台灣隨著國家不同時期的發展，在食品產業與食品供應系統產生巨大的改變。這些變化影響了食品安全的政策，使得食品安全政策著重的焦點在不同時期發生轉變。起初台灣在國民政府遷台，以恢復基礎工程、公共設施的政策下，著重於食品的「衛生」；爾後國家經濟發展與國民生活水準提高、消費者的意識抬頭、食品產業的轉型，食品安全政策從「衛生」轉移到注重因發展所帶來的汙染的「安全」上；在加入WTO後，食品產業踏入國際化，在新技術與食品來源複雜下，食品安全政策導入了「風險」觀念。 本研究採取Giddens的結構化理論來探究食品安全管理制度的轉變，食品產業在工業化的過程中改變了食品供應系統，糧食供應從農業社會到工商業社會造成社會結構改變，食品安全管理制度為行動者在面對食品工業化過程的社會實踐。在結論本文認為在食安事件中民眾反映出對食品工業化結構的反思認知能力，對於食品工業化使「從土地到餐桌」的過程變得既複雜又難以理解，大多數消費者看到的都是最終的成品，缺乏對於生產流程的認識。民眾擔心不只是某一樣的非法食品添加物或非食品原料被投入到食品生產之中；他們擔心的是整體：到底還有多少沒有被揭露？我還要承擔多大的食品風險？民眾對於食品安全的「安心」，其實核心在於資訊、透明、負責。除了讓物美價廉、物超所值的商品存在於市場，也允許品質高的食品得到應有的價值，讓消費者去做選擇。 / The food industry and food supply system have a huge change during the development of Taiwan. These changes have affected the policy of food safety, shifting the focus of food safety policy in different periods. At the beginning, under the policy of restore the infrastructures and public facilities. Taiwan government focused on the “hygiene” of food. After the economic development, the improvement of living standard, the rise of consumer awareness and the transformation of food industry, food safety policy shifted the focus from “hygiene” to the “safety” brought by the pollution from development. Joining the WTO, the food industry becomes more international. In the new technology and the complex of food sources, food safety policy added the concept of “risk”. This study adopts Gidden’s structuration theory to explore the change of food safety management system. The food industry has changed the food supply system during the process of industrialization. The change of social structure from the agricultural to modern society also changes the food supply. Food safety management system is the social practice for the actors in the face of the process of food industrialization.This study found that in the food crisis, the people reflect the cognitive ability of the process of food industrialization. Most consumers are lacked of awareness of the production process because they only see the final product. Food industrialization makes the process of “from the stable to the table” becomes both complex and difficult to understand. People worry that not only a certain kind of a certain kind of illegal food additives or non-food material are put into the food production. They are worried about the whole food industry. How much hasn’t been exposed？ How much risk do I still need to bear？ The core value of food safety is more information and more responsible.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18527号 / 農博第2084号 / 新制||農||1027(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4871(農学部図書室) / 31413 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 新山 陽子, 教授 小田 滋晃, 准教授 秋津 元輝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

本研究以《Yahoo!奇摩新聞》的毒澱粉報導以及其讀者評論為研究對象，研究重點分為兩大部分，第一是探討台灣媒體如何再現食品安全新聞，欲了解其風險訊息品質、可讀性表現，第二是探討讀者評論，並聚焦討論是否不同的讀者評論特色會有讀者互動溝通上的差異，而風險訊息品質的高低又是否會有讀者互動溝通上的不同。 本研究以內容分析法分析《Yahoo!奇摩新聞》的毒澱粉報導以及其讀者評論，樣本蒐集以官方單位開始對事件發表聲明的日期為起始日（2013年5月13日），做出處置的階段為結束日（2013年6月21日）。 本研究發現台灣媒體報導食品安全新聞時，儘管會告知風險，但對報導注意度有益的表現形式不足，欠缺整理過的資訊，幾乎不會使用表格、流程圖等化繁為簡的方式解釋毒澱粉的危害或流向，也很少使用故事手法呈現報導；對報導理解度有益的部分則呈現出解釋力偏弱的情形，報導解釋專有名詞和關鍵概念的比例不高，也極少提供中英對照名詞；此外，也發現毒澱粉新聞提供的風險資訊中，質化資訊多於量化資訊，個人難以依其評估自身風險。 最後在探討新聞資訊精確度與讀者評論特色對讀者互動溝通相關性的部分，發現讀者評論才是影響互動的主要因素，「不禮貌的讀者評論」、「提及個人故事或經驗談的評論」以及「離題的評論」都較能引發讀者互動；新聞對讀者的互動則沒有顯著的影響。

近年來，我國食品安全爭議屢傳，就違反食安法規而非法添加、製造之食品對消費者身體健康造成之損害，消保會於塑化劑、大統油事件中，皆曾透過民法、消保法、食安法上之商品責任規定，為消費者提出損害賠償之團體訴訟，然而，在實體上，食用不符合衛生安全法規製造生產之食品，是否可認定必然對人體健康造成損害？具體疾病之發生與規範意義下之損害應如何區別應用？另，消保法上懲罰性賠償金究否由食品製造業者連帶負擔賠償責任？在食安法下，懲罰性賠償金之連帶是否有相異之解釋？在程序上，因疾病發生於醫學判斷上之多因性，使問題食品與身體健康權受侵害間之因果關係舉證陷入困難；而長期食用問題食品卻未罹患疾病者，其健康權之受損又應如何舉證？凡此，為食品安全之損害賠償訴訟中不可避免之核心議題，本文擬以實務判決所遇困境出發，探求食安訴訟下商品責任之解釋與適用。

台灣的餐飲業一直都是百家爭鳴、蓬勃發展，但近年來，有逐漸走向大型化以及連鎖化的趨勢，眾多連鎖餐飲集團，帶著多品牌餐廳的優勢，各自主打不同的客群和定位，穩健地搶占市場份額，隨著瓦城泰統、王品集團的上市，各家連鎖多品牌餐飲集團也都力爭上游，營收狀況成長驚人，像是乾杯集團、欣葉國際餐飲等等，年營收都超過5億元，不論是來客量、客單價都逐年成長，餐飲業從業人員和總產值也是逐年提升，許多業者也開始注意到這個趨勢，也逐漸朝向連鎖和多品牌的經營模式靠攏。 餐飲業不可避免的，與食品安全的問題息息相關，尤其是近年台灣面對大大小小各種出乎意料的食品安全事件衝擊，更是讓餐飲業不堪其擾，食安意識抬頭，不論政府或是業界，不僅要好好反思和檢討這些事件的前因後果，更重要的是要怎麼樣有所作為，讓消費者能夠吃得放心，餐飲業者也才不會因為食安問題，而對經營面造成衝擊，其實參考歐洲的狀況，從生產到消費者端，食品安全在每一個環節都做好監控和追蹤，產品溯源和政府監控檢驗的機制也相當完善，且歐洲各國互相連動，各國的食品安全資訊共享，並共同合作預防食安問題，當然這是產業和政府環境相當成熟的狀況，反觀台灣還有眾多努力空間。 本研究主要探討X連鎖多品牌餐飲集團，其所擁有之自助式吃到飽S餐廳品牌，在遭遇到不可抗拒之食安風暴時，如何進行危機處理，調整部門組織、協調組織資源作出變革與改善，接著以策略行銷4C分析理論作為分析架構，探討如何在食安問題後，透過菜色調整、裝潢和服務的提升，去彌補顧客知覺的總效益，且透過折扣去降低外顯單位效益成本；進一步該如何確實揭露有效資訊；自建實驗室、取得國際食安認證，以控管道德危機成本，重新找回消費者的信任；最後如何透過顧客關係管理、促銷及品牌經營，建立專屬資產的過程。 本研究屬於質性之探討性研究，以次級資料的搜集彙整以及本研究生進行之店訪與實際訪談為基礎撰寫此個案，也希望透過後文的分析，能找出目前X餐飲集團略顯不足之處，提供其未來在經營面、組織面以及顧客關係管理的一些建議，提升X餐飲集團之競爭力和品牌力。更重要的是也希望能夠提供其他餐飲業者，未來在面對食安問題時，可以借鏡的案例。

本研究從風險傳播的觀點，以2013年台灣爆發的食用油事件為例，探討媒體如何再現食品安全事件的樣貌？報導中呈現哪些食品安全資訊？其中有哪些是與風險相關的資訊？不同媒體又有何不同的報導策略？本研究採用量化內容分析與新聞框架分析，分析《中國時報》、《自由時報》、《聯合報》與《蘋果日報》等四大報的食用油報導。研究發現，食用油報導高度仰賴政府消息來源，專家與民間的聲音相對微弱；新聞主題偏重事件調查與責任追究；新聞框架側重政治面向，而較不重視科學面向；風險評估資訊包含「影響危害」、「風險知識」、「安全處理」和「檢驗結果公布」等四個項目，含有風險評估資訊的報導佔整體報導數量六成，其中以「檢驗結果公布」比例最高，較缺乏「影響危害」與「安全處理」資訊。本研究根據研究發現，對新聞實務工作與未來研究提出建議，並指出食品安全報導應該提供哪些風險相關資訊，足以讓民眾評估風險，以避免恐慌。

我國向以「美食王國」享譽國際，各種美食不但曾為國人共同驕傲，亦帶來大量觀光人潮與經濟收入。未料，2011年5月「塑化劑事件」揭開我國食安風暴之黑幕，此後毒澱粉事件、黑心油事件等一連串黑心事件爆發，不但使國人對政府食品安全行政管制失去信心，亦讓我國美食商譽嚴重受創。 政府雖於每次食安事件爆發後，隨即召開相應之各種食安會議，提出相關管制改革措施；更透過數次修改食安法，不斷提高對違反法規黑心食品相關業者之罰則。然而食安事件仍不斷爆發，黑心食品不但數量未曾減少，反而製造、加工方法更趨黑心；顯示我國食品安全行政管制完全失靈，傳統法執行制度陷入困境，亟需改革。 我國食安法於2013年6月進行重大修正，此次修正納入以預防原則為前提之風險分析模式，風險分析模式係由歐盟開始發展，主要包括風險評估、風險管理及風險溝通。我國雖擬納入風險分析模式革新食品安全管制，惟食安法似僅將核心置於風險評估之制度設計，有關風險管理措施著墨不多，風險溝通更是付之闕如。因此，修法2年多以來，食品安全仍未能有效管制，食安事件爆發後，更是主管機關手忙腳亂，消費者人心惶惶。 有鑑於傳統法執行制度陷入困境，無法完成食安管制之任務，食安法除納入風險分析模式外，尚設立三級管理機制，亦即採取公私協力與自主規制之手段，主要透過業者自我管理、建立通報系統等措施強化食安管制。藉由與私部門之合作，固可提高食安管制之專業與效率，惟因我國未能體察社會民情與企業文化之差異，徒使自主規制成為政府卸責之藉口，有待進一步檢討。 因此，我國應就食品安全管制應就立法政策、風險分析及供應鏈管制等三方面，徹底檢討並提出解決辦法。 / In Taiwan, “Delicious Food” is well known world wide, and is one of the most proud of issue for Taiwanese. Small eats, and a lot of them, are the big things in Taiwan, and attracted a lot of tourists and brought a favorable income. Unfortunately, the Taiwan food scandal was started by the overuse one of plasticizer as a clouding agent in numerous food and beverage. It followed by “Toxic starch” and “Evil oil event”, which led to lose confidence and ruin administrative regulation of food safety to Taiwan government. Furthermore, there was a huge impact on Taiwan delicious food goodwill in the world. After uncovered each food scandal, Taiwan government tried to organize numerous food safety conferences, and has taken measures to restrain food safety regulation. In addition to food safety law revision, the penalty provision has been enhanced for unscrupulous vendors of food industry. However, food scandal is keeping on going, and the events are increasing in numbers these years. The food manufacturing and refining processes has become more evil. It means that food safety administrative regulation is run out of order, and the traditional law enforcement has faced the difficulty in this changing era. Since June 2013, food safety law revision included the brand new “Risk Analysis” model into “Precautionary Principle” concept. Risk analysis started over by European Union (EU), which is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. “Risk Analysis” model has three components, including risk evaluation, risk management and risk communication. In Taiwan, we have already taken “Risk Analysis” model on board for the innovation of food safety regulation, but Food Safety Law focused in the accounting system design of risk evaluation. There is only few in the risk management, and no statements in risk communication. Two years after food safety law revision, we still found the administration office has difficulty in facing the new food scandal, and the general populations are still worry about food safety issue. In order to reform the traditional law enforcement in food safety, the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation Taiwan included the risk analysis model first. Furthermore, in Taiwan’s food safety regime, the three-tier quality control system refers to self-management by food businesses, testing by independent institutions, and inspections by the government. It means that public-private partnerships (PPP) and self-regulation become a part of new regulation system. Through the cooperation between Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) and private industrial association, the professionalism and efficiency of food safety regulation will be enhanced, but this kind of cooperation might be become the reasons of shirking the responsibility of government. Further investigation is mandatory.

由於全球貿易自由化，食品的流通也漸趨便利。各國為避免或減少因食品貿易流通而導致外來動植物疫病蟲害入侵、或蔓延之機會，及防範食品、飲料或飼料中之添加物、污染物等的潛在風險，以保護境內國民及動植物的生命或健康，及維護自然生態環境，會對進口食品採取相關規範與措施。當會員基於主權制定相關措施時，可能會因這些措施對於貿易活動之限制性效果，而損及其他會員在WTO下之貿易利益，因而會造成其他國家的關切，甚至訴諸WTO爭端解決機制。 本文將介紹國際間常受其他會員關切的食品管制措施類型，主要以在WTO SPS委員會之會議上受到關切，或當事國向WTO提出控告的個案，來進行探討。藉由個案研究，以從中了解WTO重要條文及所涉議題之內涵與重要原則，並作為我國對進口食品管制措施管理之借鏡。我國自2002年加入WTO後，進口食品的值與量明顯增加，我國食品輸入管理機制也越顯重要。自2011年3月11日福島核災發生，大量放射性物質外洩對整體環境、人類及生物健康造成危害，故各國紛紛對日本食品實施管制程度不等的進口管制措施，以防止遭到輻射汙染之食品輸入。我國自日本輸入食品種類與數量皆甚多，因此亦對日本食品採取特定管制措施。針對此我國此管制措施，本文將以國際經貿法的觀點，依據 WTO協定中與檢驗措施密切相關的SPS協定規範、過往案例之裁決及相關文獻，分析我國針對日本輸入食品輻射管制措施之適法性，並判斷該措施將來是否存在遭非難之可能，希冀能對於我國日後政策走向提供一實質性之參考及展望。 / Global trade in agricultural and food products has grown rapidly in recent decades, with countries becoming more engaged in cross-border trade, whether as exporters or importers. All countries maintain measures to ensure that imported food is safe for consumers, and to prevent the spread of pests or diseases among animals and plants. These sanitary and phytosanitary measures can take many forms, such as requiring products to come from a disease-free area, inspection of products, specific treatment or processing of products. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures, by their very nature, may result in restrictions on trade. After the March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan, radiation was released into the environment near the plant. Growing concerns over radiation cause several countries, such as Korea and China to impose restrictions on the import of Japanese products. Taiwan, one of Japan's key food export markets, also imposed regulations in order to secure the safety of people. However, in 2015 Japan has filed a dispute against Korea at the World Trade Organization (WTO) over import restrictions that Japan found the measures inappropriate and against the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS Agreement). It also demonstrats that countries which impose import restrictions could be facing international adjudication through the WTO. Therefore, this essay staying with the view of international trade law, in particular the SPS Agreement under WTO, tries to analyze the consistency of Taiwan’s import regulations on Japanese Food Products with the rules and norms of the WTO in order to assess the legitimaticy of Taiwan’s trade policy.

本論文旨在探討台北犁記餅店在2014年中秋節前夕爆發的餿水油事件中的危機溝通策略，並檢視其危機溝通成效。為探討危機溝通中傳統媒體與新媒體的角色區別，本論文檢視了四大報在餿水油事件中對於台北犁記餅店的線上報導、台北犁記的官方網站與相關官方文件，以及台北犁記的臉書粉絲團。研究結果發現傳統報章媒體已和新媒體高度整合匯流，因此危機事件的傳播速度比起以往更加快速、傳播範圍也更加廣泛。這樣的現象使得公關人員在面對危機事件時，必須更精準地掌握時間做出適當的危機溝通策略，並更加善用社群媒體以和關係人溝通。本論文特別研究台灣中小型本土企業在數位時代中面對危機的溝通策略與成效，提供有別於針對跨國或大型連鎖企業的分析與建議。 / This present case study of Taiwan gutter oil crisis focused on the well-known pastry bakery, Taipei Lee-Chi. This century-old bakery was involved in the food safety crisis during Moon Festival in 2014, resulting in a financial loss of more than NTD 40 million at that time. To explore how traditional and new media play roles in crisis communication for local businesses in Taiwan, the present case study examined relevant news coverage, official documents, and communication activities on social media. More specifically, the analysis included media’s attitude toward the issue shown on major newspaper websites, the responses of Taipei Lee-Chi, and public opinions revealed on its Facebook fan page. The findings suggested that traditional media have converged with new media, and the latter assumes such a powerful influence in crisis communication today. It was found that similar crisis information fast transits from one medium to another, adding more pressure to public relations practitioners to respond to crisis in a timely manner. Social media in particular may not be overlooked and could serve a useful tool in managing corporate crisis. The current study also offered new insights on how local businesses may deal with crisis in the digital age, as most previous crisis studies addressed cases of large national or global corporations.

2011年5月臺灣爆發不肖業者將具有毒性之塑化劑添加入合法食品添加物─起雲劑當中，販賣給多家食品業者，用以生產各種食品及飲料，戕害國民健康。惟案件中消費者僅獲賠求償額的兩千分之一，差距甚大，明顯不如預期，更是引發社會諸多撻伐。本論文藉由上述塑化劑案件，探討食品安全消費訴訟消費者求償困境並檢討現行法的缺失與不足，以符合消費者權益保障之宗旨。 文章中首先針對食品安全消費訴訟特性以及我國食品管制上主管機關的權責劃分進行概念性介紹，並就訴訟中消費者可主張的民法、消費者保護法、食品安全衛生管理法上請求權基礎進行要件及爭點說明。其次，就損害賠償之概念及損害進行界定與討論。另由於此類型訴訟，消費者食用問題產品後，多半不會產生立即性身體傷害或臨床病徵，導致訴訟上消費者就其所受之損害難以舉證而敗訴，故本文藉由參酌美國毒物侵權行為訴訟上之損害認定，將損害概念擴張至損害或「損害之虞」，以解決訴訟上消費者損害認定不易的難題。 此外，於因果關係舉證方面，則藉由德國環境責任法、德國基因科技法上之原因推定理論、美國法上市場佔有率責任之因果關係以及日本法上疫學因果關係理論，作為此類型訴訟我國因果關係認定之參考，並就損害賠償範圍、我國懲罰性賠償金制度的引進、目的、重要爭點等析述討論之。最後，本論文藉由實務上判決，觀察現行食品安全衛生管理法第56條法院適用情形，從中檢討現行條文不盡完備之處，並嘗試提出相關修法建議，希冀可作為將來立法者修法之參考。 / In May, 2011 the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration reported that plasticizers, such as: di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di(iso-nonyl)phthalate (DINP), were illegally added to clouding agents used in foods and several beverages.The endocrine disruptors have been linked to developmental problems with children and pregnant women, etc.This paper would mainly discuss the issues of the reflection of civil liabilities arising from food scandals, particularly focus on the plasticizer food scandal in Taiwan. First, the author gives an overview of consumer litigation of food safety, food administration in Taiwan, and the basic of claim such as the Civil law, the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation as well as the Consumer Protection Law.Secondly, interprets the concept of civil compensationand expand the traditional concept of personal injury to risk of injury (the plaintiff has not manifested any symptoms of disease but may suffer from illness in the future) by referring to toxic tort.Thirdly, illustrates the special rules on causation in the aspect of the environmental liability law, the biotech law and the market share liability to solve the problems of the causation.Fourthly,probes the compensation scope and punitive damages. Finally,by observing court decisions on article 56 of the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation, the author analyzes the deletion of existing legal norms and suggests a proposal for law amendments.