The present work intends to analyze the extent to which the practice of sustainable biddings, using performance bond, seeks to collaborate with the fundamental right to the environment and bring legal certainty to the parties. The bibliographic research was used from the doctrinal analysis relevant to the theme, specially the branches of environmental, Administrative and Constitutional Law, as well the documentary research, besides the analysis of legal texts and both foreign and homeland jurisprudence. Furthermore, it has utilized the dialectical method so that the jurisprudential and doctrinal counterpoints could provide larger legal-philosophical foundation to the research. As a result, it was verified that the environmental balance is a duty for the Public Administration, as it is for the society and the instrument proposed in this research – by means of environmental regulation through the sustainable public biddings – will be able to cooperate with the search of sustainable development, consolidated by the performance bond. It is concluded that this will bring legal certainty to the administrative contract hereby tendered, finish the public work in a sustainable way, as well as to the environment, due to the requirements required by the insurer, which becomes responsible for the faithful fulfillment of the contract in its completeness, generating benefits to the environment, the public treasury, as well as to present and future generations. / O presente trabalho analisar em que medida a prática de licitações sustentáveis, utilizando o performance bond, busca colaborar com o direito fundamental ao meio ambiente e trazer segurança jurídica para as partes. Foi utilizada a pesquisa bibliográfica, a partir da análise da doutrina pertinente ao tema, em especial aos ramos do Direito Ambiental, Direito Administrativo e Direito Constitucional, bem como a pesquisa documental, com o exame de textos legais e da jurisprudência pátria. Ademais, utilizou-se o método dialético, a fim de que os contrapontos doutrinários e as jurisprudenciais dessem um maior embasamento jurídico-filosófico à pesquisa. Como resultado, verificou-se que o equilíbrio do meio ambiente ecológico é um dever da Administração Pública, bem como da coletividade, e o instrumento proposto nesta pesquisa – por meio da regulação ambiental através das licitações sustentáveis –, poderá colaborar com a busca do desenvolvimento sustentável, consubstanciado pelo seguro garantia – performance bond. Conclui-se que este trará segurança jurídica para o contrato administrativo ora licitado, findando a obra pública de maneira sustentável, bem como ao meio ambiente, devido às exigências requeridas pela seguradora, que se torna responsável pelo fiel cumprimento do contrato em sua completude, gerando benesses ao meio ambiente, ao erário público, bem como às presentes e futuras gerações.

企業處於現今的經濟環境，其所面臨之風險是多變的，若無防範於未然，倒閉危機將可能發生之結果。尤旅行業屬於高度競爭之產業，業者為求永續經營與維護消費者之權益，更應對可能衍生之風險，落實風險管理。 本研究以風險管理觀點出發，分析旅行業如何辨識並衡量其可能面臨之風險，選擇其風險控制之工具，後續進一步針對旅行業者倒閉風險之風險分散機制探討。旅行業除了投保商業履約保證保險外，另外研究自我保證之可行性。 本研究認為若旅行業採用自我保證方式來取代商業性履約保證保險，將可解決旅行業、銀行與保險公司三方爭議，並享有低費率之履約保證，且同時兼顧消費者之權益。實務上，若要將自我保證付諸實行，仍是有待主管機關、業者、學者研議解決有關法源依據、自我保證基金不足以因應賠款之情事及監督管理辦法等問題。 / Under the current economic environment, enterprises face capricious type of risks. In the absence of preventive measures, enterprises might face the risk of insolvency. This is especially true with the travel business because it is in a highly competitive industry. In order to achieve sustainable operation and protect consumers’ rights and interests, the travel business is advised to implement risk management concept for the risks it is likely to derive. From the point of view of the risk management, the study analyzes the method to identify and measure the risks that the travel industry is likely to face, and it also helps to choose the risk control tools. Furthermore, the study discusses the risk diversification mechanism for insolvency. Besides purchasing the commercial performance bond, the study also analyses the possibility of self-insurance. The study believes that by implementing self-insurance instead of the commercial performance bond, the travel industry will not only solve the tripartite dispute among the industry, banks and insurance companies would also benefit from the lower rates. At the same time, it also takes account of consumers’ interests. In order to put self-insurance into practice, we still require the regulator, industry and academics to resolve the legal issues, insolvency problem of self-guarantee fund, management issues, and the supervision measures to such problems.

履約保證金為政府採購契約重要的擔保工具，依據現行政府採購法規範，履約保證金繳納方式包括：現金、金融機構簽發之本票或支票、保付支票、郵政匯票、無記名政府公債、設定質權之金融機構定期存款單、銀行開發或保兌之不可撤銷擔保信用狀、銀行之書面連帶保證及保險公司連帶保證保險單等。由於這些不同的繳納方式，分別涉及不同的法律規範層面，在制度設計上是否可以達到以履約保證金為上位概念之等值擔保？而實務運作中如何有效減少履約保證金所衍生之採購爭議？委實有深入研究之必要。 / 為能對政府採購履約保證金有較為完整之了解，本論文首先將參考前稽察條例、現行政府採購法規、主管機關解釋函令等，並配合實務見解及學說文獻資料的整理，分別從履約保證金之制度沿革、規範內容、擔保功能及法律性質等面向進行討論；其次，則經由搜集法院實務中有關履約保證金所衍生之爭議案例，嘗試將爭議問題類型化並分別進行問題探討，藉以釐清履約保證金不同繳納方式在實務運作上的差異，期能達成整合各項擔保工具等值性之研究目的。此外，有鑑於目前保證保險在國內政府採購領域窒礙難行之困境，本文亦將採比較法的角度，另以專章討論美國政府採購履約擔保制度中，有關保證狀（surety bond）的使用情形，藉以提供國內保證保險比較的基礎，以期有助於健全國內履約保證金制度的發展與運作。

Submitted by Mariana Pereira de Morais Pacheco (marianapmpacheco@gmail.com) on 2018-02-15T18:45:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_final.pdf: 659810 bytes, checksum: 96b9dc5caecd59d87012b2db6362ec20 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2018-02-15T18:51:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_final.pdf: 659810 bytes, checksum: 96b9dc5caecd59d87012b2db6362ec20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T11:43:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_final.pdf: 659810 bytes, checksum: 96b9dc5caecd59d87012b2db6362ec20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / This thesis discusses the financial, commercial, political and legal risks of international trade operations involving International Bank Guarantees. It starts by defining the most usual international trade instruments and, then, defining Standby Letters of Credit, Performance Bonds and Bid Bonds issued according to the ISP 98, URGD 758 or UCP 600 as International Bank Guarantees. Later, it explores each specific risk. The financial risks are divided into foreign exchange risk, applicant's default risk and bank reputation risk. It is considered as a commercial risks frauds and low quality products. Legal risks are legal battles and local legislation. There is a topic that discusses specifically the U.S. related risks, as the country has a very particular legislation when it comes to International Bank Guarantees. The political risks are related to commercial embargoes and sanctions, changes in foreign policy and to the deterioration of commercial reations. The following section discusses how to mitigate each of the risks discussed. It shows whether or not this risk can be mitigated and if it also affects internation trade operations that do not use International Bank Guarantees. Lastly, the thesis discusses about the ideal international trade instrument. At the moment, International Bank Guarantees are the best instrument, still not the perfect one as it has some limitations. / Esta tese debate os riscos financeiros, comerciais, políticos e legais relacionados a operações de comércio internacional. A tese começa definindo os principais instrumentos usados em transações de comércio internacional. Em seguida, define como Garantia Bancária Internacional as Standby Letters of Credit, Performance Bonds e os Bid Bonds, emitidos de acordo com a ISP 98, URGD 758 ou UCP 600. Depois, a tese explora os riscos específicos das Garantias Bancárias Internacionais. São considerados riscos financeiros o risco cambial, o risco de calote da parte que solicitou a garantia e o risco de reputação dos bancos envolvidos na transação. Riscos comerciais são as fraudes e produtos de má qualidade. Os riscos legais analisados são referentes a batalhas judiciais e legislação local. Além disso, há uma parte da tese dedicada a discutir especificamente os riscos relacionados a legislação americana, que é muito diferente dos outros países em relação a Garantias Bancárias Internacionais. São considerados riscos políticos embargos e sanções comerciais, mudanças na política externa e a deterioração das relações comerciais entre dois países. A última seção da tese discute como mitigar os riscos involvidos em transações com Garantias Bancárias Internacionais. Nesta parte, discute-se quais riscos podem ou não ser mitigados eq quais riscos são inerentes a transações comerciais internacionais, independentemente do uso de Garantias Bancárias Internacionais. Conclui-se que, no momento, Garantias Bancárias Internacionais ainda são o melhor instrumento para assegurar transações comerciais internacionais. Contudo, estes intrumentos ainda não são perfeitos e estão sujeitos a muitos riscos e limitações.

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D