企業處於現今的經濟環境，其所面臨之風險是多變的，若無防範於未然，倒閉危機將可能發生之結果。尤旅行業屬於高度競爭之產業，業者為求永續經營與維護消費者之權益，更應對可能衍生之風險，落實風險管理。 本研究以風險管理觀點出發，分析旅行業如何辨識並衡量其可能面臨之風險，選擇其風險控制之工具，後續進一步針對旅行業者倒閉風險之風險分散機制探討。旅行業除了投保商業履約保證保險外，另外研究自我保證之可行性。 本研究認為若旅行業採用自我保證方式來取代商業性履約保證保險，將可解決旅行業、銀行與保險公司三方爭議，並享有低費率之履約保證，且同時兼顧消費者之權益。實務上，若要將自我保證付諸實行，仍是有待主管機關、業者、學者研議解決有關法源依據、自我保證基金不足以因應賠款之情事及監督管理辦法等問題。 / Under the current economic environment, enterprises face capricious type of risks. In the absence of preventive measures, enterprises might face the risk of insolvency. This is especially true with the travel business because it is in a highly competitive industry. In order to achieve sustainable operation and protect consumers’ rights and interests, the travel business is advised to implement risk management concept for the risks it is likely to derive. From the point of view of the risk management, the study analyzes the method to identify and measure the risks that the travel industry is likely to face, and it also helps to choose the risk control tools. Furthermore, the study discusses the risk diversification mechanism for insolvency. Besides purchasing the commercial performance bond, the study also analyses the possibility of self-insurance. The study believes that by implementing self-insurance instead of the commercial performance bond, the travel industry will not only solve the tripartite dispute among the industry, banks and insurance companies would also benefit from the lower rates. At the same time, it also takes account of consumers’ interests. In order to put self-insurance into practice, we still require the regulator, industry and academics to resolve the legal issues, insolvency problem of self-guarantee fund, management issues, and the supervision measures to such problems.

企業之興衰可概分為導入期、成長期、成熟期、衰退期。本研究發現，台灣地區保全業目前處於「成熟期」。隨著微利時代之來臨，保全之傳統服務業勢必將面臨極大之挑戰，若無長遠規劃及有效興革，日後將被跨國性大保全公司所併購之可能，最後從而步入「衰退期」。因此，保全業必須重視研發與管理，方能因應市場之快速變遷與挑戰。 由於社會大眾對保全業之運作缺乏正確觀念，總以為安排保全後即無須另行安排保險保障，因此時常有保障缺漏之產生。就現況而言，保全業者素質良莠不齊，常因業務競爭而忽視風險管理之重要性，且普遍未能落實損害防阻之工作，造成保全重大事故時有所聞，甚至引發社會各界之非難與抨擊。再者，法令要求保全業必須利用保險以分散風險。然而因為認知上之差距，時常發生理賠責任界定之糾紛，造成消費者不諒解、保險業不願繼續承保之困窘，影響保全業之形象與聲譽甚鉅。 本研究主要探討台灣地區保全業風險管理與保險之相關問題，架構上係以風險管理原理為基礎，輔以實務運作現況，以求有系統地分析保全業經營管理之相關風險，並藉此歸納保全業風險管理之核心原則。其次，本研究亦針對保全業運用產物保險（保全業責任保險、銀行業綜合保險、員工誠實信用保證保險）時所衍生紛爭，以案例研究方式解析其爭議所在，期能界定消費者、保全業、保險業三方之權利義務關係。最後，根據發現與結論，本研究提出若干建議供相關單位參考，期能全面提升保全業風險管理與保險運用之水平。 / In terms of the life cycle, an enterprise may experience the following stages: introduction stage, growth stage, maturity stage and decline stage. It is observed that the security industry in Taiwan is currently situated in the maturity stage. Due to severe market competition and narrow margin of profits, the security industry is forced to meet the magnificent challenge, locally or internationally. Without a long-term planning and efficient reform, it is likely to see many security companies merged by multi-national security companies in the future. Under such a scenario, the security industry in Taiwan will eventually step into the decline stage. Misunderstanding the operation of security industry, many people ignore the necessity of insurance coverage after security protection is arranged. It leads to the leakage in protection and coverage. In practice, many security companies also take less care of risk management and loss prevention due to business competition. In addition, a security company is required to transfer its risks through insurance. Because of the perceptional gap, many claim disputes arise among the security industry, the insurance industry and the clients. Under such circumstances, all of the above have deteriorated the reputation of security industry and result in many criticisms from the general public. The main theme of this research is to explore the issues related to risk management and insurance of the security industry in Taiwan. Based on the fundamental theories of risk management and market practices, the relevant risks are systematically analyzed and core risk management principles for the industry are developed. In addition, it undertakes several case studies to examine the controversial issues of certain insurance products often associated with the security business. It is hoped to clarify these issues and define the rights and obligations among different players. In the final part, the conclusion and recommendation is submitted to relevant institutions to upgrade and enhance the risk management and insurance arrangement of the security industry.

由於現代企業面臨之風險是多變的，許多有關之法令規定已過時，企業組織可用之資源、成本和效益會產生變化，故企業要能適應未來的變局更需落實風險管理。 企業實施風險管理之重要目標，是為了在損失發生前能以節約的原則，減少憂慮，符合外界規定，並善盡社會責任；在損失發生後能生存，繼續營運，維持收益穩定，以求繼續成長等。然而企業往往會多角化擴充經營範疇，甚至在各處實施特定的經營活動，如此其風險管理將更形複雜。 本文擬以風險管理與損害防阻的實務經驗，佐以理論基礎，說明導入風險管理與損害防阻之目標、策略、程序、計畫、績效評核等，期能使各企業認識、衡量風險，藉由選擇並執行最符合經濟效益之風險管理方法，達到企業永續經營的目標。 其次，以個人在集團內執行安全管理系統和損害防阻安全查勘服務計畫的個案，說明企業損害防阻管理意義、風險的確認、分析與評估、損害防阻管理的執行與考核、績效評估等。最後再以身為企業推動風險管理與損害防阻的一份子，檢視以往歷程提出建議，期能拋磚引玉，讓更多的組織、企業和相關人士重視並推動主動式的風險控制及損害防阻管理。 / Since the risks faced by the modern enterprises are changeable, the laws and stipulations are obsolete and outdated, the resources, costs and benefits used by the enterprises organizations are subject to change, and therefore the enterprises have to carry out the risk management in order to be able to adapt the future changes in situations. The major targets for the enterprises to implement the risk management are for the purposes of reducing the anxiety, conforming to the outside stipulations and fulfilling the social responsibilities sincerely before the losses occur; surviving, operating continually, maintaining the incomes and continuing to grow, etc. if the losses should occur. However, the enterprises often run their business diversified and even operate the specific business activities everywhere, that will make their risk management more complex. This article intends to be written in the view of practical experiences to engage in the risk management, loss prevention and control as well as the assists of theory foundations, depicts the implementations of goals, strategies, procedures, plans and performance evaluations, etc. in risk management, loss prevention and control, anticipating various enterprises to identify and measure the risks by means of selecting and executing the risk management methods which conform to the utmost economical benefits for the goals of running businesses continually. Next, in the case where the writer personally carried out the safety management systems and safety survey service plans of loss prevention and control in group enterprises illustrates the meaning of loss control management, the identification, analysis and evaluation of risk, and the implementation, the verification and performance evaluation of loss control management, etc. Finally, as the member of implementing enterprises risk management and loss prevention and control, the writer examines the past working processes and experiences to offer some recommendations, expecting to throw stones and bring back jade to let much more organizations, enterprises and the parties concerned think highly of and enforce the proactive risk control and loss control management.

全民健保自1995年施行以來，已成為照顧國人健康最重要的社會安全措施之一，更創造世界各國稱羨的社會健康保險奇蹟。然由於全民健保的保障，使國人忽略平時對個人健康管理之風險控制，因被保險人心理危險所導致之醫療浪費極為嚴重，醫療費用不斷增加，造成健保財務負擔與效率低落，若不進行調整，將危及健保的永續經營。 從社會福利國演進歷史觀之，社會連帶思想與分配正義原則，雖強調人民具人性尊嚴生存之權利及國家之保護義務，但並非單純將個人風險轉由社會共同承擔，而是以國民對於自我社會責任的履行為前提，因天賦或環境等因素，對於無法以自身能力來克服及排除社會風險所帶來的負面影響，使其無法維持「具人性尊嚴之生存」時，始將該風險轉由社會共同承擔，且以保障其基本生活為原則，以求「禁止過度侵害」與「禁止保護不足」原則間之平衡。因此全民健保雖為社會連帶原則之體現，但仍應以個人責任為基礎。 國內外研究皆指出，與個人直接相關之生活型態及遺傳等因素，為影響健康的主要風險來源，醫療服務的影響力約僅佔一成，而加重被保險人責任可有效抑制心理危險因素，透過部分負擔，誘導被保險人重視個人健康責任，以健康之生活型態配合政府之健康檢查與各種篩檢措施，降低罹病率或及早治療，即使不幸罹患重病亦應遵從醫囑，以最經濟的手段達到必要之治療成效。因此，全民健保為達其增進全體國民健康之目的，應以國人之健康風險控制為主，而非將資源過度投注於醫療費用補助，始為根本之道。 反觀我國全民健保，將絕大多數資源用於治療疾病，卻忽略了預防保健的重要性，亦未強調被保險人對自身健康風險之控制責任，近來健保改革聲浪亦多集中於保費收取、藥價、支付制度等議題，忽略個人健康風險控制與心理危險防範之重要性，造成被保險人對個人健康風險控制的不重視，以及預防保健篩檢率偏低、醫療成本負擔逐漸龐大等種種效應。 本文建議，應強化全民健保健康促進功能，免費提供經濟效益高而侵犯性低之預防保健項目，此外，政府應建立重大遺傳疾病通報制度，提供高風險民眾諮詢與檢測等相關服務。再者，健保給付應以基本醫療需求為限，並兼採自負額與共保制，加重被保險人承擔個人健康風險控制責任，且在制度上與社會救助明確區隔，廢除免部分負擔制度，對無力支付部分負擔者改由社會救助支付，以降低被保險人心理危險因素，藉由健康促進之生活方式與配合政府推行保健措施等健康風險控制手段，降低疾病發生率及健康風險損失幅度，始能達成全民健保增進國人健康之目的，並大幅降低健保醫療支出。

本文主要就懲罰性賠償金制度所產生之法律爭議及企業經營者、使用他人智慧財產權者等應採行之風險管理措施作一研究。 懲罰性賠償金雖源自於英國，但在美國蓬勃發展，故本文首先就美國懲罰性賠償金制度之內容及其發展過程中所衍生之爭論加以探討；其次，再將我國懲罰性賠償金制度予以定位，並對目前之相關立法加以說明，最後再就該制度實施後所引發之法律爭議---是否違憲？是否造成民事法與刑事法體制之紊亂？過失行為得否課與懲罰性賠償金？懲罰性賠償金是否具可保性等問題加以討論。 懲罰性賠償金制度雖基於保障消費者、智慧財產權所有者、投資大眾、防杜內部交易並確保公平競爭，而對於不法行為人課與懲罰性賠償金，來達到懲罰及嚇阻之效果，但此亦加重了企業經營者或其他個體之責任風險；因此，本文依循風險管理之步驟，逐一就我國現行懲罰性賠償金之立法提出損害防阻、損失抑制及風險理財等風險管理措施以資因應。