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我國公部門以課徵土地稅、發放土地徵收補償為目的而進行土地大量估價，並以區段價法與路線價法為主要估價方法。由於此二估價方法之評估基礎為平均區段地價，故是否能準確劃分地價區段乃至關重要。然而，地價調查估計規則中有關地價區段之劃分規定，並無具體規範劃分準則與方式，導致地價人員僅能透過參考各項可得之圖表資料，並根據自身認知與前輩經驗，將地價相近、地段相連、情況相同或相似之土地劃為同一區段。因此，地價區段劃分之公平、客觀、準確性往往遭受民眾質疑。 劃分地價區段之目的係為掌握地區特性，故其實屬劃分同質區之概念。惟地區特性乃難以定義或量化之區域因素的空間聚集特性，致使地價人員難以掌握具體劃分準則，並準確劃分地價區段。而過去相關研究指出難以定義或量化之空間因素存於特徵價格模型的殘差之中，遂有分析殘差之空間特性以劃分同質區者。但是，各種劃分方式皆侷限於已知樣本所在位置的空間關係，導致可能出現無法就整體地區劃分同質區，或出現預測樣本不屬於任何同質區的情況。 由於克利金法可依據樣本的空間變異結構特性推估未知空間位置的觀察值，因此本研究以區域化變數理論為基礎，應用克利金法結合地理資訊系統之空間分析功能，進而依殘差之空間特性劃分空間效果同質區。研究結果顯示該同質區可合理呈現空間效果之同質性，應用於大量估價的準確性佳，且不會扭曲地價高低層次。因此，應用克利金法劃分地價區段確實為合理、準確且可行之方式。 / Public assessors evaluate official land value for taxing and compensating by land value district approach and street value approach. Since the basis of these two approaches is land value district, whether public assessors could define it accurately or not is an important issue. However, there are no specific defining criterions in Regulations on Land Value Assessment; public assessors could only refer to concerning information, especially their own subjectivity and experience of senior assessors, to define district in terms of “close land value, connected relation and similar circumstances of lands”. Accordingly, district that defined by public assessors not only the fairness and objectivity, but also the accuracy are quite doubtful. The main purpose of defining land value district is capturing local characteristics; therefore, it’s similar to the task of defining homogeneous area. Nevertheless, local characteristics are agglomerations of spatial effect, which are difficult to define or quantity. Due to the fact that public assessors are unable to get specific defining principles, they cannot define land value district accurately. A few researches indicate that spatial effect is in the residuals of hedonic pricing model, thus, some researches defining homogeneous area according to the spatial distribution of residuals. However, the defining approaches of these researches are all restricted to spatial location of known samples. Hence, it’s possible to fail to segregate different homogeneous area, or fail to take unknown samples into consideration. For the reason that kriging estimation can predict unknown spatial location’s value in basis of spatial variation structure characteristics, this research apply kriging estimation and GIS to define homogeneous area based on Theory of Regionalized Variables. The research concludes that homogeneous area which is defined by kriging can capture homogeneity of spatial effect. Besides, the prediction accuracy is quite well by adding variables of homogeneous area to hedonic pricing model. On the other hand, predicted land values still remain the exact relation between each other. Therefore, applying kriging estimation to define land value district is a reasonable, accurate and feasible method.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第17995号 / 文博第632号 / 新制||文||598(附属図書館) / 30853 / 京都大学大学院文学研究科思想文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊藤 邦武, 教授 伊藤 和行, 准教授 出口 康夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DFAM

雖然人力資本在理論上的重要地位早已確立，但是，因為人力資本的衡量不易周延精確，使得其實證研究難有突破性的發展；所以，本論文嘗試透過具備個體基礎的理論架構，使用「人力運用調查」的原始資料進行實證分析，希望能進一步瞭解人力資本的性質、勞工流動的成因及這兩者如何影響個人的薪資與整體的成長。而在編排上，本論文則是由三篇可分割獨立的論文所組成。 第2章的重點是從同質人力資本的角度討論人力資本的衡量問題：基於薪資可以反映勞動生產力的概念，本章嘗試使用各個勞工與基礎勞工間推估預期薪資的比率做為代表人力品質之權數，以建構較完整的台灣人力資本指標；從成長會計分析及總合生產函數迴歸估計的實證結果來看，考量人力品質提升的勞動投入約可解釋18% 至35% 的經濟成長，遠高於實際工時的15%；惟近年來台灣人力品質的提升似乎逐漸減緩，不利於後續的經濟成長。 第3章的重點是使用多項式logit模型討論勞工的流動現象，而且其估計結果亦成為第4章必需的實證基礎：鑑於台灣的產業結構一再歷經巨幅的改變，本章將勞工是否異動視為共包括「不換工作」、「換工作但不換產業」及「換工作又換產業」三個選項的決策問題，並援引非巢式logit模型及巢式logit模型對其進行分析。從總括值迴歸係數的檢測來看，巢式模型與隨機效用理論是互不相容的，只有非巢式模型具有較完整堅固的個體基礎。 第4章的重點是從異質人力資本的角度討論產業特定型人力資本是否存在的問題：因為台灣現有的資料庫缺少產業年資等相關資料，所以，本章擬將重點置於轉換工作者，研究轉換產業是否會影響其現職前一般經驗與現職工資之間的關係，以間接分析產業特定型人力資本在台灣的存在性及重要性。從實證結果來看，一般而言，產業特定型人力資本也許並不是非常重要，但應該仍是存在的，亦即仍會對勞工在不同產業間的重新配置產生一定的影響。

近幾年，台灣雖然有線頻道的開放，新聞媒體如雨後春筍冒出，但並無走向自由主義所奉行的「獨佔產生一致、競爭造成多元」的局面，反而造就新聞內容高度同質化、貧乏化與劣質化，基層新聞從業人員聲譽也每況愈下，飽受雙重壓力，外有各界針貶責難、內臨組織管理階層的不公平待遇。 許多研究將上述現象，歸咎於媒體結構（前端）的畸形，或從產製結果（後端）-內容面，剖析新聞場域的種種亂象。而本研究立旨於解構一窩蜂新聞產製現象中的來龍去脈、運作過程與利弊得失，故採不同於以往的分析取徑，以「電視新聞產製過程」（中端）中的行動者為主角，透過田野觀察、深度訪談取得研究資料，瞭解電視新聞從業人員與同業、電視新聞組織主管的互動關係，最後將田野資料進行紮根演繹，具體化研究目標與研究主題，瞭解電視新聞生產結構，並建立「一窩蜂新聞產製流程模式」。 本研究以「一窩蜂新聞學」（Pack Journalism）為根基，並以以「記者一窩蜂動作」為經，「與同業（同事）、決策者的互動關係」為緯，並援引Bourdieu新聞場域理論與Giddens的結構行動論，解析造成一窩蜂新聞產製與新聞同質化的內（記者個人心理）、外（新聞結構）在因素。 研究發現將一窩蜂新聞產製的成因分為五點，包括傳播者個人層次、常規層次、跨新聞組織層次、媒體外層次與社會文化層次。而本研究也發現新聞場域形成一迴路機制，藉由互相鏡射下，產生出速度政權與收視率的禁錮，在在都成為記者一窩蜂產製新聞的生存心態，導致新聞內容趨向高度同質化。不過，為了在場域的鬥爭中取得優勢地位，記者會藉由「秀異展示」，凸顯自己，轉化為具體目標，就是追求「獨家新聞」與建立「領導品牌」，在不知不覺中增強「象徵暴力」的施展能量，使記者本身陷入更深的束縛。 那新聞從業人員有抵抗的可能性嗎？本研究也發現新聞結構必須經過整頓，才有抵抗的空間，但在空間來臨之前，記者可以先行累積迂迴抵抗的資源，等待結構重整後才能一舉衝破牢網。 / In recent years, although Taiwan’s Government has allowed cable television stations to open and news media have expanded quickly, the development of television media deviates from the Liberalists’ ideal: monopoly leads to consistence, competition forms diversity. On the contrary, not only does Taiwan’s news content tend toward homogeneity and mediocrity, but also the status of journalists has gone from bad to worse. Journalists face two sets of pressures: there have been acute criticisms from Taiwanese society, and working conditions have deteriorated badly. Many research papers have dissected the above phenomenon in the news field, from the abnormality of media structure to the content of news production. This study aims to analyze the development, the operation, the merits and demerits of pack journalism, and therefore adopts a different approach from past analysis. In order to study pack journalism, this study adopts Bourdieu’s journalistic field theory and Giddens’ structure / activities theory to analyze news production processes. It focuses on journalists themselves and attempts to understand the interactive relationship of TV news workers, colleagues and managers though field study and in-depth interviews. Finally, I use grounded theory to analyze field information, concretizing the research subject and goals, with discussions of the model of news production in pack journalism. This study claims that there are five aspects of news production processes when studying pack journalism: individual level, media routines level, cross-news organization level, extra-media level and social-cultural level. The news field gives rise to a system marked by operational closure, which contributes to speed-driven news production and response to television ratings. These become the primary motives for journalists’ news generation, and result in homogeneity of news content. However, in order to advance in their field, journalists will try to distinguish themselves by pursuing scoops and branding themselves as leaders. Unconsciously, they reinforce the power of symbolic violence and get themselves into more complicated positions. Can news workers resist these scrapes? Can news workers resist these scrapes? Journalist need to accumulate resources to resist in the first place. With the efforts, the media structure is going to reorganized and then the journalists will have more space to stand firm the pressures of being homogeneity. After these changes take place, journalists may just be able to break through the shackles of pack journalism.

本研究以確定給付型退休基金為對象，建構廣義隨機評價模型，以衡量不確定情況下退休基金之財務風險。希望藉著模型建構的過程，適切地描述基金評價過程中所應考量的各項要素。 為了強調基金評價時同時考量內外部精算假設的重要性，本研究將模型分為存活函數、經濟函數和給付函數三部份討論；存活函數利用離散時間非同質性半馬可夫過程（Discrete Time Non-Homogeneous semi-Markov Process）描述成員狀態轉移的機率，把成員工作年資、年齡和及狀態納入評價過程，有別於傳統僅以年齡為假設基礎之精算方法；經濟函數則以隨機過程表達外部環境的不確定性，結合上述假設資訊預估未來給付後，成為半馬可夫隨機精算評價模型，此一般性的模型能推展至基金評價時所需的各項流程。因此，本研究將模型應用於我國公務人員退撫基金，針對公務人員退撫基金的給付特性發展財務評價公式，完整地描述基金精算成本計算、未來人力與現金流量結構模擬以及敏感度分析等過程。 最後，本研究撰寫公務人員精算評價資訊系統，具體化半馬可夫隨機精算評價模型，實證公務人員退撫基金財務評價公式。實證結果也顯示，不論基金的性質或外部經濟環境，都將影響退休基金財務評價結果，為基金評價時不可忽略的精算假設。 / This study focuses on constructing a generalized valuation model for the defined benefit pension schemes. Financial soundness and funding stability are critical issues in pension fund management. In this study, a realistic stochastic model is built to monitor the uncertainty factors in affecting the financial risk and cash flow dynamics along the decision process. In order to evaluate the importance of the interior and exterior actuarial assumptions in pension valuation. Detailed models in describing the turnover patterns, economic uncertainties and benefit structures are explored. Semi-Markov process proposed by Dominicis, Manca and Granata (1991) and Janssen and Manca (1997) is extended in structuring the transition pattern of the plan’s population and the economic based factors are generated through stochastic processes. Modifications according to classification and movements of the plan member and the plan’s turnover pattern are employed to improve its practical usefulness. Then the actuarial valuations, cash flow analyses and workforce projection are performed and investigated. We has explicitly formulated the plan’s realistic phenomenon and implemented the proposed mechanism into a risk management framework for pension finance. By using this realistic approach, the cost factors could be monitored throughout the valuation. Typically these analyses involve substantial assumptions. This article has outlined the procedure of building the proposed model. Finally, Taiwan Public Employees Retirement System is simplified to illustrate the proposed methodology in pension valuation. The results from this study show that the structure of the pension schemes and the assumed economic factors are the significant factors in pension valuation. It also indicated that the fund manager can evaluate these impacts through the proposed model.