此,全民健保為達其增進全體國民健康之目的,應以國人之健康風險控制為主,而非將資源過度投注於醫療費用補助,始為根本之道。 反觀我國全民健保,將絕大多數資源用於治療疾病,卻忽略了預防保健的重要性,亦未強調被保險人對自身健康風險之控制責任,近來健保改革聲浪亦多集中於保費收取、藥價、支付制度等議題,忽略個人健康風險控制與心理危險防範之重要性,造成被保險人對個人健康風險控制的不重視,以及預防保健篩檢率偏低、醫療成本負擔逐漸龐大等種種效應。 本文建議,應強化全民健保健康促進功能,免費提供經濟效益高而侵犯性低之預防保健項目,此外,政府應建立重大遺傳疾病通報制度,提供高風險民眾諮詢與檢測等相關服務。再者,健保給付應以基本醫療需求為限,並兼採自負額與共保制,加重被保險人承擔個人健康風險控制責任,且在制度上與社會救助明確區隔,廢除免部分負擔制度,對無力支付部分負擔者改由社會救助支付,以降低被保險人心理危險因素,藉由健康促進之生活方式與配合政府推行保健措施等健康風險控制手段,降低疾病發生率及健康風險損失幅度,始能達成全民健保增進國人健康之目的,並大幅降低健保醫療支出。

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