以本論文研究不同價格呈現方式下，參考價格對消費者行為的影響，所採用的自變數為參考價格的高低、參考價格的表達語意與折扣幅度的大小。而欲衡量的變數是消費者對促銷的可信度、認知的價格標準移動程度、因促銷所知覺的節省程度及搜尋其它零售點所能產生的利益。 經過因子設計的實驗後，發現： 一、消費者所認知的最可能市價、最高市價、最低市價，在看過有外部參考價格的廣告後，不一定是以相同的方向作移動，且各別的移動百分比也不相同，所以必須各別來探討其效果。 二、出售價格的高低 (折扣幅度的大小) 會影響消費者對促銷所知覺的可信度的水準及消 費者認知最可能市價的移動程度，但不會造「最高」價格認知與「最低」價格認知移動程度的差異，且在節省知覺及知覺的搜尋利益上也無明顯效果。而且發現以下數點： (一)高出售價格的可信度大於低出售價格的可信度 (二)高出售價格造成的最可能市價上移程度大於低出售價格造成的最可能市價上移程度。 三、參考價格的高低會影響消費者對促銷所知覺的可信度、認知的最高市價、認知的最低市價、節省知覺，但卻無法影響認知中最可能市價及搜尋利益上的差異。並且發現以下數點： (一)以內部參考價作參考價及合理高參考價格的可信度大於誇大參考價格的可信度。 (二)以內部參考價作參考價與合理高參考價格造成最高市價認知上移程度小於誇大參考價格造成上移程度。 (三)以內部參考價作參考價格造成的最低市價認知上移程度大於誇大參考價格造成上移程度。(四)以內部參考價與合理高參考價格造成的節省知覺大於誇大參考價格所造成的節省知覺。 四、「過去售價」或「目前市價」來表達參考價格，只有在認知最高市價的移動比率上有所不同。且以「目前市價」造成的上移程度較大。 五、同時以「過去售價」表達誇大參考價格及「目前市價」表達合理高參考價格，比單一方式呈現單一參考價格而言 (一)認知的最低市價向上移動百分比最大 (二)知覺的搜尋利益最小，消費者最不願再尋求其它零售點。 也就是廠商若同時以過去售價及目前市價來表達價格標,且所標示價格要偏高,此時所產生的促銷效果較好,消費者較不願再尋求其他零售點進行交易。 六、加上以｢過去售價｣表達比實際出售價還低的參考價格，在促銷效果上並不比單一方式呈現參考價格或其他呈現方式來得好。

國內電子商務發展蓬勃，其中又以網路拍賣平台的使用風氣最為旺盛，隨著消費者對於網路拍賣的接受度愈來愈高，網路拍賣儼然成為現代人重要的購物管道。然而，隨著網路拍賣使用人數與交易頻率的增加，網路詐騙與交易糾紛頻傳，形成消費者擔心甚至不信任網路交易的主要因素，同時也顧慮到自網路購買的商品與購買前預期的可能有所差異。由於拍賣網站上並不提供賣方的個人資料，競標者可參考的主要訊息為賣方評價，另外就是競標所出現的價格訊息及出價次數。因此僅憑藉此部份的訊息，消費者將如何提高知覺價值？並進而決定是否該參與競標？ 為探討以上的問題，本研究利用網路問卷模擬拍賣網站的方式，以實驗設計法來探討賣方評價、價格訊息及出價次數對於消費者知覺價值之影響，並再研究賣方評價對於競標意願是否造成顯著之影響。研究結果發現，賣方評價對於消費者的知覺價值及競標意願皆有顯著性的影響，然而出價次數並不影響消費者的知覺價值。此外，直接購買價如果過低也會導致消費者對於價格訊息的不信任，進而使得廠商訂價無法達到提高消費者知覺價值的功能。對於未來研究方向的建議與實務上的意涵也會在本研究中探討。

本研究主要目的在探討價格離散對消費者價格知覺的影響。藉由心理物理理論—適應水準理論、範圍理論與範圍頻次理論，為理論基礎以預測價格刺激在價格離散市場對消費者價格知覺判斷的影響，且基於物理刺激與價格刺激的本質差異，針對價格刺激的價值特性，提出兩點作為價格離散效果的推論基礎。第一、消費者對金錢損失與利得的不對稱反應，使得消費者對低價刺激比高價刺激更敏感。第二、價格資訊複雜時，消費者傾向以價格帶的價格頻次作為處理價格資訊的捷思。本論文藉由三個系列研究，以實驗設計法，將價格離散的效果來源區分為平均價格、價格範圍、價格範圍端點與價格型態四方面探討。 研究一結果發現，價格範圍會降低消費者能接受的最低價格水準並影響消費者的預期最低價格。低平均價格則會降低消費者可接受的最高價格。因此，當市場價格離散程度提高，市場價格範圍變寬或平均價格降低時，會使得消費者的可接受價格帶價格水準降低。可接受價格帶降低會影響價格判斷結果。在消費者主觀知覺上，寬價格範圍使得消費者知覺價格離散程度提高，代表著知覺價格差異、知覺價格不一致與知覺價格混亂三方面的指標都提高。 研究二則進一步證實，市場低價端點與高價端點對消費者的影響權重並不對稱。結果顯示，低價端點的寬價格範圍組會拉低可接受價格帶，然而，高價端點的寬價格範圍組並不會提高可接受價格帶，這是由於消費者對低價與高價的不對稱反應，使得低價與高價對消費者的影響權重有別。同時，在少數低價端點的高價格離散市場，消費者會感受到較高的價格離散程度，主要反映在知覺價格差異與不一致程度；相對地，若是少數高價端點的高價格離散市場，知覺價格離散程度不會顯著提高。一般在運用心理物理理論時，並未提到低價端點與高價端點的相對影響上的不同，事實上則會降低理論預測消費者面對市場價格差異的真實反應。 研究三探討集中分佈與兩極分佈兩種價格型態的影響，結果顯示價格分佈對可接受價格並無顯著影響。然而，兩極價格呈現的是市場價格變異很大的高價格離散市場，確實消費者的知覺價格離散亦有大於集中價格的情況，主要反映在知覺價格混亂程度方面。因此，欲瞭解價格離散對消費者價格知覺的影響，則需從平均價格、價格範圍與價格範圍端點分析之。 / The main purpose of this dissertation is to explore the impact of price dispersion on consumers’ price perception. Borrowing from psychophysics theories, such as Adaptation-Level Theory, Range Theory and Range-Frequency Theory, this research predicts how price stimuli in a product market with high price dispersion have effects on consumers’ price perception and judgments. On top of the difference between physic stimuli and price stimuli which has monetary value attached in nature, two assumptions are proposed for hypothesis inferences. First, consumers have asymmetric responses towards monetary loss and monetary gain, which make them more sensitive to low prices than high prices. Second, consumers tend to use relative price frequency among different price zones as a heuristic to process complicated price information. Therefore, this dissertation conducted three studies, all with experimental designs, to explore the effects of price dispersion from four dimensions- price mean, price range (width), extremely high or low prices and price pattern. This dissertation includes three studies. Study one was designed to explore the effect of price mean and price range. The result indicated that wide price range lowered down the lower boundary of acceptable price. Meanwhile, price range has effect on consumers’ lower boundary of expected price. In contrast, lower mean marked down the upper boundary of acceptable price. Thus, in a market of high price dispersion, the wide price range or lower mean tends to lower down the level of acceptable price, which further influences consumers’ price judgment. In addition, wide price range raised a consumer’s perceived price dispersion, which could be measured from higher perceived price difference, higher perceived price inconsistency and higher perceived price chaos. Study two focused on the effect of extreme prices under high price dispersion. Wide price range with relatively fewer extremely low prices maked down the range of acceptable price. However, wide price range with relatively fewer extremely high prices had no impact at all. This is because of consumers’ asymmetric responses towards low prices and high prices, which make consumer more sensitive to lower prices than high prices. Consumers’ perceived high price dispersion aroused by fewer extremely low prices was mainly the perception of high price difference and price inconsistency. In contrast, fewer extremely high prices would not enhance perceived price dispersion. Past application of psychophysics theories to predict the effect of price stimuli did not emphasize the different weight of low and high prices on consumers’ perception. Then the theories could not fully predict consumers’ real perception of market price difference. Study three further explored the effect of price pattern by comparing two price patterns, normally-centered and bipolarly-separated. The result indicated no effect on the range of acceptable price, but two patterns differed in their perceived price dispersion. What the pattern of bipolarly-separated represented was a market with high price variances, which also led consumers to perceive higher price dispersion, especially higher price chaos. Accordingly, the overall effect of price dispersion should be analyzed through the effect of mean, price range and extreme prices.

本研究旨在探討價格促銷型式，廣告參考價格與原產國對 消費者的品質 評價與購買意願之影響。本研究以政大商學院 一、大二１７６位學生為 對象，而以成衣為作為研究產品，簽罌情砭情砭惘]子實驗設計進行研究 。主要的統計分析方法隻h變量多異數分析，且以ＳＡＳ作為本研究之分 析工具。主n研究結果如下：? 不同的價格促銷型式對消費者的品質評價 無顯著的影響效 果，但平均而言，消費者在品質認知上，對以打折方式 促 銷的成衣仍高於以特價方式促銷的成衣。? 不同高低水準的廣告參 考價格，對消費者的品質認知有顯 著的影響效果，亦即較高的廣告參考 價格使消費者產生較 高的品質認知。? 受試者對美製成衣的品質認知 高於台製成衣。

本文主要探討「最低購買金額門檻」促銷，例如、「滿一千送一百」、「滿三千送三百」等對於消費者購物行為之影響。分為兩大研究主題：研究主題一旨在探討「最低購買金額門檻」促銷對購物決策與認知之影響，透過實地賣場購物實驗，瞭解該促銷能否提高購買金額、令消費者傾向去計算購買商品總價格，及帶來較高之知覺交易效用。 研究主題二則根據研究一中發現「最低購買金額門檻」促銷下消費者會傾向於心中計算總價格之結果，進一步探究該促銷是否會影響消費者對價格的認知，包括如價格記憶的正確性、及內部參考價格的影響，透過型錄購物及電腦網頁模擬購物之實驗來驗證。 根據上述兩大研究主題，本文中進行了三個實驗，皆同樣以提供10%折扣幅度，但未設定購買金額門檻的「九折優惠」促銷來做為控制組：研究一實驗在實際書店賣場舉行，以賣場門口發放三種促銷 (滿一千送一百、滿五百送五十、及九折優惠)折扣券方式，購物結束後再透過購物發票、賣場銷售資料及問卷衡量，瞭解消費者當日購物行為結果。 研究二則透過實驗室實驗法，以商品型錄模擬購物來瞭解消費者在「滿千送百」與「九折優惠」促銷下回憶商品價格正確性之差異；研究三實驗以電腦網頁模擬百貨公司購物，先讓受測者在兩種促銷 (滿三千送三百、九折優惠)情境下購買商品，觀察他們購物接近促銷金額門檻時，購買最後一件商品的選擇結果，之後再請受測者賣回所購買商品，並藉由訂價過程瞭解其內部參考價格水準。 本研究的主要發現，對於消費者購物行為影響方面：(1)「最低購買金額門檻」促銷確實能夠提高消費者購買的金額，符合定錨調整理論 (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974)推論之結果；(2)兩種促銷下的知覺交易效用結果則無法證實，推測由於實驗中「滿千送百」贈送的現金是緊接著消費決策後發生，延遲得到小額利得的感受不夠明顯，使得銀線原則 (Thaler, 1985)無法被驗證。 對於商品價格認知影響方面：(1) 當購買金額超過促銷門檻時，「最低購買金額門檻」促銷下的內部參考價格高於「直接折扣」促銷者；(2)在該促銷下消費者在心中計算總價格的比例明顯高於「直接折扣」促銷；(3)在該促銷下消費者因為必須計算總價格，使得價格回憶的正確性提高；(4)透過內部參考價格間接推估「最低購買金額門檻」促銷在購買金額超過促銷門檻時，有較高之交易效用。 / The present research explores the effects of “the minimum purchase requirement promotions” on consumers’ purchasing behavior. Study 1 examined consumers’ purchasing decisions in a field experiment with three types of promotional coupons randomly handed to customers: Purchase over $1000 and get a $100 cash reward, purchase over $500 and get a $50 cash reward, or 10% off price discount. Consumers’ invoices from the bookstore’s database were recorded, and questionnaires were used to measure transaction value and how these promotions influenced consumers’ shopping spending, and tendency to calculate total expense. Study 1’s findings show that consumers tend to calculate total expense under “the minimum purchase requirement promotion”. Study 2 and Study3 explored how this promotional type influences on consumers’ price cognition, including price recall accuracy and internal reference price. In Study 2, laboratory experiment was used: (a) purchase over $1000 and get a $100 cash reward and (b) 10% off price discount through manipulated catalog shopping. Study 3 was a computer-manipulated shopping experiment, with participants purchasing product in the shopping stage of experiment and selling the products in a later auction to ascertain their internal reference price under two different promotional frames (purchase over $3000 and get a $300 cash reward, and a 10% off price discount). Major findings about consumers’ purchasing decisions were: (a) as the inference of anchoring and adjusting heuristic theory (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974), consumers increase their spending; (b) the “requirement promotion” improvement of consumers’ transaction value cannot be proved as the inference of silver linings principle (Thaler, 1985) because the time delay was not obvious in the experiment. The results of the influence on price cognition were: (a) “the minimum purchase requirement promotion” had a higher internal reference price than regular price discount with total expense over the promotional threshold; (b) this promotion will increase consumers’ tendency to calculate total expense; (c) consumers have higher price recall accuracy in this requirement promotion; and (d) the internal reference price was used to infer that this promotion might have a higher transaction value with total expense over the promotional threshold.

在各式各樣的銷售技巧中，誇張廠商建議價格是一種常見的手法，廠商漫天喊價誇大原始售價，無非是希望能讓消費覺得實際售價低廉且商品值得購買。但在廠商使用這樣的策略時，有些人會察覺到廠商操弄的意圖進而對廠商、商品產生負面的感覺。本研究認為消費者的認知需求程度是參考價格產生效果的重要調節變項，因此，本研究發展兩階段的實驗來探討消費者認知需求高低對其處理價格資訊的影響。研究方式與結果簡述如下： 在第一個階段中研究的是誇張的行銷訊息（誇張的廠商售價）對於認知需求程度不同的消費者的效果差異，以及廠商售價對於消費者的商品態度與購買意願的影響。研究結果發現，認知需求低者較易被廠商宣稱的誇張價格影響其對商品的推估價格，進而對商品產生較佳的態度與購買意願。 在第二個階段中，本研究設計讓已經受到廠商訂價影響的消費者接觸實際售價，探討消費者的認知需求程度對於其操弄意圖推論程度的影響及消費者操弄意圖推論程度對於其最終購買意願與商品態度產生的效果。結果發現，認知需求高的消費者其操弄意圖推論程度亦高，且消費者的操弄意圖推論程度愈高；對於消費者商品態度與購買意願負面的影響也愈大。 / One main concern regarding the use of reference prices in advertisements relates to the possibility of perceived deception due to consumers' reaction towards exaggerated or implausible price claims. This paper examines the moderating roles of an individual level variable-need for cognition (NFC), in influencing consumers’ evaluation of the reference prices in a two-stage experiment. The results support the hypothesized effects of need for cognition and demonstrate that, in the first stage, consumers with a high need for cognition assimilate a smaller portion of the external reference points (ERPs) into their existing internal reference point (IRPs). In addition, for consumers with a low need for cognition, the increasing level of reference price results in positive effects on value perception, brand attitudes and purchase intention. In the second stage, I introduced inferences of manipulative intent (IMI) as a dependant variable. The results suggest that for consumers with a high need for cognition, the greater the discrepancy between their estimated price and real price, the higher level of perceived manipulative intent of advertisers. This leads to negative attitudes toward the advertiser and results in negative effects on brand attitudes and purchase intention. Implications for research and practitioners are discussed.