工業革命以來，工業區之製造業一直是台灣和各國的經濟命脈及競爭優勢所在，工業區可因應不同時期的經濟發展需求，提供各種不同類型的產業生產用地，以滿足廠商生產用地需求及加速產業發展，惟經過時間變動、全球化競爭及新產業發展，部份工業區無法再維持過去的開發目標，產生逐漸老化與轉型的需求，因此，為因應企業生產技術的創新需要，進行研究發展(R&D)便是提升並達到技術創新的主要途徑。然R&D要如何有效執行呢？根據前人研究探討，涉及不同行動者間學習與互動的「創新」活動，係維持競爭優勢及廠商存活的關鍵因素，此外，對廠商而言，「網絡」則提供了區內互動學習和知識傳遞的機會，廠商也可透過網絡的連結取得外部的資源補強本身的內在條件，以增進創新能力與成效。因此，結合創新概念與網絡架構的「創新網絡」模式，將能促使各層面行動者建構共同合作研發平台，進而達成工業區之產業再發展。 緣此，本文即從廠商之角度，藉由問卷及深入訪談區內主領廠商之方式，試圖找出組成創新網絡結構的廠商、政府、教育機構與研究機構四個行動者間的網絡關係如何形成，並選擇97年全國二個再生示範工業區之一的台中縣「大甲幼獅工業區」為實證調查案例，期能藉之解析出引發廠商創新發明之因素及創新網絡各面向之建構方式。經實證分析後發現，對台中大甲幼獅工業區內廠商而言，影響廠商和廠商間之創新網絡建構因子為「增加外來廠商進駐工業區」；影響學術研究機構和廠商間之創新網絡建構因子為「鄰近地區大專院校畢業生技能」；影響政府和廠商間之創新網絡建構因子為「產業網絡的形成由政府主導」；影響公司內部間之創新網絡建構因子為「新產品或新製程的開發」，有關單位若能針對此四項因子進行加強改善，當能有效引導大甲幼獅工業區內廠商建構起創新網絡，進而促進產業再發展。本文實證分析之模式及方法運用過程，亦可複製套用於我國其他有再發展需求之工業區，俾提供具體建議以作為政府制定相關管理法令制度之參考。 / Since industrial revolution, the manufacturing industry of the industrial district has been Taiwan and economics lifelines and competing for advantage of various countries all the time, the economic development demand of period that but the industrial district should be different, offer the industries of different types of produce area, produce area demand and accelerate industry's developing with the satisfication manufacturer. Change, globalization competition and new industry development through time, some development goals unable to maintain in the past again of industrial district, produced the demand for wearing out and making the transition gradually. So, carry on research and develop (R&D) because of needing in conformity with the innovation of enterprise's production technology Improve and reach the main way of technological innovation. But how should R&D be carried out effectively? According to forefathers’ discussion, to refer to the interdynamic of 'Innovate' activity among the persons who involves different actions, is the key factor that competition advantage and manufacturer survive. In addition, as to manufacturer, the network has offered the chance that the interdynamic study and knowledge transmit in the district, the manufacturer can be also through linking obtaining external resources to mend strong one's own inherent terms of the network, promote innovation ability and effect. So, combine the innovative concept and network structure of innovative network way, can impel the persons who will take action of every aspect to build cooperate in researching and developing the platform together, and then reaching industry re-development of industrial district. Because of this, this text is from the angle of the manufacturer, by the way of deepen interview with the manufacturer in the district with the questionnaire, attempted to find out how the network relation among four actions person of manufacturer, government, educational institution and research institution who make up innovative network structure takes shape, and choose to investigate the case for the real example in Taichung – DaJia Youth industrial district, one of the two recycled demonstration industrial districts of the whole country 2008 to be issues of analysis, that can make use of what cause the factor of manufacturer to create and invent and whom innovative network’s respectively face of the way how to constructing. Find after the real example is analysed, as to DaJia Youth industrial district's manufacturer in the industrial district of Taizhong, Influence manufacturer and innovative network of manufacturer build factor of constructing is 「Increase outside manufacturer garrison in the industrial district」； Influence the innovative network among academic research institution and manufacturer to build the factor of constructing is 「Graduate's skill of universities and colleges of neighboring area」； Influence the innovative network among the government and manufacturer to build the factor of constructing is 「The forming of industry's network is by government's leading factor」；Influence innovative network of company build factor of constructing is 「The development of New products or new process」, If government concerned can strengthen improving to this four factors, it would be able to lead the manufacturer of DaJia Youth industrial district to construct innovative network effectively, and then promote the industry to re-develop. The model of real example analyses and the process of method using in this text, also can duplicate and apply in other industrial districts which have the re-development demand. In order to Offer the concrete suggestion to make the relevant reference which manage the system of the decree as the government.

技術日益複雜，企業紛紛透過和外部組織合作形成聯盟或網絡，以學習或取得創新所需的資源和能力。許多研究已探討網絡的成因及網絡特質與績效的關係，但較少探討創新網絡中成員的組成和管理的課題。本研究以多國公司為焦點，探討多國公司創新網絡構形(如成員的組成與聯結程度)，以及多國公司對創新網絡採取的網絡管理機制之內涵等課題。 本論文包括兩個研究，均採用多重個案研究法，探討前述課題。研究一選擇四家多國公司，以廠商基礎的網絡為主要分析單位。本研究從內部網絡研發子公司家數多寡(反映研發策略集權程度)與外部網絡成員家數多寡(反映開放創新的程度)兩構面，提出多國公司創新網絡之分類架構。研究發現技術多樣化程度、產品多樣化程度與國際化程度，會影響創新網絡的類型。多國公司採取多重機制來管理網絡，而創新網絡類型會影響網絡管理機制的正式化程度。 研究ㄧ發現多國公司創新網絡成員組成會隨著專案而異，於是研究二改以專案基礎的網絡為主要分析單位，選擇ㄧ家多國公司三十餘個新產品發展專案為個案，進一步探討專案網絡構形。本研究從參與NPD專案的海外子公司家數多寡(反映各NPD專案研發集權程度)與外部網絡成員家數多寡(反映開放創新的程度)兩構面，將多國公司專案網絡分類。研究發現NPD專案重要性、新穎性與技術複雜度，會影響專案網絡類型。而多國公司很重視選擇網絡成員與劃分網絡成員工作範疇兩種網絡管理機制。 總結而言，與過去的研究相較，本論文的研究系絡涵蓋權益關係與非權益關係的組織間網絡，能更完整的探索多國公司創新網絡的全貌。本論文的研究發現對於多國公司創新網絡成員組成及網絡管理機制，也提供了理論與實務上的建議。此外，本論文採取兩種分析單位研究創新網絡，發現以專案網絡為分析單位能更深入探索創新網絡之內涵。故建議後續研究者以專案網絡為分析單位，進行網絡管理相關研究。 / Multinational corporations (MNCs) can innovate with external organizations by forming innovation networks. Previous studies focus more on the motives or outcomes of innovation networks but pay less attention to configurations of innovation networks such as the members involved. Taking the perspective of an MNC, in this thesis we explore how innovation networks are configured and how these networks are managed. The thesis consists of two studies using multiple cases study approach. The first study explores the configuration of firm-based innovation networks. We provide a typology of different forms of firm-based networks, with one axis representing degree of R&D subsidiaries joining innovation activities. The other axis represents the extent of external firms joining innovation activities. Through in-depth interviews, we find that degree of technical diversification, product diversification and internationalization will affect forms of firm-based innovation networks. MNCs adopt multiple mechanisms to manage networks. The forms of innovation networks will influence extent of formal mechanisms adopted. The second study explores the configuration of project-based innovation networks. We also provide a typology of different forms of project-based networks, with one axis representing number of subsidiaries joining innovation project. The other axis represents the number of external firms joining innovation project. We find that importance of projects, newness of projects and complexity of technology will affect forms of project-based networks. MNCs usually manage innovation networks by selecting members of project-networks and dividing the scope of cooperating with members. Comparing with past research, the context of this thesis contains of internal (equity based) and external (non-equity based) networks. These findings make contributions to the literature on MNCs’ innovation network by advancing our understanding about the configuration of innovation networks. Furthermore, we suggest some mechanisms for MNCs to manage networks. Some practitioners as managers and R&D leaders can draw useful implications from this study.

在創新系統中，產、學、研為新技術與知識積蓄的點，創新網絡中節點與節點之間的互動扮演重要的角色。區域內領導性廠商為了取得技術優勢，提供經費購買技術、引進技術等外部資源建立核心能力，在區域內形成產、學、研的技術聯盟組織，形塑區域特殊產業。各單位所交織形成的網絡動態為有助於區域創新活動的決定性因素。 透過這樣的角度來檢視台灣，本研究以區域創新系統的角度出發，觀察「數位遊戲」這項新興產業在技術與知識網絡中，行動者之間彼此的互動連結。將廠商、相關研究機構、產業公協會、人才培育機構、大專院校與育成中心視為區域創新網絡的驅動角色，透過問卷調查與社會學中的網絡分析工具，觀察網絡中技術與知識的互動關係。本研究的主要結論如下： ㄧ、由本研究實證結果發現，台灣北部區域所形塑遊戲產業產官學研合作所環繞的創新氛圍十分強烈。北部區域中，又以台北縣中和「遠東世紀廣場科技園區」與台北市「南港軟體工業園區」分別為遊戲產業高度密集聚點。 二、由於台灣數位遊戲產業各廠商之間的封閉性，各單位間技術與知識的互動關係偏低。廠商之間的網絡活動主要是以垂直性的關係為主，而非水平性的關係。廠商傾向倚賴國際之間網絡技術資源。 三、知識網絡中越是有能力的單位，越可能處於技術網絡的核心位置。也就是原本在遊戲產業中處於優勢地位的單位，基於資訊流通與知識傳遞方便的優勢，技術能力的掌握能力亦強，少數特定單位重複扮演技術與知識互動的重要角色。本研究從網絡結構中證實了技術與知識的高度關係。 四、技術網絡的連結模式呈現環環相扣的環狀結構，彼此交流與技術互動的相當頻繁與快速。知識網絡的星狀連結模式，具有明顯的核心單位，此類結構有利於知識的傳遞，處於散佈節點的單位居處特別重要的地位。 / In the innovation system, firms, schools and research institutes are new technology and knowledge storage places. The interactions between nodes play important roles in the innovation networks. In order to gain technology advantages, leading firms provide expenses to purchase and introduce technology to establish core ability. They form consortia with other firms, schools, and research institutes to build up regional specific industries in the regions. The dynamic network formed from the interaction of units is the main factor to facilitate regional innovative activities. This thesis is on the basis of Regional Innovation System (RIS) in Taiwan and takes “Digital Games” for example. Each actor interacts in the technology and knowledge networks in the RIS. Regarding firms, associate research institutes and industry associations as driving roles in the innovative networks, this thesis applies innovation networks surveys and the methodology of Social network analysis in Sociology to observe technology and knowledge interactions in the innovative networks. The major conclusions are as follows: First, “Far East Century Scientific Square” in Jhonghe City and “ Nan-Gang Software Industrial Park” in Taipei City are surrounded extremely strongly innovation milieu in the north of Taiwan. Secondly, owing to self-contained, digital games firms are deficient in interaction with each other. Activities in the networks are vertical relations almost, not horizontal ones. Firms tend to depending on international technology resources in the networks. The third, many competent actors basing on the advantage of information and knowledge transfer very quickly and conveniently in knowledge networks are located in the core of technology networks. A small number of firms repeatedly play the important role in technology and knowledge networks. From the network structure, this thesis proved technology and knowledge have a close relationship. Finally, technology networks display circular structures which exchange and transfer quite frequently and quickly; knowledge networks display star structure which have apparent core units and which are advantageous to transfer knowledge.

製藥產業是高度依賴研究發展之產業，因此技術知識網絡在製藥產業中相當活躍，製藥產業因技術的突破，又可分為傳統製藥與生技醫藥兩個分支。本研究旨在探討我國製藥產業技術知識網路與創新績效之關係，透過文獻之探討，以社會網絡理論之觀點切入，利用網絡分析工具UCINET計算出廠商網絡中心性，藉由網絡中心性的分析與評估，尋找出台灣地區製藥產業技術知識網絡中的關鍵行動者。並且以網絡中心性來衡量個別廠商網絡關係的強弱及區分網絡的型態，研究區域內與跨區域網絡對廠商創新成效之影響。 研究結果發現，生技醫藥廠商跨區域合作互動情形愈高，對於創新績效愈有顯著性差異；傳統製藥產業則不論是區域內的合作或是跨區域的合作，皆能帶給其創新的能力，另外，不同的合作關係亦會影響其創新績效之表現，區域內的網絡較著重於直接網絡所帶來的系統性知識，而跨區域的網絡則著重於間接網絡中多樣化的知識。 / As a knowledge intensive industry, pharmaceutical industry cultivates highly active networks among firms and relative actors. Because of technology revolution, Pharmaceutical is divided into two forms: traditional Pharmaceutical and Pharmaceutical biotechnology. This paper aims to advance our understanding of the technology knowledge and innovation capacity of the pharmaceutical industry in Taiwan. We begin by reviewing literatures regarding network and network position. Using the UCINET, a useful method to describe and measure firms’ centralities in a social network, we find out the key players in Taiwan Pharmaceutical industry and offers an emprical examination by examining the geography of technology knowledge associated with innovation in Taiwan Pharmaceutical industry. The empirical results indicate that there is a significant relationship between intra-regional knowledge and innovation performance in Pharmaceutical biotechnology industry, and both intra-regional knowledge and regional knowledge determine the innovation performance of the pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, Results of this study indicate that a firm that occupies a central position in regional network of direct ties is more accessible to useful knowledge; in the other hand, firms can innovate successfully in intra-regional network both directly and indirectly.