• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 19
  • 18
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 20
  • 20
  • 12
  • 10
  • 9
  • 8
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

懲罰與責任:教師專業倫理之辯證 / Punishment and Responsibility:Dialectic of the Ethics of Teachers’ Profession.

李真文, Li,Chen Wen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要析理台灣教育界對於懲罰議題的不同立場,藉以探討懲罰與教師責任之間的倫理辯證關係。研究問題主要回答有五。 本研究的第一個研究問題是:「以往理論上所認可的懲罰正當性有那些?」我們的回覆是:基於公平正義的應報論、以及基於社會效益而的嚇阻論及改造論。應報論認為學生犯錯應當為其行為付出代價,嚇阻論認為懲罰學生是為了避免有人再敢以身試法,改造論則是希望幫助學生改過而不再犯。 這些懲罰理論所持的正當性都十分有理據。不過,由於批判教育學者及Foucault的啟發,懲罰所依恃的規則以及所仰賴的權威都有商榷的餘地,不應視為理所當然。固然懲罰犯錯者可能懷有善意,但這善意也未必是不能檢討的。再者,教育現場時常不當使用懲罰(體罰),像這種暴力對待學生的方式實在是對學生人權的一大侵犯。故本研究第二個研究問題「懲罰的正當性在當今有無修正的必要?」即證為有此必要。 再就以往台灣教育場域何以慣用懲罰之結構性因素予以考察,發現傳統文化的影響曾構成支持懲罰的結構之一部分,但是升學主義、管理主義所帶來的教育扭曲較具決定性。此外,師資培育的專業化過程並未明顯改善所謂「日治時期遺留下來的惡習」-體罰。教育專業的論述裡頭,對於體罰雖有反對之意見,但仍持適度保留的態度-即懲罰雖是下下策,但它可用,唯須慎用。因此,本研究第三個研究問題「往昔傾向支持懲罰的脈絡是什麼?」答覆如上。 既然往昔存在著支持懲罰的脈絡,那麼我們是否有超越之作法可以解決這樣的難題,便成了反對懲罰立場必須提供的論證。我們在第五章介紹了關懷倫理學的主張,這項倫理主張可以補足以往我們只訴諸於正義為最高價值的空缺,也就是以一個更全方位關照到事務情、理、法三面倫理學來看待犯錯者是否一定要懲罰的議題。再者,我們也認為教師情意智慧的培養有其必要,才得以解決一部分現今時常因情緒控制不佳而造成校園體悲劇的遺憾。同時,教師應當打破沈默文化、勇於發聲,並正視學生的反抗文化所傳達的背後意涵,如此才不會因著教師自己的權威而成為壓迫的一方。除了這些理論意味濃厚的述介外,我們也舉了一些體制內教育者之圖像供參。最後,我們以另類教育之另類思維與作法,讓我們見識到一些可行的替代方案,既可兼顧到學習者本身的自主性,也關注到集體的秩序。於是,本論文第四個研究問題「有無超越懲罰以外的管教理念與參考作法?」我們的答覆是有的,而且還陸續在繁衍中… 最後一個研究問題「教育專業倫理如何看待與拿捏懲罰議題?」是本論文的總結。我們確認了教育專業所致力的價值,乃是真、善、美的實踐。師者的教育責任在於其有義務確保這樣的事情發生,或至少他/她必須長養著這樣的環境。 教師專業責任的高標,在於關懷所有學生並致力於其最佳之利益。教師專業責任的低標,則在於公平正義原則下不傷害學生為原則。 教育責任含納著管教或不管教,不管教不意謂放棄,而是等待緣熟而教。管教也未必需要懲罰,不懲罰也可使之省過。這些都需要智慧才可以判斷。教師專業倫理即是確保教師可以做出這樣的判斷。 懲罰學生不應指向於學業學習上,而應將其應用於德育、群育上的偏差行為之對治上。而且對於懲罰必須有這樣的判斷共識:動機利他、方法適當、時機妥切等三項條件均具備,才算是符合教育專業倫理。 最後,也別忘了批判教育學與Foucault給我們的忠言。懲罰是一個事件。整個處理學生行為的始末過程是身教的示範,也是教育得以展現善意的最佳時機。同時,懲罰者的動機若不具善意,則任何形式的懲罰,那怕是輕柔的,都可能是支配關係而存在。那麼,懲罰學生即使是盡了教育者的責任,也變得不符合教師專業倫理了! / The aim of the dissertation is to clear out the concepts between “punishment” and “responsibility” beyond the discourses of education in Taiwan. It is proposed five main questions here, the core of all the questions is to answer the ethics for professionals in education, especially for teachers. The first question to be discussed is how is it thought justified of punishment in theories. Generally speaking, there are three kinds of theories of punishment offering justification acknowledged. They are retributive theory, deterrent theory, and reformative theory. Punishment is justified in response to offenders’ desert, or to threat offenders from doing again, or as a means to re-educate people, in these three different visions of theories. There is no disagreement on these three theories that the assumption that rules are authorized and those who break the rules should be punished without excuses. In the context of (post-)modern times, though the justification of punishment were wildly accepted, we must notice the construction of punishment-rule, authority and pain is need to be reexamined. For Foucault, according Discipline and Punish, punishment is in the same sense of discipline, namely without discipline there is no punishment neither. Critical theorists begin with the premise that people are unfree and inhabit a world life with contradictions and asymmetries of power and privilege. Under such context of real life, punishment is the means of hegemony without doubt. The advocates of human rights see punishment as violence. It is mistaken to think that corporal punishment accepted in education. Children should be raised up and educated in atmosphere filled of dignity and respects, not the treatment of punishment (especially physically). All these views challenge the rules governed punishment, question the authorized power to exert punishment, and reject the pain on the human bodies. The evidence shown here is that justification of punishment theories have to be rectified. Furthermore, we have recalled the context why punishment used throughout in schools in Taiwan. It seems reasonable to conclude: teacher professionalism in Taiwan did not prepare our teachers well to reform the phenomenon of punishment abuse. We also offered some alternatives to educators for teaching without punishment. We drew attention to the ethics of “care”, in contrast to the traditional ethics of “justice”, meet the needs of education well. Some real examples and useful thoughts were shown that the preparation and in-service training of teacher professionals need to be reformed too. Finally, we come to a conclusion of punishment and responsibility of teachers. It needs to be recognized as part of ethics of educators.
2

嚇阻戰略之研究--以中華民國軍事安全政策為例

吳恩德 Unknown Date (has links)
作者長期服務軍旅從事台澎防衛作戰戰備整備工作,在國內外戰略環境急遽轉變的狀況下,台海兩岸難道一定要落入以戰爭來解決的歷史宿命嗎?台灣「有效嚇阻」軍事戰略能達成防止戰爭的目的嗎? 嚇阻是非零和賽局,必須藉助溝通、協商、妥協才能達成目的,問題是中共在領土主權上堅持一個中國的立場,兩岸在政治上若無法進行溝通、協商、妥協,則軍事上的信心建立措施幾乎是不可能達成,那就表示兩岸軍事關係仍將以零和賽局收場,以這樣的觀察角度對於台灣「有效嚇阻、防衛固守」軍事安全政策更有必要深入檢討。 中華民國「有效嚇阻」軍事安全政策與國際安全研究領域中的「嚇阻理論」似乎有許多理論與實際相互矛盾的疑點,雖然過去的實證經驗顯示國際關係的理論不必然能夠解決現世的困難,但是透過理論邏輯思維程序與科學分析方法,可以釐清觀念上的偏差,檢驗政策的可行性與預期的效果。 不論從報復手段、決策思考、嚇阻對象層面、心理認知上,都可以很明顯的體認,核武嚇阻與傳統嚇阻的差異。由於這些差異將造成實際政策執行上的南轅北轍,為了不使政策執行產生偏差,更不要讓敵人誤解,所以在以嚇阻戰略作為國家安全政策時,一定要明確認定核武與傳統嚇阻的區別,否則模糊解釋空間增大,爆發危險爭議衝突的機會也相對增加。基本上傳統嚇阻缺乏大規模報復的可信度,然而並不表示傳統嚇阻就完全沒有機會。 從嚇阻方式上來看,核武嚇阻可信度較傳統嚇阻高;從成本上看,嚇阻戰略成本絕對比戰爭的成本要低。嚇阻的功效不是絕對值的問題,而是機率與可靠度的問題,以防止戰爭的出發點,應該盡最大的努力使嚇阻的可靠度提高,才是積極而正確的做法。 雖然嚇阻戰略充滿爭議,是一種預期失敗並準備反擊的戰略,但是以保險的觀念來看,任何對抗形勢中都有他的蹤跡,若是將之視為對抗關係中一種必經的過程,而嚇阻戰略又不是絕對有效,只是機率可信度的問題,則嚇阻戰略仍是一種充滿彈性與機會的選擇。 嚇阻的主要手段「第二擊」,也就是大舉報復,其實也是充滿彈性與不確定性。到底何時發動反擊?在什麼情況下發動?經過什麼程序發動?這樣的程序有安全的管制嗎?第二擊的規模是一次投入或逐次升高?第二擊能力的存活率如何確保?等等問題,都是嚇阻戰略必須深思熟慮的地方,因為稍一不慎就會萬千生靈塗炭。 嚇阻戰略是建立在理性的決策思考基礎上,而理性因素又不可捉摸,所以非理性因素是嚇阻戰略的隱形殺手。因此,在制定嚇阻戰略時必須兼顧保險與彈性,畢竟避免戰爭只是最高理想,並不是最終目的,確保生存與發展才是最終目的。 台灣獨立,就當前情勢言,中共對台「防獨」甚於「促統」,主要原因是基於對中國主權的堅持。兩岸之間在衝突利益與共同利益中間必須有一個共識點,就是相互都有意避免因開啟戰端而共同受傷害。從嚇阻戰略防止戰爭這個觀點來看,似乎兩岸的相互嚇阻是有積極的面向,問題是中共對台戰略的主軸會是嚇阻嗎?中華民國對中共的嚇阻又有多大的效果?因此,從中共所謂的「威懾」,來檢視臺海兩岸錯綜複雜的「利益」與「安全」問題,試圖尋求雙方最大的共同利益。 就美國而言,維持其霸權是首要工作,美國一慣的戰略思維就是「控制和領導」。因為此一觀念的作用,所以中共崛起與否對美國安全都是挑戰,關鍵在於美國一直想要以本身的價值觀,強制主導地區的情勢發展,矛盾自然就產生了。台海問題的錯綜複雜,大多數的研究報告都指出,不應去刺激中共最敏感的神經。台灣獨立在現階段是極危險的行為,中共威懾戰略是國家總體戰略,其對美、蘇是著重嚇阻的意味,對台灣卻以威懾為重。雖然如此,仍必須思考中共在面對強權時,尚且強調全面報復,更何況是對台灣。 台灣嚇阻戰略的內容,看不出報復的時機、方式與手段,反而比較符合危機管理,避免衝突情勢升高的原則。不論從軍事實力、國防預算結構、軍隊的組織結構、建軍構想叫咄支潛能、未來發展上,都看不到執行嚇阻軍事戰略的真實層面。或許台灣的嚇阻戰略只是語意上的表達方式,以及表現在戰術層次的作戰手段運用,而不是全方位軍事戰略作為。 以嚇阻理論的三要件來檢驗,「能力」上台灣目前還沒有嚇阻戰略所必須具備的大規模報復力量,軍隊組織架構及國防預算上,更看不出支持嚇阻戰略的明顯證據。「溝通」上基於保密的要求,不要說中共不了解台灣嚇阻戰略的實力與方式,恐怕台灣軍隊本身也沒有幾個人知道具體內容,再加上沒有充分的溝通管道,嚇阻的訊息無法適當傳遞,如何達成嚇阻目的。「可信度」上除了前述能力與溝通均缺乏外,對於中共得不償失價值觀,恐怕也無法確實掌握。由此觀之,台灣「有效嚇阻」軍事戰略還在初始發展階段,談不上效果的展現。 中華民國「有效嚇阻、防衛固守」軍事戰略,不論從制定的經過、層級或實質內容,仍脫離不了軍事專業的背景,並不完全屬於國家戰略的層級,也因此其手段就限定在軍事行動的思考模式。台灣軍事戰略一直延續防衛台灣的思維理則,因而將嚇阻與防衛的觀念混合使用,由於語意表達的認知差距,製造了學術討論上許多的誤解、迷思與陷阱。台灣的「有效嚇阻戰略」與國際安全研究學者所認定的「嚇阻理論」可說完全不同,他所強調的只是希望達成「嚇阻的效果」,並不是「嚇阻戰略」的內涵。 綜合考量全般情勢,結合理論邏輯基礎與實際能力,台灣軍事戰略,應以「積極防衛」為主,才能以有限的國防資源,達成防衛目的,滿足建軍需求。國家戰略,應結合整體資源,朝「有限嚇阻」方向努力,綜合運用政治、外交、經濟、軍事、科技、資訊,甚至文化、宗教、民族情感或是中共所謂的超限戰、不對稱戰爭等手段,營造有限嚇阻的全般架構,才可使理論與現實相結合。 關鍵字:嚇阻 ,戰略 ,防衛 ,威懾 ,懲罰 ,阻卻
3

食品安全之商品責任---從實務判決所遇困境出發 / Product liability of food safety

吳奕璇 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,我國食品安全爭議屢傳,就違反食安法規而非法添加、製造之食品對消費者身體健康造成之損害,消保會於塑化劑、大統油事件中,皆曾透過民法、消保法、食安法上之商品責任規定,為消費者提出損害賠償之團體訴訟,然而,在實體上,食用不符合衛生安全法規製造生產之食品,是否可認定必然對人體健康造成損害?具體疾病之發生與規範意義下之損害應如何區別應用?另,消保法上懲罰性賠償金究否由食品製造業者連帶負擔賠償責任?在食安法下,懲罰性賠償金之連帶是否有相異之解釋?在程序上,因疾病發生於醫學判斷上之多因性,使問題食品與身體健康權受侵害間之因果關係舉證陷入困難;而長期食用問題食品卻未罹患疾病者,其健康權之受損又應如何舉證?凡此,為食品安全之損害賠償訴訟中不可避免之核心議題,本文擬以實務判決所遇困境出發,探求食安訴訟下商品責任之解釋與適用。
4

LASSO與其衍生方法之特性比較 / Property comparison of LASSO and its derivative methods

黃昭勳, Huang, Jau-Shiun Unknown Date (has links)
本論文比較了幾種估計線性模型係數的方法,包括LASSO、Elastic Net、LAD-LASSO、EBLASSO和EBENet。有別於普通最小平方法,這些方法在估計模型係數的同時,能夠達到變數篩選,也就是刪除不重要的解釋變數,只將重要的變數保留在模型中。在現今大數據的時代,資料量有著愈來愈龐大的趨勢,其中不乏上百個甚至上千個解釋變數的資料,對於這樣的資料,變數篩選就顯得更加重要。本文主要目的為評估各種估計模型係數方法的特性與優劣,當中包含了兩種模擬研究與兩筆實際資料應用。由模擬的分析結果來看,每種估計方法都有不同的特性,沒有一種方法使用在所有資料都是最好的。 / In this study, we compare several methods for estimating coefficients of linear models, including LASSO, Elastic Net, LAD-LASSO, EBLASSO and EBENet. These methods are different from Ordinary Least Square (OLS) because they allow estimation of coefficients and variable selection simultaneously. In other words, these methods eliminate non-important predictors and only important predictors remain in the model. In the age of big data, quantity of data has become larger and larger. A datum with hundreds of or thousands of predictors is also common. For this type of data, variable selection is apparently more essential. The primary goal of this article is to compare properties of different variable selection methods as well as to find which method best fits a large number of data. Two simulation scenarios and two real data applications are included in this study. By analyzing results from the simulation study, we can find that every method enjoys different characteristics, and no standard method can handle all kinds of data.
5

加權範數最小變異數投資組合之實證應用:以台灣股市為例 / The Empirical Study of Weighted-Norm Minimum Variance Portfolios in Taiwan Stock Market

莊丹華, Jhuang, Dan-Hua Unknown Date (has links)
資產配置問題與方法一直是投資人所關心之重要課題。藉由不同之建構投資組合的方法尋找資產的最適權重分配,可使得投資人對所持有資產的管理變得更容易且具效率。在這些方法當中,最小變異數投資組合可滿足追求風險極小化之需求。本文亦從此出發,探討一種特殊的最小變異數投資組合:加權範數最小變異數投資組合,並以台灣50作為實證資料,運用十個績效指標來衡量加權範數最小變異數投資組合、其他三種標竿投資組合與指數型基金台灣50之表現。 結果發現本研究所選取之台灣市場資料在運用加權範數最小變異數投資組合下,確實可以打敗其他大部分投資組合以及台灣50基金,並且在以下兩論點與過往文獻之敘述一致:加入報酬限制條件無法改善績效、使用替代參數亦可提供相稱績效。 / The asset allocation problem has always been an important issue on which investors concern. It is easier and more efficient for investors to manage their assets through constructing their portfolios in different methods to find the most optimized weight of assets. This essay explores a special portfolio, Weighted-Norm Minimum Variance Portfolio (WNMVP), which can minimize the risks of investment, and use Taiwan stock market data to undertake empirical study. The research measured the performance of WNMVP, other three benchmark portfolios, and Taiwan Top 50 ETF (0050) by using ten indicators, bringing three findings. First, WNMVP performs better than most of other portfolios do. Second, adding estimated mean return vector into the WNMVP does not improve performances. Third, three alternative norm penalties provide comparable performance as parameters in WNMVP do. The second and third findings are consistence with previous literature.
6

論懲罰性賠償金之法律爭議與風險管理

陳春玲 Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要就懲罰性賠償金制度所產生之法律爭議及企業經營者、使用他人智慧財產權者等應採行之風險管理措施作一研究。 懲罰性賠償金雖源自於英國,但在美國蓬勃發展,故本文首先就美國懲罰性賠償金制度之內容及其發展過程中所衍生之爭論加以探討;其次,再將我國懲罰性賠償金制度予以定位,並對目前之相關立法加以說明,最後再就該制度實施後所引發之法律爭議---是否違憲?是否造成民事法與刑事法體制之紊亂?過失行為得否課與懲罰性賠償金?懲罰性賠償金是否具可保性等問題加以討論。 懲罰性賠償金制度雖基於保障消費者、智慧財產權所有者、投資大眾、防杜內部交易並確保公平競爭,而對於不法行為人課與懲罰性賠償金,來達到懲罰及嚇阻之效果,但此亦加重了企業經營者或其他個體之責任風險;因此,本文依循風險管理之步驟,逐一就我國現行懲罰性賠償金之立法提出損害防阻、損失抑制及風險理財等風險管理措施以資因應。
7

分析師預測與市場反應之關聯性研究

莊秩瑋, Chuang Chih-Wei Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要是應用過去探討盈餘反應係數(ERC)的研究模型,驗證公司與分析師預測值間正負預測誤差的方向性與幅度對於市場反應之影響;並且在公司持續一致存在正/負向誤差的情況之下,探討市場對於此種趨勢的反應,並進一步以實證結果分析影響經理人員進行盈餘管理的可能原因。主要的研究問題有三: (1)當公司超出分析師預測時,市場獎勵公司的程度,是否更甚於當公司未達分析師預測時,市場懲罰公司的程度? (2)在控制未預期盈餘(unexpected earnings)的幅度之下,當公司超出分析師預測時,市場獎勵公司的程度,是否更甚於當公司未達分析師預測時,市場懲罰公司的程度? (3)當公司存在持續一致報導正/負向預測誤差趨勢的情況下,市場對於公司的此種趨勢給與的獎勵或懲罰的性質及程度為何? 本研究係以在台灣證券市場上市公司為研究對象,研究期間為民國77年至民國90年共計14年。研究方法分別使用Pooled regression與Annual regression兩種迴歸模式分別對樣本觀察值進行複迴歸。共計三個迴歸模型,六個迴歸結果。 本研究結果如下: 一、在是否超過分析師預測方面,當公司超過分析師預測時所得到的市場獎勵程度,並不一定大於當公司未能達到分析師預測時所得到市場懲罰的程度。因此就此部分之結論而言,公司為了得到市場獎勵而從事盈餘管理與公司為了逃避市場懲罰因素而從事盈餘管理,兩種行為之動機程度並無明顯差別。 二、倘若在控制未預期盈餘的幅度的情況之下,當公司超過分析師預測時所得到的市場獎勵程度,則是顯著的大於當公司未能達到分析師預測時所得到市場懲罰的程度。因此就本研究此部分之結論而言,公司為了得到市場獎勵的盈餘管理動機程度甚於避免受到市場懲罰之盈餘管理動機程度。 三、在是否存在持續一致報導正/負向預測誤差趨勢方面,可區分為兩部分說明: (1)對於有持續一致未達分析師預測趨勢的公司而言: 持續一致未達的未預期盈餘部分(系統因子),市場會對該系統化部分之行為失去信心而給予其懲罰。 然而,非一致性未達的未預期盈餘部分(非系統因子),相較於其他沒有持續一致未達分析師預測趨勢之公司,市場則不一定會對該部分之行為失去信心而給予其超額懲罰。意即因非系統未達之部分所得到的市場懲罰,並不一定大於沒有持續一致未達分析師預測趨勢之公司。 (2)對於有持續一致超出分析師預測之趨勢的公司而言: 持續一致超出的未預期盈餘部分(系統因子),市場不一定會將該系統化部分之行為視為經理人員從事盈餘管理之結果而給予懲罰。 然而,非一致性超出的未預期盈餘部分(非系統因子),相較於其他未能持續一致超出分析師預測之公司,市場則亦不一定予以實質肯定並給予其超額獎勵。意即因非系統超出之部分所得到的市場獎勵,並不一定大於未能持續一致超出分析師預測的公司。 / This study investigates whether the market rewards(penalizes)firms for beating(missing)analysts’ earnings forecasts. Specifically, we examine the market response to positive and negative forecast errors. In addition, we examine whether the sensitivity of stock prices to positive or negative forecast errors is affected by the firms’ history of consistently beating or missing analysts’ forecasts. In this paper, we provide empirical evidence on three issues: (1) is there a differential market response to the level of unexpected earnings for firms that beat analysts’ forecasts versus those that do not? (2) does the market respond to whether firms beat or miss analysts’ forecasts independent of the magnitude of the forecast error? (3) whether the market gives rewards or penalties for firms with a historical tendency to report positive / negative forecast errors? The results indicate that the earnings multiple applied to positive unexpected earnings is not significantly greater than for negative unexpected earnings. However, we find that after controlling for the magnitude of the forecast error, the market penalty for missing forecasts is significantly greater in absolute terms than the response to beating forecasts. Finally we find that for the firms that consistently beat analysts’ forecasts, the market doesn’t give penalties to the systematic component of the forecast error, and doesn’t give excess rewards to the unsystematic component. But for the firms that consistently miss analysts’ forecasts, the market gives penalties to the systematic component of the forecast error, and doesn’t give excess penalties to the unsystematic component.
8

跨國企業移轉計價-動態最適化模型 / Multinational Firm Transfer Pricing Under Dynamic Optimization

謝孟釗, Hsieh,Meng-Chao Unknown Date (has links)
臺灣現有移轉計價之規範未有明確的罰則(Penalty),因而衍生許多稅負規避的問題。本文採用動態最適化(Dynamic Optimization)的模型來觀察跨國企業移轉計價的行為,在面臨懲罰與兩國稅差時企業會如何利用移轉價格及數量來進行獲利移轉以規避稅負,進而分析政府調降稅率以降低稅差並吸引獲利移轉的稅率政策對企業移轉計價的影響,最後再探討罰則在法規制定上的必要性。結果顯示,預料到的稅率政策在長期能有效減少企業從事移轉價格操弄(Transfer Price Manipulation),但在短期﹝除了宣告那一刻之外﹞反而更助長移轉價格操弄的發生,特別是當政策宣告至執行之期間過長時更為嚴重。此外,由先前的文獻可知無罰則下的最適移轉價格為一邊界解(Boundary Solution),本文也證明了此邊界解亦可能出現於有罰則的情況下。然而,罰則的存在創造了內部解(Interior Solution)的可能性,此內部解較邊界解更趨近於常規交易價格,因此我們仍建議政府制定罰則。 / This paper employs a dynamic optimization model to determine the equilibrium price and quantity in a multinational firm (MNF) faced with a threat of a penalty. We analyze the impact on transfer pricing that arises from the unanticipated and anticipated permanent taxation policy of home country and host country. Anticipated taxation policy for reducing tax differentials can reduce transfer price manipulation in the long term. However, except for the moment of announcement, such reduction of transfer price manipulation does not occur in the short term, especially in the case of a large time lag of policy. We also show that the boundary solution is possible even though transfer price penalty exists and suggest that governments impose penalty which creates the possibility of interior solution.
9

論專利侵害之損害賠償計算-─從美國、中國大陸與台灣之專利修法談起 / Damages calculation in patent infringement-perspectives of patent reforms in the United States, China and Taiwan

李柏靜, Lee, Po Ching Unknown Date (has links)
為了專利法制現代化,美國、中國大陸與台灣均進行專利修法,並修訂損害賠償計算。本文試圖以三者修法目的為思考評析損害賠償計算之修訂,並類型化分析三者相關規範。本文探討美國司法實務所發展的分攤法則及整體市場價值法則,而在建立更有效率之專利制度的目標下,美國專利法第284條並不適合納入上述法則。本文歸納美國專利懲罰性損害賠償制度之三種認定故意的標準。第一,傳統的故意侵害論,Underwater Devices案「充分注意之確切義務」之標準為故意侵害設立了一個較低的門檻,比較類似過失。第二,Seagate案的故意侵害論,為客觀的輕率。第三,專利改革的故意侵害論,三種故意樣態下之客觀的輕率;但可能因此限制法官的裁量權。中國大陸在提高自主創新能力與建設創新型國家之知識產權戰略目標下,第三次專利法修正將於2009年施行。新專利法第65條將現行最高人民法院司法解釋規定的定額賠償提高到專利法層次,且提高法定額度。從訴訟成本考量,由法院定額不失為較經濟的方法;然而,此方法亦有可能會有因非根據證據而落入主觀判斷賠償數額的缺點。新專利法第65條並明訂賠償數額還應當包括權利人為制止侵權行為所支付的合理開支,惟其計量方法仍不明確。雖然新專利法沒有納入懲罰性損害賠償,於提高法定賠償額度與加重其他相關民事與行政責任之配套修改下,新專利法有提高侵權人金錢負擔的效果,應有較大的嚇阻功能,進而鼓勵創新。台灣在因應國內科技政策與國際規範發展,及配合智慧財產法院設立的背景下,提出專利法修正草案,其中建議現行專利法第85條新增「以相當於實施該發明專利所得收取之權利金數額為其損害」規定。然而,針對權利金的合理性及是否以合理權利金作為補償底限,修正草案並沒有明確規定。此外,修正草案建議刪除懲罰性損害賠償,以回歸我國民事損害賠償制度。台灣專利侵害民事訴訟的成本與賠償金額並不高,也沒有敗訴方負擔對方律師費用的規定,在專利侵害全面除罪化之後,懲罰性損害賠償對侵害人可能形成一種「實質上額外的風險」,而非「僅是一種商業上的成本」,因而有其一定的功能意義。以專利法促進產業發展的目的考量,若沒有相關配套措施,實可考慮繼續保留現行懲罰性損害賠償制度。 / For modernization of patent laws, the United States, China and Taiwan are undergoing patent reform, each amending its damages provision. This thesis categorized forms of damages calculation in three countries, and tried to analyze its amendment from the perspective of patent reform in each country. This thesis analyzed the possible impact of specifying the apportionment rule and entire market value rule in Section 284, 35 United State Code. In addition, three standards of willful infringement with enhanced damages were concluded. First, the traditional willfulness doctrine in Underwater Devices case is the affirmative duty of due care which sets a lower threshold of willing infringement that is more akin to negligence. Second, willfulness in Seagate case requires at least an objective recklessness. Third, willfulness in Patent Reform Act of 2009 requires an objective recklessness in three different conditions; such proposal may restrict the discretion of the court. With national intellectual property strategy to improve the domestic capacity of innovation and to build an innovative country, the third amendment to Patent Act of the People's Republic of China becomes in effect in 2009. Article 65 in the new Chinese Patent Act codifies the statutory damages in the range of RMB 10,000 to 1,000,000, compared to the current range of RMB 5,000 to 500,000 provided by the Supreme People’s Court judicial interpretation. In the perspective of litigation costs, statutory damages award may be a more economic approach but subjective judgment could have implication caused by lack of factual evidence for damages calculation. Article 65 also codifies that the amount of compensation shall include reasonable cost for ceasing patent infringement by the right holder, however, how to measure the reasonable cost is not clear. Although the new Chinese Patent Act does not include punitive damages, the maximum statutory damages, other related civil liability and administrative penalty are increased. Such amendments may increase the pecuniary burden of the infringer and expect to lead to more deterrent effect on patent infringement and encourage innovation. In the context of international regulation change, national technology policy change and establishment of professional Intellectual Property Court, comprehensive review of Taiwanese Patent Act is ongoing. The proposed bill adds “equivalent amount of royalty for implementing the patent invention as damages” into Article 85 of current Taiwanese Patent Act. However, it is not clearly codified that a reasonable royalty must be justified and such royalty calculation is to set a floor for damages award. The proposed bill abandons punitive damages for willful infringement. In such proposal, the result of willful infringement may not be a substantial additional risk but only a cost of doing business, because the litigation cost and damages award are not so high, and there is no attorney fee award or criminal penalty in Taiwanese patent regulation system. Hence, reconsideration of retaining punitive damages is suggested.
10

女性領導者之後效懲罰行為對部屬評價與工作表現的影響:內在歸因及意圖歸因的中介效果 / The Impacts of Female Leaders’ Contingent Punishment Behaviors on Subordinate’s Evaluation and Work Performance:The Mediating Effects of Internal and Intentional Attributions

陳怡廷, Chen, Yi Ting Unknown Date (has links)
隨著台灣社會對於性別平權的提倡與重視,有越來越多的女性投入職場,然而在高階領導階層的男女比例還是有明顯的差距。本研究希望以實驗法深入探討領導者在組織當中展現特定管理行為效果的性別差異,即男、女性領導者展現後效懲罰行為對部屬的影響。由於後效懲罰行為時常會伴隨生氣情緒展現,又後效懲罰與生氣情緒皆屬違反女性刻板印象行為,預期相較於男性領導者,女性領導者展現此管理行為時會受到部屬比較低的評價和工作表現。研究一透過閱讀後效懲罰短文情境並操弄領導者的性別,僅在部屬對女性領導者評價上發現些微符合預期的證據。研究二改採實際模擬互動情境,操弄領導者性別、給予的回饋並及情緒圖片,結果發現女性領導者展現後效懲罰行為時,確實較男性領導者有較低的評價及工作表現,且利用路徑分析發現內在歸因及部分正向意圖歸因的中介效果。綜合兩個研究可以凸顯女性領導者執行特定重要管理行為時所面臨的困境,並期許兩性在職場上能有更平等的發展機會。 / Despite women’s increasing worforce participation, the gender gap in organizations has not changed appreciably nowadays. Women are still underrepredented in leadership positions in Taiwan. This research reveals a delimma female leaders may face when exhibiting Contignet Punishment Behavior, which is not only an important but a counterstereotypical management behavior. Since Contignet Punishment Behavior is always accompany with anger expression, we conducted two experiments to examine whether people are biased against female leaders when they exhibited it. Although study 1 showed only a small tendency that female leader is less evaluated than male leader, we found participants did give less evaluation and work less when they received contingent punishment from female leader than male leader, and the mediating role of internal and positive intentional attribution also found in study 2. Overall, we reveal penalties for women when they display important menagment behavior which is perceived violating gender-stereotypic prescriptions. Implication and practical applications are discussed.

Page generated in 0.0378 seconds