二十一世紀是知識經濟的時代，知識與創新是全球企業核心競爭力的關鍵。有鑑於知識內容產業在於數位經濟時代發展之重要性，行政院經濟部宣布將2002年訂為「數位元年」，並提出「新世紀兩兆雙星產業發展計畫」，其中，「數位內容產業」不但被選為新世紀全力發展的明星產業，其預期產值於2006年將達到3,700億新台幣。我國政府正積極推動數位內容產業的發展，但在資源與經費有限的情況下，目前選擇以「電腦動畫」及「線上遊戲」為我國的重點推動產業。在消費者日益重視視覺享受的今天，如果要發展內容產業，動畫產業的發展勢必成為關鍵之一。本研究即針對數位內容產業的「電腦動畫」作個案研究分析。 由於我國動畫產業之業務以往多為代工模式，缺乏內容授權、智財保護與行銷等相關知識經驗。故儘速發展我國動畫產業之智慧財產管理與授權業務，實乃當務之急。 有鑑於新興產業環境尚未成熟，因此本研究採取個案深入訪談法，個案對象之選取，乃從國內動畫產業中各選取具有代表性與業界口碑良好之廠商共三家。本研究針對「電腦動畫」廠商所涉及之智慧財產管理與授權管理，做一體系性的介紹並探討廠商目前之做法，同時探討動畫製作流程中可能會遇到之相關智慧財產問題。其研究建議茲分述如下： 一、國內動畫廠商應加強智慧財產觀念，妥善處理智慧財產問題，避免產生不必要之糾紛。 二、國內動畫廠商應建立動畫與其衍生商品之授權策略。 三、國內動畫廠商須依照自身能力、已有資源、關係與定位來選擇最合適的發展模式。 四、政府應檢討現行數位內容法案對於動畫廠商之實際效益，並參酌各國政府建立產業環境與機制之做法，衡量台灣目前之狀況，選擇合適之做法。 / The 21st century is the era of knowledge economy. Knowledge and innovation are crucial for global companies in order to enhance their core competency. Because of the importance of knowledge content industry in this digital economy age, the Taiwan government has announced the year 2002 “the First Digital Year,” and has formulated its "Two Trillion and Twin Star Industries Development Plan”. This plan indicated that the digital content industry is a promising area of which the expected production value will reach NT$ 370 billions in 2006. Right now our government are promoting digital content industry positively, but due to limited resource and money, choose ”3D animation” and “on-line game” as our country’s key industry. Nowadays, consumers pay more attention to enjoyment of vision, if we want to develop content industry; the develop of animation industry is the key point. Therefore, this study explores the current situation of animation companies in Taiwan. Because of the lack of content license, intellectual property protection, marketing, and other related knowledge and experiences, it’s the most important thing to expand intellectual property management and license of animation companies in Taiwan. As a result of the environment of oncoming industry has not matured as yet, this study uses ”in-depth interviews” of case study, selecting three representative and well-known companies from animation industry in Taiwan. This study explores the current situation of intellectual property management and license of animation companies in Taiwan, furthermore, searches for the related intellectual property problems in the course of animation creation. Major suggestions are stated as follows: 1.Animation companies in Taiwan should strengthen intellectual property concepts, and handle the related intellectual property problems properly, to avoid unnecessary conflicts. 2. Animation companies in Taiwan should establish licensing strategy of animated cartoon and derivative products. 3. Animation companies in Taiwan should select a suitable develop model according to their own capability, resources, relationship and position. 4.The government should review the actual benefit of current digital content law and deliberate about other countries’ methods of establish industry environment; Consider current situation of Taiwan and select a suitable method.

生技新藥產業是指使用於人類及動植物用之新藥及高風險醫療器材之產業。而生技新藥產業與醫藥產業，在目的上均與人類及動植物用藥或醫療儀器相關；差異之處在於目前的生技醫藥產業相較於20餘年前的醫藥產業，多了生物技術的應用，產業結構由大型藥廠垂直整合演變為非營利組織、生物技術公司、大型藥廠分工的形態。總結來說，生物技術是生技新藥產業的重要組成要素，而生物技術的興起，則改變了過去醫藥產業產品與技術的組成，也改變了產業結構。 生物技術產業或醫藥產業是全球各國競相發展的產業類別，我國亦不例外；其中，美國無論於生物技術或醫藥產業的發展，均居於全球領先的地位，其成功必然有可以提供我們討論或學習之處。而在知識價值鏈的體系中，美國大學更扮演著提供創新以及產學合作的重要角色，對於全球生技新藥產業的進步有重要的貢獻。從而本研究以美國為標的，研究產業的發展歷程，並進一步以產業之觀點，探討大學產學合作的模式以及智慧財產管理，希望能供我國大學與產業實務發展的參考。 從美國生物技術與醫藥產業發展的歷史與經驗，本研究歸納出生物技術產業興起的因素，與1980年代發生的基礎科學上的突破性發展、拜杜法案的通過、專利法將生物技術的發明納入保護範圍，三項因素有關。另外，由大學所提供的創新，透過密切的產學合作、授權與技術移轉、企業間的策略聯盟等方式，於知識的價值鏈中流動並增加價值，而大學提供創新的人才，往往也是創業者和重要的經營者。 本研究認為，美國大學對生物技術發展具有重要性的貢獻，其中，大學內部創業與大學智慧財產的管理特別值得討論。在大學內部創業方面，美國大學不但鼓勵創業，並制定股權政策，允許新創公司以股權取代部分的授權報酬，給予新創公司實際的協助。透過限制大學持股比例與禁止大學擔任董事或參與董事投票活動之原則，則可兼顧大學避免利益衝突與公司專業經營的需求。 在大學智慧財產管理的部份，本研究認為加州大學系統的智慧財產管理方式，採用網路式的授權與技術移轉組織，將各校區共同的需求如政策、法務、資訊技術與通訊等活動統籌處理，而將需與發明人和企業密切交流的活動如授權與技術移轉的活動交由各校區的授權與技術移轉中心負責。透過此種統籌與分工管理的方式，能夠兼顧減少營運成本與增加授權效率的功能。 經由本研究節果，建議我國的大學可採用網路式的授權與技術移轉組織之概念，除各校之授權與技轉中心外，聯合設一統籌政策、法務、智慧財產資料庫之管理機構，並對大學持有公司股份、鼓勵創業、避免利益迴避等議題制定一致的政策，方能有效利用資源並發揮大學創新的價值。 / Biotech and new drug development industry are targeted toward the development of drugs for human, animal, or plant use. This also includes the high-risk industry in medical devices. Although the pharmaceutical industry shares common objectives, the biotech and new drug industry emphasizes on applications in biotechnology and its industrial structure is composed by non-profit organizations and biotech dedicated firms. While biotechnology forms the basis to the biotech and new drug industry, the improvement of biotechnology also changed the interaction between the pharmaceutical products and technologies as well as its industrial structure. Biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry have received considerable attention around the world, including Taiwan. Since U.S. has been the leading country in the development of biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, we can surely learn from its success. In particular, universities in the U.S. have played a crucial role in providing innovation and promoting university-industry cooperation and resulted in significant contributions to the progress of global biotech and new drug industry. Thus, this study will investigate the development of the industry within the U.S. by dissecting the various university-industry cooperation models and the management of intellectual property rights. Results from this study will hopefully shed some light on bridging our university with industry for further practice operation. By examining the U.S. biotech and pharmaceutical industry, this study has concluded that breakthroughs in fundamental, the passage of Bayh-Dole Act, and the inclusion of biotechnology into patent law science in 1980s are responsible for the rise of biotechnology industry. In addition, active university-industry cooperation along with licensing, technology transfer, strategic alliance among enterprises and information flowing in the knowledge value chain added the value of the innovation provided by universities. In many cases, the university has not only provided innovation, but also a source for future leaders that would take on role of the founders or head of project management. The U.S. universities have made significant contributions to the development of biotechnology by establishing entrepreneurship programs, intellectual property rights management, and often providing substantial assistance in business start-up. One type of assistance is rendered through regulating policies on equity that allows start-up companies to provide equity in place of part of license fee. In order to avoid a “conflict of interest”, universities should be limited of their possession of industry equity, which can prevents them from taking part in the company as the board director or members. In terms of the management of intellectual property rights, the measures of management of the University of California system can help diminish operation cost and enhance licensing efficiency. University of California system resorts to Technology transfer in a distributed institutional network that feed the common needs from each campus such as patent policies, general counsel, and information technology and communications. A licensing and technology transfer center (OTT) on each campus will follow a system wide license and technology transfer process between the inventor and the enterprise. In conclusion, it is recommended that our university could adopt the concept of network licensing and technology transfer. Through an overall arrangement, a management institute can be established to regulate the planning of policies, provide general counseling, and build a database of intellectual property rights aside from the existing licensing and technology center of each university. In the best interest of the developing biotech and new drug industry, universities should initiate policies with regard to equity holding limitation, encouragement of start-up business, and the avoidance in the “conflict of interest” so the industry may effectively utilize university resources and demonstrate its innovative values.

90年代歐美國家，對於人口增加、土地面積驟減、過量電子產品等所帶來的環境問題日益重視。歐洲最早發起「延伸生產者責任制」，透過制訂法律與政策提升資源再生利用的效率。並且陸續頒佈WEEE廢電機電子指令、RoHS有害物質限用指令、REACH化學品限制、ELV廢車輛指令等，透過污染控制、回收利用、減廢、污染預防、清潔生產等步驟，朝零污染方向進行，顯示資源再生的重要性。 資源再生產業在台灣為新興產業，規模以中小企業形式居多，雖然經營回收事業容易，但要經營技術層次較高的再生事業則需獲得政府許可證使得成為再生機構。近年來資源再生廠商利用廢棄物資源再生的技術，提煉出黃金、白銀、鉑等貴金屬，隨著全球原物料價格高漲，其所生產的二次原材料行情提升整體產值，預估到2010年總產值為580億台幣。 智慧資本目前普遍被認為是企業能形成競爭優勢的無形資產總和，即企業能用來作為開創財富的知識、資訊、智慧財產、經驗等。找出適合企業的智慧資本項目，讓企業投入在重要項目而獲取價值成為企業的重要課題。本文主要研究資源再生產業智慧資本經營方式，探討一般經營策略與智慧財產管理，對智慧資本運用與累積的影響。總結文獻探討與個案訪談分析的結果，根據研究問題，主要研究發現如下： 一、 資源再生產業為一特許經營行業，其經營需獲得政府所頒發之許可同意，同時易受上游產業廢棄物種類以及全球環保再生法規的影響。 二、 智慧財產需要透過企業策略與功能性活動執行才能提升成為智慧資本。 三、 策略目標不同將會影響智慧資本各構面投入的重要性判斷。 四、 智慧資本經營必須搭配策略與智慧財產管理制度才能達到創造、保護、管理、運用之功效。 五、 資源再生產業的智慧資本經營必須考量各國差異產生在地化的經營型態。 / Since the 1990s, the United States and the European Union (‘’EU’’) have become aware of the crucial environmental problems stemming from overpopulation, reducing residential areas, and growing quantities of end-of-life electronics. To protect the environment and diminish the impacts of household consumption and production, the EU took initiatives to devise environment policies and came up with the idea of Extended Producer Responsibility(‘’EPR’’), a strategy designed to promote the integration of environmental costs associated with products throughout their life cycles into the market price of the products. This concept is inspiring in the waste management, and urging industries to think over recycling process and use recyclable materials to produce products. Moreover, there are four important directives and policies in effect in the Europe, such as Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (‘’WEEE’’), Restriction of Hazardous Substance Directive (‘’RoHS’’), End-of Life Vehicles Directive (‘’ELV’’), Registration, and Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (‘’REACH’’). Those legislations and standards are intended to encourage companies to voluntarily adopt environmental management systems or procedures to minimize waste and emissions and to meet the goal of zero pollution. Recycling industry in Taiwan is an emerging industry and many of them are small and medium enterprises. To operate recycling business, companies have to acquire the certificate of waste management from the Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan. Recently, some recycling companies make it technologically possible for kinds of wastes or unwanted products to be recycled. They have developed technologies to recover from waste to precious metals like palladium, platinum, gold, or silver. Those precious metals are valuable secondary raw materials and will contribute good revenues to recycling market. Therefore, the value of recycling market in Taiwan is estimated to rise to NT$5.8 billion by 2010. Intellectual capital is widely considered as a firm’s intangible assets and is often a major determinant of the companies’ profits. It plays a crucial role in business management and needs to be analyzed in a systematic way to find out the appropriate components. This research focuses on how the companies in recycling industry manage their intellectual capitals, and how the generic strategies and the intellectual property management influence the way of creating and accumulating the intellectual capitals. The important findings of this research are as follows (extraction): 1. Recycling industry is a kind of franchising business and needs to acquire the government’s agreement to operate. The development of this industry is highly influenced by the kinds of wastes of the upstream industries and the global environment legislation. 2. Intellectual assets will be converted into valuable intellectual capital by the implementation of business strategy and functional activities. 3. Different goals of strategy bring about different priorities for the resources input of intellectual capitals. 4. To achieve the goal of value creation, protection, management, and execution, the intellectual capital management needs to combine with strategy management and the intellectual property management. 5. The intellectual capital management in recycling industry must include the consideration of different local business environments of different countries.

有鑑於我國長期以來皆為技術引入國，為強調自主創新，產學合作受到了相當程度的重視，而生技製藥產業的價值鏈長、高風險、高研發成本、高知識內涵等特性，使得產學合作成為生技製藥產業中相當重要的機制。又由於上述的產業特性，使得生技製藥公司在產品上市前，所有的研發投入，皆以「無形資產」的形式，儲存在階段性的開發成果之中，因此，智慧財產的保護與管理，對生技製藥公司而言，確實有很高的重要性，智慧財產若經過妥善的經營與管理，能有效成為企業的競爭優勢來源。 本研究即以生技製藥產業之產學合作為前提，針對智財管理與企業策略因子，以產業方的觀點，探討「產學合作－智財管理－企業營運模式」三者之間的關連性，並從智財管理的四大內涵－「創造、保護、管理、運用」作為分析之構面，釐清重要議題與關鍵因素，以作為日後雙方架構合作與管理模式之依據，達到知己知彼，互信合作，創造雙贏的綜效。 本研究以個案訪談方式，訪談台灣微脂體、台灣東洋、世基生醫三間國內生技製藥公司，並根據訪談結果之分析與彙總比較，得到研究發現並提出建議如下： 1. 生技智財策略與其營運模式有關，受到獲利方式影響而採取不同的智財策略。 2. 生技產學合作成果，「權利歸屬」之模式多元化，與該成果距離商品化之成功率有關；此外，「先專利、後發表」的慣例已普遍採用，無保密與公開之衝突。 3. 智財專責部門的設立與人數配置，應隨企業的成長而增置，人才網羅應以生技背景之跨領域專業人才為主，且需經過商管課程之訓練，方能對產業發展與競爭脈動有所掌握。 4. 產學合作成果運用，與企業核心能力與互補性資產掌控度有關，國內廠商而言，「對外授權」仍然必要；運用訴訟的方式與否，與「智財策略」有關聯，並受成本因素之影響。 5. 產業方應主動積極參與產學合作，由於學界缺乏商品化之經驗，技轉辦公室現階段亦無法充份發揮功能，因此，由產業方積極參與產學合作，能以產業方敏銳的商業嗅覺協助學界補捉具有潛力的研究，發揮引導之功能，使前瞻研究能進入應用階段，而實際造福人群，同時帶動產業的活絡發展。 / Regarding that Taiwan is always in the position of “technology transfer licensee”, to emphasize the goal of innovation, academic-industrial collaboration has becoming an important issue. Especially with regards to the features of bio-pharmaceutical value chain, such as compartmentalization, high risk, high return, highly knowledge-based, the investment input is thus transformed into the form of “intangible assets”before the product actually launched. Therefore, the protection and management of intellectual property is critical to bio-pharmaceutical companies. If IP is properly managed and utilized, it could become a source of competitive advantage. This thesis is based on the study of bio-pharmaceutical academic-industrial collaborations, from an industrial perspective, focusing on IP management and strategy. Four components of IP management－development, protection, management, and exploitation, is set as major constructs of this thesis. The primary goal of this study is to find important issues and key factors toward a successful collaboration. This thesis studied three bio-pharmaceutical companies, Taiwan Liposome Company, TTY Biopharm, and Pharmigene. According to results of interviews and analytical comparison, this thesis concludes some findings and suggestions as follow: 1. The IP strategy of a bio-pharmaceutical company is related to its business model. Different profitable models should apply different IP strategies. 2. The way which academia and industry allocate the IP right and interest is diversed, according to the risk and commercialization successful rate of the collaboration. Also, “patent goes first, publication goes after”is a common route. Therefore there is no collision between secrecy and openness. 3. The establishment and expansion of in-house IP department should go in accordance with the growing of company. It is necessary for an accountable one to be bio-tech educated and further received MBA training, in order to be competent to business competition and strategic planning. 4. The exploitation of collaboration is in relation to company’s core competence and complementary assets. For Taiwan bio-pharm companies, the“licensing out”model is necessary. With regards to litigation, the attitude toward litigation is related to its IP strategy and cost of litigation. 5. The industrial part in such collaboration should take an active attitude, because the academic part lacks commercialization experience. It would be helpful for industry to guide and help capturing valuable study in academia, therefore makes radical innovation an usful one.