University of Macau / Faculty of Law

KYC(Know Your Customer)是銀行非常重要的一項程序，除了法規上的遵循外，也同時要滿足控制客戶投資風險和防制洗錢的目的，但各銀行重複花費大量的金錢和時間成本在相同客戶KYC資料的收集和驗證上。 區塊鏈是一個採用密碼學及共識演算技術來確保交易資料無法被竄改的分散式帳本系統，被稱為無須中間人的信任機器。 本研究透過區塊鏈做為銀行之信任基礎，在不改變既有的KYC流程下，提出一套”金融KYC平台”架構，讓不同銀行在提供金融服務時，每個客戶的KYC資料收集和驗證的程序只要進行一次。 此平台不使用集中式資料庫，KYC原始資料存放在客戶資料註冊銀行本地資料庫中，銀行透過區塊鏈驗證KYC資料之正確及完整性，並透過區塊鏈上紀錄的相關資訊，進行銀行間的資料的授權及同步作業。本研究實際建置展示了七個金融KYC平台的使用情境，驗證原先的各項程序假設，都能在兼顧安全和效率下完成。 / KYC (Know Your Customer) is a very important procedure for banks not only for regulatory compliance, but also to meet the controls of customer investment risk and the purpose of money laundering control. It takes a lot of money and time in the process of verifying the same customer’s information for each bank. Blockchain is a decentralized ledger platform that uses cryptography and consensus algorithm to ensure that transactional data can not be tampered with, and is known as a “Trust Machine”. Without changing current KYC procedures, this study build a "Banking KYC Platform" based on blockchain technology. And let the KYC validation be only conducted once for each customer between banks. This platform does not use centralized database. The original KYC data is stored in bank's local database. Banks verifiy customer KYC data’s correctness and completeness through blockchain and synchronize them based on the information recorded in blockchain. This study shows the result of verifying seven KYC use cases with this Banking KYC Platform. It is a complete demonstration for reaching the goal of solving security, efficiency and cost reduction problems.

國內外針對棒球績效表現的研究不在少數，但針對美國職棒大聯盟球員在簽約前後與績效表現之間的關聯性之探討甚少。因此，本研究欲藉由資料包絡分析法，衡量符合本研究定義之優渥複數年合約之球員，在簽約前後與績效表現之關聯性，以及探討簽約前之績效表現是否構成合約內容之主要因素。 本研究以1999年至2006年共八年期間，在此期間有簽訂符合本研究定義之「優渥複數年合約」之球員為研究對象。實證結果顯示投手與野手皆無在簽訂優渥複數年合約前投入較多的努力，在簽約後績效開始下滑的情況；最後，投手合約薪資的決定因素為簽約前的績效、球齡和勝場數；合約長度的決定因素為球齡；合約總薪資的決定因素為球齡和勝場數。野手合約薪資的決定因素為球齡；合約長度的決定因素亦為球齡；合約總薪資的決定因素為簽約前的績效、球齡和得獎與否。 / Many scholars did researches on performance of baseball players before, however, few of them mentioned MLB players’ performance before and after signing contracts. By using DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) techniques to measure MLB players’ changes of efficiency defined as signing ‘high salary and multi-year contracts”. And to find out the most important factors in determining the players’ salary in MLB in order to provide useful information for club owners and players in the future. The sample year includes MLB players from 1996 to 2001 who sign high salary and multi-year contracts. On the other hand, the results show that the main factors in determining the pitchers’ salaries are wins and tenure respectively and the main factors in determining the fielders’ salaries are performance, prize and tenure.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

現行醫療保險理賠申請流程相當繁複，被保險人需要向醫療機構申請診斷證明，填具理賠申請書向保險公司提出理賠申請，再由保險公司進行審核。若遇到無法從診斷書直接審核之個案，保險公司需先取得被保險人簽署之調閱病歷同意書後，方能至醫療機構調閱病歷，以利後續理賠審核。這樣的流程，對保險公司來說，需耗費大量人工成本；對被保險人來說，則也有資訊不夠透明的疑慮。 區塊鏈的運作有著公開透明，且難以造假的不可否認性。智能合約是在區塊鏈平台上執行的協議落實程式，既能確保程式不會被竄改，又可保留所有執行紀錄。若能透過這些特性來做為醫療保險理賠傳遞訊息的媒介，除了能提昇保險公司審核流程的時效性，被保險人也能獲得公開透明的資訊。 本論文提出了一套基於智能合約來實現快速醫療保險理賠的方案，我們在以太坊上實作智能合約，我們的方案除了能改善現有的問題，也建構出一套公開透明，且兼顧病人隱私的理賠系統，並考量實際狀況，讓保險公司的業務邏輯可以重用，在理想與現實之間取得一個適當之平衡點。 / Current medical insurance claims application process is complex. It requires the insured to apply for medical diagnosis, and to fill out an application form to the insurance company. The insurance company then reviews the case. If they are unable to approve the claims, they must first obtain the consent form from the insured in order to access to his or her medical records to facilitate subsequent claims review. Throughout the process, the insurance company needs to pay a lot of labor costs; while the insured will have many concerns of information transparency. Blockchain operates in an open and transparent manner and maintains its data in a tamper-free way. Smart contracts are programs executed on a blockchain platform to enforce an agreement such that the program will not be tampered with, and all records of execution will be kept from modification. These characteristics of a smart contract make it very good as a tool for streamlining the medical insurance claims process, as it will greatly reduce the human efforts involved on the insurance company side while increase the information transparency from the perspective of the insured. This thesis presents a smart contract based solution for streamlining the medical insurance claims process. We design and implement the con-tract on the Ethereum platform. In addition to improving the existing problems, our solution builds an open and transparent claims system that takes into account the patient privacy and the practical requirement of re-using the existing claims processing system of the insurance company, thus achieving a proper balance between the ideal and reality.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

我國基於與國際接軌之政策，會計制度預計於2013年全面採用國際財務報導準則(IFRS），其中以IFRS 4影響保險業最深，40號公報即轉譯IFRS 4而成，可以預期台灣保險業的會計及財務報導將有很重大的轉變。 由目前國外相關實施IFRS 4對會計與財務報表的潛在影響的各種文章、學者討論中可知，壽險公司的將面臨險峻的挑戰。這些挑戰包含會計盈餘波動增加、資金成本之上升、與報表使用者溝通策略的改變、財務報導成本增加、商品設計的改變等等。 為了評估實施40號公報造成的影響，本研究透過分析不同保險商品之負債適足性測試，並利用相關圖表說明本公報第二階段之實施損益及相關資產負債科目造成之影響以及利率敏感度分析。 研究發現實施40號公報可能使保險公司面臨增提鉅額負債的壓力，並建議保險公司應調整商品組合，更注重資產負債管理，以緩和對損益及相關準備金科目的影響。此外，由於我國目前係共同採用監理會計與一般公認會計原則的相關規定，建議壽險公司與監理機構應研擬相關配套之修正方法，以避免因以公平價值作為衡量基礎時，遭遇監理法令規定衍生之相關問題。 / Adapting to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) will be required in Taiwan in the near future. Among the standards, IFRS 4 has the most important impact on the insurance industry. SFAS 40 was translated from IFRS 4, so the insurance industry in Taiwan is going to undergo a substantial change in accounting and financial reporting requirements. According to the assessment of the potential impact of the new IFRS accounting and reporting system to date which largely been found in foreign trade literature, insurance industry business leaders’ comments and conflicting conclusions of expert commentators, the insurance industry faces serious challenges because of IFRS 4. The challenges include increase of accounting volatility, higher cost of capital, shift in communication policy, increase in the cost of reporting, substantial change of product design and so on. n order to evaluate the impact of SFAS 40, this paper offers several numerical examples to show the results of the liabilities adequacy test. Further, this paper analyze the difference from the figures and offers some scenario simulations to discuss the impact of interest rate changing. The result of this paper shows, if we adapt SFAS 40 phase II , the liability of the insurance company will increase largely. The paper suggest that the Taiwanese insurance industry should change life insurance product design, emphasize the importance of asset and liability management, moreover, our government and the insurance industry need to find some modified methods to solve some critical problems arisen from solvency regulations.

決定自留額是保險人承接業務時之主要考量因素，以發揮保險之基本原理原則：危險分散與損失分攤。自留額釐定不當，不僅影響保險人財務結構，甚至波及公司整體核保營運成果而危及清償能力。本文選擇某產險公司實際損失分配資料，探討不同自留比例與再保方式對營運結果之影響，結果顯示在此實際損失分配資料模型下，適度調高自留比例，應可增加核保利潤。本文進一步以相關性分析探討自留配置。 / Retention is a key element for the insurer to determine how much it wishes to retain for its own account for the risks it has written. This point is fundamental to carrying on the business of insurance and akin to the principle upon which insurance is based, namely the spreading of risks and sharing of losses. The risk of incurring a retained loss owning to inadequate retention, which would imperil financial objective even can affect the overall underwriting results and arise insolvency. This paper select data base of occurred loss distribution for the past three years to study the impact of different retained ratio and different type of reinsurance for performance. This paper shows that, the underwriting profit can be expected to increase when the retention increases precisely under the existing loss distribution model . This paper also discuss the related factors in deciding retention by correlation analysis.