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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

我國水質保護政策執行過程--淡水河系污染整治計畫先期工程個案研究 / The study of River-prevention policy implementation in Taiwan

洪葦倉, Hung,Wei Chang Unknown Date (has links)
有感於地球環境危機日益惡化,臺灣河川污染日益嚴重,因此以水質保護 政策執行過程為題,希望能提供整治淡水河的具體政策建議,整合 Top- down 和 Bottom-up的對立解釋俾對政策執行理論的發展有所助益。研究 結果獲致下列結論:一.執行網絡所包含的組織單位和解決政策問題的方 案,較多於執行結構。但是如果缺乏研究資源的配合,面對複雜龐大的公 共政策時,勢必因為研究資源的匱乏而無法掌握執行過程的相關單位和解 決方案,而成為執行研究的嚴重限制。二.淡水河系屬污染整治計畫屬於 保護管制性政策,涉及不同目標利益的團體或組織間之複雜互動。明確的 政策目標,使反對勢力有明確的攻擊對象,易於觸發或整合反對勢力。淡 水河整治計畫個案,不僅目標明確清楚,而且相關首長作下強烈政策宣示 ,使得難於納入因應經社環境變遷而新增需要的目標。三.變動快速的環 境中,複雜政策的執行必須賦予執行者相當的裁量權,但是必須在目標一 致、利益相容的前提下,才能有助於執行過程的順利成功。否則,行政裁 量的空間越大,越容易給執行單位扭曲目標、推諉卸責的空間,使協調整 合更形困難,導致執行過程的延宕和失敗。四.淡水河系污染整治計畫能 否順利執行的關鍵,在於能否建立行政單位協調、管制的基本能力。透過 「能力建立」政策工具的運作,可以增進行政機關和個人的協調和管制能 力,但是唯有「系統變革」政策工具,才能根本解決相關執行單位間的目 標利益衝突、協調困難、缺乏執行意願等等問題。透過「系統變革」政策 工具的運用,創造或安排一個組織文化、利益和目標都能與淡水河整治合 意的新機關( sympathetic agency),如此才能具備基本的行政管制和 協調能力,命令管制和經濟誘因政策工具也才能有運作的基本環境。 經 由前述研究發現,本文提出下列建議:一.執行研究的建議1.更科學的 研究設計2.納入解釋論和批判論以分析資料3.研究資源需充份配合運 用二.淡水河整治的政策建議建議成立專責河川管理的單位,不論是區域 河川管理局,或是流域河川管理局,都比較可能有整體性的河川整治和水 資源保護政策設計,而且也較能有效落實執行。
2

促進污染土地再利用之探討 / The research on stimulating the reuse of contaminated land

邱建頴, Chiu, Chien Ying Unknown Date (has links)
我國自2000年土污法公布施行以來,至今(2012年)已逾12年,但綜觀環保署之國內場址列管情形統計資料可知,目前我國正面臨污染土地整治推動遲緩的問題。整理國內外相關文獻可知污染土地整治有其必要性,其原因在於如果污染土地持續閒置且不整治重新利用,不僅導致污染土地所造成的問題無法解決,另一方面也會使污染土地因整治而帶來的效益無從實現。而污染土地整治遲緩可能來自污染土地市場存在外部性難以內部化的情形,因此如何解決市場失靈之現象為其關鍵所在。 國外解決污染土地市場失靈的作法,主要分為「誘因給予」與「處罰」二大方式。本研究進一步將其概念透過問卷調查與實際訪談之方式,探討我國污染土地地主及承租人於整治污染土地實務上所面臨的困難,及對促進污染土地再利用相關作法之看法。 實證結果顯示,整治污染土地所面臨的最主要困難為整治經費過高、環境顧問公司市場混亂。於促進污染土地整治再利用的作法上,絕大多數地主及承租人偏好誘因給予方式,例如補助整治經費與減免相關稅負;相對地,較不贊成處罰方式,其原因在於增加財務負擔可能提高污染行為人放棄整治的風險,進而阻礙污染土地的整治再利用。此外,公開污染土地相關資訊供污染行為人參考、引進環境保險相關制度等作法,對未來污染土地整治之推行亦有極大助益。 從實證結果進一步歸納可知影響污染土地整治的因素包含「個別因素」與「總體因素」,並將其發展出一套污染土地分類模式。實際應用我國污染土地統計資料於該模式可知,放棄整治此類型的土地占我國污染土地總面積相當低之比例。因此,政府如能有效推動全面性基礎制度的建置,並搭配相關作法,我國在污染土地的整治推行上應能達到不錯之成效。 / It has been over 12 years since the announcement of Soil and Groundwater Act in year 2000 in Taiwan. However, statistics revealed by the Environmental Protection Administration suggests that the progress of remediation of contaminated land is far from satisfactory. A number of studies have pointed out that if contaminated land continues to be idle, not only can contamination not be solved, but also benefits resulting from remediation are lost. The market for contaminated land suffers from the external effects that in turn lead to a slow pace of remediation. Therefore, how to solve the problem of market failure is the key to promotion of reusing contaminated land. There are two major approaches to alleviating the problems of market failure for contaminated land; they are incentives and liabilities, respectively. In this study, we investigate into landowners and tenants of contaminated land through questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. We intend to discover the difficulties they have encountered in practice and also their views in respect of the approaches that might stimulate the reuse of contaminated land. Empirical results show that the primary difficulties on remediation are the excessive costs and dissatisfactory service of environmental consulting firms. Besides, among the alternative approaches that are expected to accelerate remediation, interviewees tend to prefer incentives over liabilities. They argue that if the government imposes liabilities upon landowners and tenants, their possibility of giving up remediation will be raised. Furthermore, supply of more complete information and introduction of environmental insurance are thought to be able to facilitate remediation in the future. Overall, the empirical evidence highlights a number of contributing factors to an effective remediation. To take a step further, we develop a model to classify the contaminated land in terms of their characteristics such as location, land values…etc. Application of this classification model to two cities suggests that contaminated land that needs direct governmental subsidy only accounts for a small proportion of the total contaminated areas. As a result, we urge the government to establish a platform to provide comprehensive and transparent information. This information platform shall be able to significantly improve the progress of remediation of contaminated land largely through the reinstatement of market mechanism.
3

污染農地整治後再利用之探討 -以彰化縣和美鎮為例 / Reuse of contaminated agricultural land after remediation: Hemei Township, Changhua County as an example)

徐采資 Unknown Date (has links)
早期政府倡導「客廳即工廠」產業發展政策,卻在土地使用分區劃分不明確、法令規範與管制不嚴謹之下,工廠直接將含有毒性與重金屬廢水,排入灌溉系統,導致農地與其生產的農作物遭到污染,威脅到社會大眾食品安全。截至民國100年底,依環保署公告資料顯示,將近8成的污染農地,整治完成並解除列管,故宣稱污染農地之改善,已達一定成效。然而,目前研究指出,台灣污染農地的整治方式,大多以翻土法進行,僅將污染土壤埋入地底,並非真正清除污染物質。另一方面,政府亦無積極改善污染源,使得部分農地即使整治後再度污染,而必須重新整治。如此情況,不禁讓許多學者質疑這樣整治的實質意義何在。   近年來,由於整治技術的侷限,以及龐大整治經費的壓力,對污染土地已不再以整治為唯一考量,而是透過風險的概念,藉由轉變土地利用模式,讓受污染土地得以再利用。目前台灣關於污染農地再利用之研究,大抵建議污染農地變更為非農業使用,甚至認為污染農地整治後恢復農用,效益偏低。然而,本研究認為,此等研究未考量到農地維持農用之多功能性,除商品價值外,仍有許多非商品價值,包括環境、生態、景觀等效益。   基此,本研究以污染農地整治後再利用,朝向種植非食用作物為主軸,並分為污染農地為何需要再利用,與污染農地如何再利用二大部分進行論述。首先以污染土地再利用的風險原則,融合多功能性之觀點,建立污染農地再利用之理論基礎。而後,進一步研擬三項污染農地再利用方案,包括「植樹造林」、「種植能源作物」、「種植花卉景觀作物」等。本研究認為整治後的污染農地,若推行此三項再利用方案,可兼顧風險原則、發揮農地農用多功能性,並避免繼續種稻威脅食品安全,以及節省政府後續管理成本等。接著,以彰化縣和美鎮作為個案,採用深度訪談的方式,針對和美鎮污染農地農民,與彰化縣污染農地相關承辦人,檢視實際整治與後續利用的困難,以及對於污染農地再利用之想法與建議。   最後,透過文獻分析與深度訪談結果,可獲得以下結論:(1)台灣污染農地整治方式以翻土工程為主,對農地造成破壞;(2)污染農地即使整治後,仍可能再度被污染;(3)污染農地整治完成後,以長期休耕為主;(4)台灣處理污染農地,違反再利用之基本原則。有鑑於此,本研究對於污染農地如何再利用,提出以下之政策建議:(1)推動污染農地轉作非食用作物,可創造諸多效益;(2)以中央層級確立污染農地再利用政策;(3)劃設高污染風險農地專區,優先輔導種植非食用作物。此外,必要配套措施包括:(1)依區域條件評選合適的再利用方案,提供技術與後續產銷輔導;(2)重視污染源頭管制,使工業生產者擔負污染責任。 / In the past, government advocated "living room factories" industrial development policies, but without clear land zoning and strict regulations, the factories discharged toxic and heavy metal wastewater into the irrigation system, resulting in agricultural land and the crops were contaminated, and threatened the public food safety. EPA 2011 announcement data shows that nearly 80% of contaminated agricultural land is completely remediated, and it is claimed that the improvement in contaminated agricultural land has reached some success. However, current research indicates that most Taiwan's contaminated agricultural land remediation methods, only buried the contaminated soil into the ground, not really cleaned away the pollutants. On the other hand, the government nor actively improve pollution sources, and therefore some of the agricultural land even after remediation polluted again, which must be remediated again. This situation, many scholars can't help but question what the real significance of such remediation.   In recent years, because of technical limitations and remediation funding pressure on contaminated land, there is no longer only consideration in remediation, but through the concept of risk, by changing land-use patterns, so that contaminated land can be reused or revitalized. The researches on reuse of contaminated agricultural land in Taiwan, most suggest contaminated agricultural land change for non-agricultural use, and even think the benefit of contaminated agricultural land after remediation if keep agricultural use is low. However, this study suggests that past researches neglect the multifunctionality of agriculture, in addition to the value of goods, but there are still many non-commodity values, including environmental, ecological, landscape and other benefits.   For this viewpoint, this study concentrates on the reuse of contaminated agricultural land after remediation, and gives first place to grow non-food crops. There are two parts to discuss, including why contaminated agricultural land need to reuse, and how to reuse. First, the study establish the theoretical foundation of contaminated agricultural land reuse, which based on the risk principles of contaminated land reuse and multifunctionality of agriculture. Then, to further develop three contaminated agricultural land reuse programs, including the "trees", "energy crops", "flowers or landscape crop", etc. This study suggests that if contaminated agricultural land after remediation can implement the three reuse programs, it can not only take into account the risk principle and multifunctionality of agriculture, but also avoid threats to food safety, as well as saving the government follow-up management costs. Next, Hemei Township, Changhua County, as a case study, using depth interview for the Hemei town contaminated agricultural land's farmers and Changhua County public servant who deal with contaminated agricultural land remediation. Survey the actual situation and subsequent use difficulties of contamination agricultural land after remediation, as well as their ideas and suggestions of contaminated agricultural land reuse.   Finally, through a literature review and interviews results obtained the following conclusions: (1) the main remediation method of contaminated agricultural land in Taiwan is to bury the contaminated soil into the ground, and it causes damage on agricultural land; (2) contaminated agricultural land even after remediation may still be contaminated again; (3) contaminated agricultural land after remediation is mainly long-term fallow; (4) dealing with contaminated agricultural land in Taiwan is in violation of basic reuse principles. Therefore, this study suggests the following policy recommendations for how the contaminated agricultural land to reuse: (1) promote contaminated agricultural land grow non-food crops, it can create many benefits; (2) the central level government establish contaminated agricultural land reuse policies; (3) the designation of the high risk of contaminated agricultural land area, give the first place to help grow non-food crops. In addition, the necessary supporting measures include: (1) select the appropriate reuse program by regional conditions, and provide technical help and sales counseling; (2) emphasize the control of pollution sources, and make industrial producers shoulder the responsibility for the pollution.
4

有害廢棄物污染與環境管制政策之政治經濟分析-以桃園RCA土壤及地下水污染事件為例

許紹峰, Hsu, Shao-Feng Unknown Date (has links)
針對「有害廢棄物污染與環境管制政策」的論述主軸,本研究除歷史地探究戰後台灣有害廢棄物污染問題的形成脈絡之外,並選擇「桃園RCA土壤及地下水污染事件」為研究個案,探究在該等污染事件發生之後,如何被定義及解決的具體過程,並闡述地方社區民眾的訴求與心聲;最後則是總結前述研究結果,論述研究個案的政策意涵,並針對「土壤及地下水污染整治法」以及相關的環境管制政策建構提出批判性的思索。 首先,本研究指出有害廢棄物污染此一結構性的問題其實反映了戰後台灣所謂「優良投資環境」的利基之一-相對低廉的環境成本,表現於外便是長期放任與形式化的環境管制。並且,在相關污染事件陸續爆發的1990年代,事態的嚴重性已然超乎政府的能力所及,故而在「私有化」的政策取向之下,政府企圖利用各種「獎勵投資」的策略,例如稅賦減免、放寬 / 簡化土地使用管制、國營事業土地釋出、加強查緝以穩定廢棄物的供給量等措施,藉以扶植民營廢棄物清理業者,並且巧妙地將廢棄物的生產與整體的資本擴大再生產連結了起來。可以預見的是,此一策略或許在短期內可以稍微抑止事業廢棄物流竄的問題,然而卻更進一步地深化了「大量生產-大量消費-大量棄置」的資本主義運作邏輯,絲毫無助於更積極地從源頭減少污染危害的產生。 其次,透過對「桃園RCA土壤及地下水污染事件」的考察,本研究指出戰後台灣具有強大相對自主性的政府雖然以各種政策工具創造出所謂「優良的投資環境」,但是彼等所依恃的環境管理體系偏重「事後管制」而無力於「事前預防」,使得鄰近污染場址的社區民眾、農民與勞工成為環境污染的直接受害者。在跨國資本「賺飽就跑」的移動邏輯,並將污染惡果轉嫁予地方社區之下,後者無異是與總體之「發展」脫勾的。繼而,觀諸污染整治之過程可知,該污染事件徹底地被設定為一個純粹的「技術」問題,由於風險詮釋權力的偏差動員,政府與資本藉由特定科學知識的引介與轉譯所啟動的「技術動員」,其實亦代表了特定「利益動員」之實現。換言之,在「權力動員 → 技術動員 → 利益動員」的過程中,與資本再生產攸關的變更開發利益被普遍化、極大化,地方社區民眾所可能遭致的污染危害則是被選擇性地詮釋,甚至於忽視。此一過程除體現出環境風險「在地化」的脈絡,亦隱含著環境污染所肇致的決策權力不平等,因為民眾們失去了直接參與瞭解,並決定攸關其生活之行動方針的權利與能力。而該等污染事件除指涉環境惡物的生產與分配外,更是和勞動安全、民眾健康、性別平等、社區發展、權力分派等關乎社會正義的問題密切相關,是一個「多元不平等」的公共議題,要解決環境污染所肇致的不平等,便不能忽略其他的社會不平等問題。 基於前述研究發現,本研究提出下列政策建議: 一、在相關污染整治的問題方面: 當污染場址受限於整治技術無法回復至先前狀態,污染行為人亦不須就損害負起賠償責任時,讓受污染土地變更使用應是可以接受的原則,否則土地的閒置將使地方社區再次成為最無辜的犧牲者。不過,為了使環境風險與開發利益能夠得到衡平的考量,整治決策及土地使用變更審議過程中應適度納入民眾參與機制,其意見亦應被尊重與採納,而不是被選擇性地忽略或詮釋,以強化決策之正當性。 二、 在「土壤及地下水污染整治法」之修正方面: (一)管制手段應考量整體工業體系之生產過程,俾積極地從源頭減少 污染危害。 (二)應以「無過失賠償責任」作為追索污染責任之原則,而溯及既往責任應擴及污染之損害賠償責任,賠償範圍亦應增列自然資源之損害。 (三)在公害行政救濟上,相關之污染受害賠償法制、污染補助(償)基金及環境損害強制責任保險等制度,應儘速予以研訂。 (四)在資訊公開與民眾參與方面,應在肯認受污染影響之地方社區民眾擁有「充分資訊的權利」、「公開聽證的權利」、「民主參與及社區團結的權利」、「賠償的權利」,以及「污染清除與被破壞環境復原的權利」等公民權的基礎之上進一步予以強化。 (五)中央政府應適度下放人力、財力與權力,以強化地方政府執行污染防治或整治之能力。 (六)結合污染整治與土地再利用之原則應以更積極、實質的民眾參與為主導。 三、在相關環境管制政策之建構方面: (一)為了打破決策權力不平等所加諸於弱勢者的「環境不正義」,本研究主張政策的制定 / 執行通常是一種主觀的價值選擇,而非如科技決定論者所謂的客觀事實之認定。在一個民主的社會裡,選擇的權力應該保留在民眾的手中,也唯有經由民主的參與才可以促進理性目標的達成。 (二)在相關污染事件的整治過程中,科技專家的角色應該不再是決策的「仲裁者」或「決定者」,而是各種民眾參與機制的「促進者」;並且,彼等的基於高深的統計數據或模式之論述典範亦應稍作轉化,俾使民眾能夠更清楚地瞭解科學論述的意義,而非反倒成為其參與之障礙。 (三)正因有害廢棄物污染危機實源自於資本的生產決策(其將污染惡物之處理成本外部化),進而在既有環境管理系統無法控制經濟事務的窘境之下,唯有藉由民眾參與的不斷實踐來尋求「生產的民主化」,讓資本自行擔負起應有的處理責任,才是解決當前困境之道。質言之,民眾參與除了技術層次的探討(如哪些人參與?如何參與?參與程度為何?)之外,更應肯認的是其實質定位與意義(如決策權力的賦予或分享、風險論述之地位平等)。

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