「婚姻」自古以來即為我國重要的傳統禮俗與人生大事，然而近年來隨著社會型態的轉變，生活型態與價值觀念丕變，晚婚或不婚成為人生規劃的另一種抉擇。由於晚婚、甚至不婚的人口急遽增加，在人口結構上已造成少子化、高齡化之現象，對於政治、經濟、社會以及勞動力等各個層面，亦隨之衍生出不同程度的問題，與國家未來的發展更是息息相關，因此該議題值得探究。本研究旨在探討晚婚女性目前的狀態，對於擇偶偏好及婚姻態度的認知、觀點，企圖瞭解形成晚婚的深層因素，並提出建議以供相關人員參考。 　　本研究採質性研究之深度訪談法。研究對象總數共計10人，均為30歲（含）以上且未曾有過法律婚約關係，且居住於台北市、新北市及桃園縣之女性。經分析訪談資料後，所得研究發現綜述如下： 　　一、普遍認為晚婚是現代社會的趨勢，女性在面臨求學進修、工 　　　　作發展與婚姻之生涯抉擇時，選擇把婚姻排在後面的順位。 　　二、生活與交友範圍狹隘，以及已逾適婚年齡則為目前主要面臨 　　　　的擇偶困境。 　　三、選擇婚配對象的首要條件為個人條件，其中涵括外貌、身體 　　　　特徵、人格特質等條件；其次依序為能力條件及情感取向。 　　四、在婚姻認知方面，傾向認為婚姻是人生必經的階段；就婚姻 　　　　感受方面，同時呈現正向與負向兩種截然不同的態度；在婚 　　　　姻意向方面，傾向於嚮往進入婚姻。另，父母為離婚狀態的 　　　　晚婚女性，其婚姻態度各面向均呈現負向的看法。 　　本研究根據研究發現，提出以下建議： 　　一、建議晚婚女性應積極參與活動，培養個人興趣，充實自我， 　　　　使生活有所變化，並拓展人際關係，增加認識異性的機會。 　　二、及早釐清自我的想法，積極規劃人生的道路，擇偶條件應以 　　　　務實的角度，適度調整自我的標準。 　　三、應建立正確的性別角色觀念，跳脫傳統加諸於女性的要求， 　　　　正視現代女性所扮演的多重角色。 　　四、建議社會應傳達正確的婚姻教育，重新確立婚姻的意義與功 　　　　能，以正向思考面對婚姻中值得學習之處。 / Marriage has since ever been an important traditional custom and a major life event in Chinese culture. However, with social transformation in recent years, life style and sense of value have been dramatically altered. Late marriage or non marriage becomes another option for life planning, causing rapid growth in late-married or non-married population as well as low birth rate and aging society in demographics. It also derives political, economic, social and manpower problems to different extents, which is closely related with national development. Therefore, the issue is worth researching and this study is to discuss current status of late-married females and to learn underlying factors in late marriage from their preference in spouse selection and cognition or perspective on marriage attitude. Suggestions are also proposed for reference of related personnel. In-depth interview of qualitative research is adopted in this study. Research subjects are 10 in total. All of them are females above 30 years old, have never been married by law definition and live in Taipei City, New Taipei City or Taoyuan County. After interview data are analyzed, findings discovered are summarized as follows: 1.It is commonly regarded that late marriage is the trend of modern society. Facing the choice between advanced studies, career development and marriage life, females place marriage to the last. 2.Life and friends are limited. Passing ideal marriage age is currently the major predicament in spouse selection. 3.The priority of spouse selection is personal criteria, including appearance, physical features and characteristics, followed by capabilities and emotional orientation. 4.In marriage cognition, marriage is considered a necessary path in life. In marriage experience, there are two sheerly different attitudes – positive and negative views both appear. In inclination to marriage, it is prone to stepping into marriage. On the other hand, late-married females whose parents are divorced have negative perspectives on every attitude towards marriage . Suggestions based on findings discovered are proposed in the following: 1.It is advised that late-married females should avidly participate in activities, develop interests and fulfil selves to make changes in life as well as expand personal relationship to increase chance of meeting male counterparts. 2.Clarify self ideas at an earlier date and constructively plan life paths. Criteria for spouse selection should be based on a practical perspective and personal standard should be appropriately adjusted.　 3.Concept of gender role should be correctly established. Multiple roles played by modern females should be respected with traditional requirement imposed on women lifted. 4.It is advised that the society should convey proper marriage education and reassure the value and function of marriage to have a positive view on what is worth learning in marriage.

「男大當婚，女大當嫁」的傳統婚姻規範漸漸凋零，從過去普遍成婚的形態轉變為遲婚、甚至不婚。1970年代以降，隨著教育機會的開放與普及，女性的教育程度持續地上升，衝擊「男主外，女主內」的性別角色分工形式，越來越多女性在職場上嶄露頭角，晚婚漸漸成為普遍的現象。 　　 　　面對1970年代以降，教育急速地擴張，婚姻的時程是否有了重大的改變？不同的教育歷程是否影響其結婚的可能性？為了瞭解這些提問，本研究扣緊年齡之社會規範壓力，欲探求女性不同教育程度之初婚時程，並探討各初婚年齡模式，研究選用Hernes提出之初婚年齡函數，運用人力資源調查之資料推估出各教育程度之分配形式，以描繪教育擴張對婚姻時程帶來的影響。 　　研究結果發現，第一，女性單身的比例越來越高，尤以高教育程度增加幅度最大，初婚年齡也隨世代推移越來越高；第二， 1950-1970世代女性初婚平均年齡逐漸增長外，變異也更大；第三，女性高等教育遲婚影響到整體初婚年齡的上昇，即使其他教育別初婚年齡有下降的趨勢，仍難以阻擋平均初婚年齡上的趨勢；第四，女性國中以下教育程度早婚的趨勢越來越明顯；第五，各教育程度之模式分配形狀越趨類似，到了後期僅有時間遞延的差異；第六，女性人口完成結婚年齡有三個不同趨勢的發展，高教育組（專科及大學）有晚婚的現象，完成結婚年齡越來越高，而高中、職則呈現持平的現象，國中教育程度有早婚的現象。

本研究目的在瞭解現今台灣社會所呈現的晚婚現象，並希望瞭解形成兩性晚婚的可能因素為何。另外，晚婚者在面對單身生活時個人所表現出來的態度、感受、對單身生活的認同感、生活壓力等因素類目，亦是希望能進一步認識與瞭解的部分。 本研究的調查方式，是利用研究者自編的『單身者婚姻態度調查問卷』，首先篩選男女填答者的年齡，需符合晚婚條件者，方可作答。其次，再透過滾雪球的抽樣方式，以人工和電腦兩種方式的發放問卷，蒐集相關資料，共計回收385份樣本，男性110份，佔28.6％；女性275份，佔71.4％。經統計分析後，所得發現如下： 一、性別：在我國傳統價值觀念的束縛下，女性仍較男性容易感受到婚姻的壓力。在現今社會，雖然兩性皆能在工作職場中發揮，有所成就，可是女性仍可以感受到單身所帶給自己的壓力，男性在這方面的壓力則較輕。 二、年齡：隨著年歲的增長，會影響個人如何看待「單身」與「結婚」兩者之，。在不同的年齡層之間，亦會產生差異。多半在適婚年齡之際的晚婚者，可能會因父母親友的殷殷關注，而感受到婚姻的壓力，而一旦年齡較長、知道自己的需求後，則能以正向坦然的方式來看待自己的單身生活。 三、教育程度：接受較高教育程度的晚婚者，對於單身的生活適應狀況較好，並且能在其中得到相當的樂趣。 四、職業：在就業類別項目上，由於公、教人員工作固定，收入穩定的情況下，對生活不至於感到匱乏，而較能享受單身的樂趣。 五、經濟收入：金錢持有的多寡，影響著單身的個人其生活消費的能力。經濟收入高的晚婚者，在金錢豐厚的條件下，可供自己花用與支出的比例提高，間接對單身生活的認同度亦較經濟收入低的晚婚者來得高。 六、居住方式：獨居的晚婚者，由於擁有自己私人的空間，可以善加地規劃個人的生活，避免他人的干擾，達到學習成長的目的，因此，對單身生活的認同度亦較高。反之，與他人共同居住的晚婚者，可能除了個人之外，尚須面對他人的關心與干涉，自處空間狹小，會感受到較大的壓力。 七、家中排行：家中排行對於晚婚的影響已較過去沒落許多。傳統香火傳承的觀念雖然仍舊存在，可是已不完全為長子/女的責任，個人對婚姻都有其自我的主張，已經很少為了該理由而進入婚姻之中的。 而根據上述結論，對研究建議如下： 一、給晚婚者的建議：充實自我、開拓視野。除了可以豐富自己的人脈關係之外，也可以避免陷入自怨自艾的孤單情緒當中，單身可以是一個階段、一種狀況，以樂觀開朗的態度面對自己的單身生涯，會使自己能在生活中有更多的收穫。 二、給父母的建議：避免過渡關心引發的親子衝突，接納與瞭解子女的想法是最好的良方。站在父母的立場，要他們放手不管，實屬困難。但過渡的嘮叨會使子女感受到壓力，形成困擾。因此，適時的溝通，瞭解雙方的想法，才有助於進一步的接納。 三、給學校的建議：健全教育體制的發展，培養正確的性教育知識與態度。讓兩性在求學時期就能夠互相瞭解如何與對方相處、溝通，建設雙方交流的空間與管道，而避免一味的管制與反彈。 四、給工作單位的建議：適時舉辦兩性交流的活動，除了有助於男女雙方的互動外，亦可促成工作上的和諧與互助。 而根據本研究結果，給未來的研究者建議如下： 一、 擴大研究取樣的範圍。擴充地域、教育程度、職業、收入等樣本蒐集上的豐富性，避免侷限於某一族群當中，可以對晚婚者有更加完全而充分的認識。 二、 增加研究資料內容的深度。除了利用問卷調查，可以廣博地瞭解晚婚者的想法，但若佐以質性的深度訪談，則可以增加深度上的認識，透過開放性的問題，才能更瞭解晚婚者的內心世界與真實想法。 三、 兩性樣本的均衡。過去，單身的研究多集中於女性，本研究雖加入男性的調查，然因年齡上的設限，樣本資料仍較女性少，因此，未來若有機會，可將樣本集中於男性，瞭解現今男性對婚姻所抱持的看法為何。

近年，臺灣社會晚婚人口急速攀升，導致單身人口增加，進而造成了生育少子化、人口高齡化等人口結構面的影響外，在其他政治、經濟、社會、勞動力等各方面，也衍生不同程度的問題，晚婚現象不只是男女兩性的問題。因此，此課題值得深究。本研究旨在探究晚婚、未婚及單身等現象是否亦反映在收入穩定的女性公務員上，期望藉由窺探晚婚女性公務員婚姻觀及擇偶偏好之樣貌，企圖瞭解真正形成晚婚的深層因素，並提供許多晚婚女性公務員，做為對自我認識之參考。 本研究採質性研究之深度訪談法。研究對象總數共計10人，均為30歲(含)以上迄今仍未曾有過法律婚約關係及婚姻經驗、且現仍服務於政府各機關之女性公務員。經分析訪談資料後，所得研究發現綜述如下： 一、對婚姻的必要性多抱持正面看法，普遍認為晚婚是一種趨勢，表示35歲以 後才算晚婚，並抱持著隨緣等待的消極態度。而30歲代表著步入人生另一 個階段，對未來的不確定感也會因此加深。 二、期望中的理想婚姻樣貌係夫妻共組小家庭、經濟無虞，彼此是對等、分享 的關係。在家務分擔上各自負責擅長部分，並能視實際工作狀況相互協 調。 三、生活圈狹隘及已逾適婚年齡為目前最主要遭遇的擇偶困境。此外，對性有 高度自主性，普遍能接受與男友有婚前性行為。 四、交往經驗中對方家人的態度及預期婚後與公婆相處的壓力，都是主要考量 是否進ㄧ步交往或步入婚姻的要素。 五、晚婚女性公務員在選擇其婚配對象時，最看重心靈層面的情感條件，在意 雙方的溝通狀況及親密感。 本研究根據研究發現，提出以下建議： 一、建議晚婚女性公務員應積極參與活動，培養個人興趣，拓展生活及增廣自 身見聞，主動發展話題。並應建立正向信念，親友經驗做為參考之用。 二、釐清自我需求，設定適合、務實的擇偶條件，及早規劃人生道路、積極拓 展人際。 三、應建立正確的婚姻教育及觀念，重新確立婚姻的意義及重要性，培養獨立 自主的生活能力及擔當精神。 四、建議機關單位可多舉辦跨機關、跨科室之聯誼活動，提供多元交友管道， 拓展認識異性之機會。 / In recent years, the number of people getting married late in Taiwan has been rising rapidly. It leads to the increases of single people, which results in further demographic structure changes such as fewer newborns and aging populations. It also causes different problems in other social aspects such as politics, economy, society and labor force. The phenomenon of people getting married late isn’t just a gender problem. Therefore, this subject is worthy of inquiry. This study is about investigating if the phenomenon of people getting married late and single makes an impact on the female civil servants, who have steady incomes. In this study, I try to understand the profound reasons that cause female civil servants to get married late by observing their marital values and mate-selection preferences. This study will serve as a reference to them that might help them to understand themselves better. This study is conducted in a qualitative research methodology through in-depth interviews with 10 female civil servants, who are over 30-year-old and never have marriage relationships. After analyzing their interview data, this study finds as blew: 1. They all feel positive about the necessity of marriage. However, they also think that it’s a trend to get married late, which is over 35-year-old. And they keep passive attitudes toward marriage. Being 30-year-old means step into another stage of life to them, and it will deepen the feeling of uncertainty for the future. 2. The ideal marriage is a nuclear family. The couple are financially free, and having an equal and sharing relationship. They share household chores which coordinate with their works. 3. Narrowness of life circle and being over marriageable age are the main obstacles for them to find partners. In addition, they value sexual autonomy and premarital sex is acceptable to most of them. 4. The attitude of their partner’s family members and the foreseeable pressure of getting along with their parents-in-law after getting married are the main considerations whether they should have a relationship or get married. 5. When it comes to mate-selection, the emotional aspect is the most important condition for those female civil servants who get married late. They care about how they communicate with their mates and the close feeling between them. Based on this study, I made several recommendations as below: 1. For female civil servants who get married late, I suggest that they should be more positive in activities, expand their life and experiences and find conversation topics actively. Establish positive faith and learn from the experiences of relatives and friends. 2. Define their own needs and pragmatic conditions for their future partners.Make a plan for life earlier and expand interpersonal relationships actively. 3. Establish correct ideas about marriage. Re-establish the meaning and importance of marriage. And cultivate an independent life ability and responsible attitude. 4. I recommend the government agencies to hold more gatherings cross organizations and offices. They will provide civil servants multi-dimensional channels to make friends and expand opportunities to know friends of opposite sex.

晚婚人口的增加，影響所及最顯著的就是生育率的降低。所以晚婚現象不單單只是男女兩性的問題，也衍生出人口結構面及政府社會福利與相關政策制定等的問題。而晚婚現象也充斥著各行各業，以國內金融業為例，金融業的員工往往以女性為大宗，而在男性寥寥可數的工作環境下，容易造成金融業女性想要內銷不易；再加上工作時間過長、工作壓力大，不容易自然認識到異性，若又不積極向外打開社交圈，單身的狀態更是難以突破，因此為一項值得深究的課題。 本研究採取質化研究的半結構式訪談法，訪問了12名已達30歲（含）以上而尚處於未婚狀態的女性金融從業人員，旨在探究晚婚女性金融人員的擇偶條件與婚姻態度，企圖統整出影響她們晚婚的因素。經分析訪談資料後，所得研究重要發現如下述： 一、結婚之必要性鬆動。婚姻是一種緣分，而結婚最重要的前提就是是否能尋得一位「值得託付終身的對象」，如果結婚沒有單身好，那麼就更沒有結婚的必要了！ 反而認為女孩子經濟獨立比較重要。 二、不一定只有結婚才算是盡子女的責任，不婚有時反而有更多的時間可以陪伴家人，進而孝順自己的父母親，為自己的原生家庭盡一份力量，讓父母們能夠放寬心，也是另一種盡子女的責任，而且長輩也不希望子女是為了結婚而結婚。 三、結婚也不一定要生小孩。生不生小孩應該是要在夫妻雙方都有穩定的經濟基礎及規劃下，再來慎重考慮之後做決定，此也正可呼應為何現在我國的生育率如此低落。 四、不婚不等於晚年會孤獨。人本來就是孤獨的，有時候結婚有伴也不見得就比較不孤獨，況且可以排解孤獨的方式也有很多種，每個人都會變老，最重要的應該是要培養出自己的興趣。 五、工作環境、壓力多多少少對晚婚都有點影響。尤其是現今金融業面對國際化以及同行競爭，處在此種競爭激烈的工作環境下，工作壓力大、工時長，往往下班時就已經疲累到不行，假日時間可能又必須得準備證照考試來努力充實自己，有時忙到可能都沒有時間找對象，或者好好去經營一段感情，也會擔心有了家庭小孩後，該如何在工作跟家庭間做一個權衡。 六、而這些晚婚女性金融人員仍未結婚最主要的原因還是尚未找到一位「值得託付終身的對象」，在未找到合適的人之前，採取不要勉強自己，寧缺勿濫的態度。而且年紀越大，經歷過的事情越多，越能夠瞭解婚姻的現實面，對於結婚也就越沒有了衝動。 本研究並根據研究發現，提出以下建議： 一、如果有結婚的意願及打算，就應該要積極準備，拓展人際關係，不要為自己設限，能夠多元交友，不要再只是消極的隨緣等候緣分的到來。 二、釐清自己真正的需求，設定務實、適合自己的擇偶條件，而非執著於某些三高等的外在條件。 三、建議相關單位可多舉辦聯誼活動，提供多元交友管道，拓展認識異性之機會。 / The number of people getting married late has been increasing, and the most significant impact is the reduction in fertility. The phenomenon of people getting married late isn’t just a gender problem, but also causes different problems in demographic structure and government social welfare policy. And the phenomenon of late marriage filled various walks of life, for example in the domestic financial industry many of its employees are women but few men. Its long working hours and pressure cause women more difficult to find their ideal person. Therefore, this subject is worthy of inquiry. This study uses the qualitative methodology of semi structured interviews, to interview twelve female financial people who are over 30-year-old and unmarried. In this study I try to integrate the reasons that cause female financial people to get married late by observing their mate-selection preferences and marital values. After analyzing their interview data, the results of the research show the following key points: 1.The most important prerequisite to get married is to find an ideal person. If getting married is not better than single, then the marriage is no more necessary! 2.Marriage is not only being regarded as filial piety anymore. Unmarried people can have more time to accompany with their family and their elders hope their children do not marry just to marry. 3.Getting married doesn’t have to have children. A decision to having children should be at a stable economic base and after careful consideration. This is also why our fertility rate is so low. 4.Not married doesn’t mean you will be lonely when you are old. Everyone will get older, the most important thing is you should cultivate your own interests. 5.Working environment and pressure have little influence on the late marriage. Especially the financial sector now faces the international competition. Such a competitive environment, work pressure, and long working hours make them not have time to find their ideal person or to manage a relationship. 6.And the main reason that female financial people getting married late is not found an ideal person and they don’t want to force themselves. This study also offers the following suggestions: 1.Make a plan for life earlier and expand interpersonal relationships actively. Don’t set limits for yourself and keep passive attitudes toward marriage. 2.Define their own needs and pragmatic conditions for their future partners. 3.I recommend the coherent units to hold more gatherings cross organizations. Provide civil servants multi-dimensional channels to make friends and expand opportunities to know friends of opposite sex.

本研究欲以存活分析方式了解女性在結束最高學歷後，逐年進入初婚的可能性。台灣女性的初婚狀況在1980年後，逐漸由普遍成婚轉為遲婚、甚至不婚，尤其以高等教育女性的晚婚現象最為嚴重。一般來說，年輕的在學女性由於尚未具備獨立成家的經濟能力，進入初婚的比例相當的低。因此要等到結束最高學歷後才會進入初婚市場、考慮進入初婚。然而女性的初婚可能性會受到年齡帶來的社會規範與壓力影響，年齡越長，潛在的結婚對象也就越少，進入初婚的可能性越低。本研究想了解因為就學延後結束最高學歷年齡，而延遲進入初婚市場年齡的女性，她們的初婚可能性會有什麼變化？初婚可能性的年齡模式又是如何？透過存活分析，本研究結果發現：一、初婚可能性的分布形狀主要受到年齡影響，不同教育程度的分布形狀沒有明顯差異。二、進入初婚的年齡受到結束最高學歷時的年齡影響，結束最高學歷的年齡越晚，越晚進入初婚。三、受高等教育的女性在剛結束最高學歷教育後三年間進入婚姻的可能性，較未受高等教育的女性高。四、不論何種教育程度，初婚可能性將於30歲左右一致地下降，顯示女性進入初婚的可能性仍受到適婚年齡的限制。五、越晚近出生的女性，初婚可能性越低。最晚近出生的女性，初婚可能性不論教育程度呈現普遍皆低的狀態。 / This study foucuses on the women who were born in 1960-1980 in Taiwan and demonstrates the probability of these women's first marriage after finishing their highest educational degrees. In Taiwan, after 1980, women's marital status gradually changes from general married become delayed, or even not married. The marital situations of women who have higher education are in particular serious. Because young women in the school do not have independent economic ability, they do not consider entering first marriage untill they have completed highest educational degrees. However, due to the age norm and social pressure, women's probability of entering into first marriage will decline when they grow older. This study intends to figure out what the probabilitiy of women's first marriage is when they delay the timing of entering into the marriage market due to prolonging the years of education. Through survival analysis, this study found that: First, women's age determines the main shape of the probability distribution of the age at first marriage no matter what educational degrees they have. Second, women's age at first marriage is mainly affected by the age of her finishing highest education. Third, the probability of first marriage of the women who have higher educational degrees is higher than the others in the first five years after finishing education. Fourth, no matter what level of educational degrees, the hazard rate of entering into first marriage will decline rapidly after 30-year-old. Fifth, the more recent birth cohort is the lower the probability of first marriage no mater what educational degrees they have.