台灣隨著國家不同時期的發展，在食品產業與食品供應系統產生巨大的改變。這些變化影響了食品安全的政策，使得食品安全政策著重的焦點在不同時期發生轉變。起初台灣在國民政府遷台，以恢復基礎工程、公共設施的政策下，著重於食品的「衛生」；爾後國家經濟發展與國民生活水準提高、消費者的意識抬頭、食品產業的轉型，食品安全政策從「衛生」轉移到注重因發展所帶來的汙染的「安全」上；在加入WTO後，食品產業踏入國際化，在新技術與食品來源複雜下，食品安全政策導入了「風險」觀念。 本研究採取Giddens的結構化理論來探究食品安全管理制度的轉變，食品產業在工業化的過程中改變了食品供應系統，糧食供應從農業社會到工商業社會造成社會結構改變，食品安全管理制度為行動者在面對食品工業化過程的社會實踐。在結論本文認為在食安事件中民眾反映出對食品工業化結構的反思認知能力，對於食品工業化使「從土地到餐桌」的過程變得既複雜又難以理解，大多數消費者看到的都是最終的成品，缺乏對於生產流程的認識。民眾擔心不只是某一樣的非法食品添加物或非食品原料被投入到食品生產之中；他們擔心的是整體：到底還有多少沒有被揭露？我還要承擔多大的食品風險？民眾對於食品安全的「安心」，其實核心在於資訊、透明、負責。除了讓物美價廉、物超所值的商品存在於市場，也允許品質高的食品得到應有的價值，讓消費者去做選擇。 / The food industry and food supply system have a huge change during the development of Taiwan. These changes have affected the policy of food safety, shifting the focus of food safety policy in different periods. At the beginning, under the policy of restore the infrastructures and public facilities. Taiwan government focused on the “hygiene” of food. After the economic development, the improvement of living standard, the rise of consumer awareness and the transformation of food industry, food safety policy shifted the focus from “hygiene” to the “safety” brought by the pollution from development. Joining the WTO, the food industry becomes more international. In the new technology and the complex of food sources, food safety policy added the concept of “risk”. This study adopts Gidden’s structuration theory to explore the change of food safety management system. The food industry has changed the food supply system during the process of industrialization. The change of social structure from the agricultural to modern society also changes the food supply. Food safety management system is the social practice for the actors in the face of the process of food industrialization.This study found that in the food crisis, the people reflect the cognitive ability of the process of food industrialization. Most consumers are lacked of awareness of the production process because they only see the final product. Food industrialization makes the process of “from the stable to the table” becomes both complex and difficult to understand. People worry that not only a certain kind of a certain kind of illegal food additives or non-food material are put into the food production. They are worried about the whole food industry. How much hasn’t been exposed？ How much risk do I still need to bear？ The core value of food safety is more information and more responsible.

摘 要 系統滿意度與接受度一直是資管學者所探討的研究主題之一，過去有許多學者是從許多不同的角度來進行研究，有些學者是從使用者態度與信念的角度來探討系統接受度，有些學者是從任務/科技配合的角度來探討系統的接受度與任務績效的關係，也有些學者發現群體之間的互動以及群體與系統間的互動才是影響系統成效的重要因素。 資訊系統的人機互動一直是資管領域重要的研究議題，雖然過去已經有許多的研究在於資訊系統的人機互動上，然而對於遠距教學系統的互動卻較為缺乏。由於過去的研究很少以遠距學習的群體特性對系統運作所產生的影響進行深度探討，故本研究是以群體互動的觀點，來探討群體使用者對於系統的運用過程，以及對於系統的接受度與滿意度的研究。 本研究是以適應性結構化理論的觀點，來探討群體使用者對於遠距教學系統運用的影響。適應性結構化理論指出了群體的成果並不是直接從科技或任務而來的，而是反映到這個群體是如何運用科技與相關資源後的結果。本研究以政大以及交大的遠距教學系統為其研究標的，並以參與遠距學習的學生作為問卷發放之對象，共有398份問卷資料以為分析與驗證本研究之模型。研究結果發現，除了老師的教學技巧對於遠距教學系統運用並沒有顯示出正面的影響關係之外，本研究的其他構面如科技、老師、學生以及課程等構面的相關因素都有正面的影響關係。 關鍵字：遠距教學系統、系統滿意度、適應性結構化理論、系統運用過程 / Abstract System acceptance and satisfaction is one of important issues in MIS field. Many researchers use different perspectives to study system acceptance and satisfaction. Some researchers use user’s attitude and belief to discuss system acceptance, others use task/technology perspective to discuss the relationship between system acceptance and task performance. Some scholars found system appropriation processes between users and technology is the most important factor. Man machine interaction is an important topic in MIS field. Though many researches have done in information system interaction, the interaction in distance learning system still lack of study. Few researches focus on the impact of learning group’s characteristics to system appropriations. Our research use the perspective of group interaction to depicts system appropriation and system outcomes. In the research, we based on Adaptive Structuration Theory to form our research model. Adaptive Structuration Theory points out that the system outcomes does not come directly from task or technology, it reflects how group users appropriate the system. The target systems in our research are the distance learning systems in National ChengChi University and National Chiao-Tung University. Survey data gathered from 398 students were used to test our model. The results shows that except teacher’s teaching skill, all other dimensions include technology, learner, and course are all positively affect system appropriation. Results provided substantial support for the propositions that technology and group structure will affect system use and system satisfaction. Keywords: distance learning system, system satisfaction, adaptive structuration theory, system appropriation processes

本研究針對紀登斯（Anthony Giddens），探討其對於現代社會的結構特性、作為能動者的人類主體之構成，以及建構合乎現代人性需求政治制度的思想，並推演其在教育上可以有的發展。研究發現：一、紀登斯將主體重建為兼具身體與人格、意識與無意識、論述與實踐、自我與共在、源流與變化、例行性與創造性的能動者；二、意識可分為三個層級但其與行動層級並非一一對應關係；三、本體安全感除透過擱置之外，仍須透過生活政治學反思性地處理本體安全感的需求；四、結構概念具有多項特性，並與人類的能動性呈現雙重性及二元性兩種關係；五、系統與結構的區分應從組合式及聚合式之間的差異來瞭解。六、高度現代性社會有不同於以往的制度、動力、後果與特性。七、生活在高度現代性之下人們有更多自我決定的空間與必要性。八、針對高度現代性的各種特性，政治治理必須有不同以往的思考，並秉持烏托邦現實主義、世界主義，調和懷疑與獻身，使每個人都能對社會有所貢獻。依據上述發現，筆者在教育方面針對個人、結構、現代性、政治治理，與社會學研究方面進行衍釋，作為教育方面的啟示。 / This dissertation study Anthony Giddens’s thoughts about Structuration theory, modernity and politics, and try to find the implications in education. The author find that Giddens reconstructed subjects as agents by 6 pairs of concepts, pointed out 8 relative characters about structure, and contrasted structure with system as paradigmatic with syntagmatic. The author also find that Giddens’ stratification model of personality did not simply correspond to his stratification model of action. And the existential questions which are bracketed by the ontological security should be answered by life politics. Radical Modernity is different from tradition in institutions, dynamics, consequences and properties. People living in this era have more space and necessities to make decisions for themselves. To avoid the possible risks, people should hold the utopian realism, cosmopolitanism, balance the doubts and commitments. Implications in education are addressed on these findings.

In order for one to understand the dramatic historic development of Taiwan, one must first gain a sense of place and time in order to appreciate how different periods in the history of Taiwan have helped shape its progress, either in a constructive or negative way. The purpose of this thesis is to describe a British presence that existed in Taiwan from 1858 to 1895. The Treaty Port era has been documented in a number of different discourses, but the role the British played in the nineteenth century economic and social transformations of Taiwan have not been studied as a subject within its own right. Attention to this overlooked aspect of British history is not only important because it was a turning point in British perception of extraterritoriality, but also in Chinese relations to foreign powers. In addition the period was also marked by a reformation in the importance Taiwan played to the Qing court. In 1858 with the signing of the Treaty of Tientsin and the Treaty of Peking in 1863, as a result of the Second Opium War, China was required to open four ports on Taiwan. The Treaty of Tientsin designated Anping as a Treaty Port in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking opened the ports of Tamsui and Keelung in 1860 and 1863 respectively. Finally, concessions of the treaty opened Takao in 1864. However, the question of Taiwan as an obvious location for trade was raised as early as 1883 and this period was mirrored by the withdrawal of the East India Trading Company for China. As a consequence, it was not the ‘Company’ that penetrated the shores of Taiwan as it had done in both India and China. Instead it was agency houses and private firms, which transformed the agrarian economy into the market mechanisms of international commerce. This thesis will confront a British community presence as a social historical process by highlighting the cause, course, and consequence of the formation and the theoretical structuration of nineteenth century treaty ports in Taiwan.

資訊科技導入組織的主要目的就是要為組織帶來最佳的效益。然而資訊科技導入的案例有半數以上是不成功的。作者會用不同的理論及實務來探討資訊科技與組織之間的互動關係，企圖了解問題的癥結並找出對策。每一種研究的方式都會因理論以及個案的差異而有不同的結論。本個案嘗試採用結構化理論、科技結構化理論以及組織例規理論這三個彼此有關聯的理論為基礎，以組織例規(Organizational Routines) 為視角，配合一個由知名全球化外商公司轉換為本土跨國公司的一個企業電腦事業群之產品資料管理（Product Data Management, PDM）科技的導入與持續使用四年的狀況為研究標的，以質性個案研究方法透過長期觀察、實務分析以及近期訪談來蒐集資料並整理分析，企圖從本個案進展的八年期間所發生的重要事件，來分析PDM科技與組織之間的互動關係，並發掘該事業群產品生命週期的組織運作要點，PDM科技背後的精神以及PDM科技在該事業群能夠持續運作四年下來的原因。更期望透過本研究讓即將導入PDM科技或者已經在使用該科技的組織能夠從例規的角度來思考組織成員、科技以及組織制度三者之間的關係，進而從中獲取可借鏡之處。 / The major purpose of introducing information technology into an organization is to bring the most value of the technology out to the organization. However, the results show that more than half of the cases failed to fulfill that purpose. Researchers have developed different theories to describe the interaction between technology and organization in order to come up with solutions for successful introduction of technology into organization. Naturally, different theories, together with different real practices, may draw different conclusions. This study tries to apply three most prominent inter-related theories: “Structuration Theory”, “Structural Model of Technology” and “The Theory of Organizational Routines,” to a selected case of implementing PDM (Product Data Management) into one of the Business Groups of Taiwan-based global IT company to analyze why and how its case turned out to be sustainable four years after the go-live. With that, this study also tries to derive useful information for enterprises with similar background for their upcoming introduction of information technology into their organizations. Organizations with existing information technologies in place may also be able to reflect on this study for possible fine-tuning opportunities.