本文大致分為兩部分，第一部分從羅蘭・巴特談論照片的專書《明室》開始，以刺點與知面的兩種觀看為基礎，討論在刺點的觀看裡觀看者的內部變化，引入德勒茲將身體視為流變的存在的觀點，將羅蘭・巴特視為偶發事件的刺點與德勒茲的「事件」概念接軌，說明刺點的觀看中的無意義，以及觀看者在觀看中的流變。第二是關於刺點中我們同時感受到的純粹感覺，這部分以德勒茲談論繪畫時說到的直接於身體上作用的感覺為基礎，以及在影像上製造感覺形象的方法。並以攝影師荒木經惟的作品和創作方式為例，說明攝影具有拍攝感覺的優越性。並以此歸類出一條與一般紀錄社會共識和知識的攝影不同的，拍攝感覺和無意義的攝影路線。 / This thesis is mainly divided into two portions: The first one begins with the discussion of La Chambre Claire by Roland Barthes, in which he bases the two ways of seeing upon punctum and studium. While elaborating on the inner becoming of the spectator in Barthes’ notion of punctum, I complicate this idea with Gilles Deleuze’s concept of becoming. Deleuze stresses on the body as the event of the being of becoming, which can be connected to Barthes’ punctum as a contingent event. The combination of Barthes and Deleuze helps explicate on the nonsense inherent in punctum and the process of becoming inside the spectator. The second is concerned with the pure sensation integral to punctum. I appropriate Deleuze’s insight on how art affects directly on the body to produce sensation in order to discuss how photography can create the Figure. And we through the illustrations of Araki Nobuyoshi’s photo images and his creative method. In conclusion, I propose that photography is the superior form in capturing sensation, and suggest that, photography has another function, which different from the function of documenting social consensus and knowledge, it does function to capture sensations and nonsense.

組織為追求利益極大化，將員工視為生產的機器，組織內成員不過是其中的一顆螺絲釘而已，使得人與人或人與組織產生無力感、無規範感、無意義感等負面的情緒，形成組織異化(Alienation)的病態現象，在這樣的情形下，組織中的成員認為自己只是組織中的小螺絲釘，渺小而無用處，對工作、組織失去認同，員工不再精進自我的專業知識，也不遵守專業的倫理規範，提升員工專業化變成一件相當困難的事，進而影響組織的效能與運作。本研究將以中華電信桃園營運處為研究對象，探討異化與專業化的意義和各種理論、異化和專業化所包含各面向的內涵，分析組織異化和人員專業化(Professionalization)間的關連性，並根據研究結果，提供組織管理階層在人員管理上之參考。 實證研究的結果顯示，組織異化與員工專業化之間有關聯性存在。組織異化各面向與員工專業化各面向呈現負相關，亦即組織異化的程度越高，其員工專業化的程度越低。基於上述實證研究發現，本研究提出組織應實施績效管理、破除玻璃天花板效應(Glass Ceiling Effect)及建立組織學習文化等實務上之建議。

過去累積許多關於自閉症類兒童模仿的研究；其中，Lyons等人（2011）提出自動化因果編錄（ACE）是相當重要的理論。ACE認為自閉症類兒童之所以重演缺乏目標的動作，是因為部件相連作業呈現的外觀連續性，令自閉症類兒童較易將缺乏目標的動作視為導致目標動作前的必要動作。於是本研究的目的在於驗證自閉症類兒童的動作重演表現是否符合自動化因果編錄理論的預測：當部件分離時，自閉症類兒童無法推論缺乏目標的動作是否有出現的必要，於是動作重演將減少。本研究邀請24名自閉症類兒童，以及配對心理年齡30個月大的21名發展遲緩兒童與24名一般發展兒童，將部件相連與部件分離作業當作組內的操弄變項，並另外施測無意義物體動作作業，將帶有目標的有關動作、缺乏目標的無關動作與無意義物體動作三者當作依變項，比較三組兒童的動作重演表現。結果發現：一、自閉症類兒童在有關動作前重演的無關動作並沒有在部件分離作業中較少，此結果不支持ACE理論。二、自閉症類兒童能夠重演無關動作，不易重演無意義物體動作，或許是因為自閉症類兒童可以重演物體本身提供的動作屬性，然而抑制已形成的習慣有困難。三、自閉症類兒童重演有關動作與無意義物體動作的表現較另二組差，兩者正相關，而無關動作的重演表現與另二組無異，也許是因為無意義物體動作與有關動作的相似度較高，皆可被視為示範動作中的主要目標動作，而無關動作較屬於次要的動作；換句話說，或許自閉症類兒童的困難在於重演主要目標的動作，但是重演次要動作的困難則不明顯。整體而言，本研究對於早期自閉症類兒童的社會學習障礙提出可能的觀點。 / Research showed distinctive imitative pattern in children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs), and one of the possible explanations is automatic causal encoding (ACE; Lyons et al, 2011). In ACE’s view, connective parts of task facilitate ASDs to copy actions without goals, which are seen as necessary to occur before copying actions with goals. Present research is to examine ACE theory in ASDs: when parts of the task separate, ASDs cannot infer the necessity of actions with goals to copy, and behaviors copying reduce. 69 children at mental age 30 months (24 ASDs, 21 developmental delay, and 24 normal development) enrolled our experiment, which was composed of connective parts of task, separate parts of task, and meaningless object movement task, with related actions (related to goal), unrelated actions(unrelated to goal), and meaningless object movements served as dependent variables. Several findings arose. First, copying behaviors of unrelated actions prior to related actions did not decline in separate parts of task, which disapprove ACE theory. Second, irrelevant actions copying was unimpaired in ASDs, while meaningless object movements copying seemed difficult for ASDs, which may due to ASDs’ ability to copy object properties of actions, but inability to inhibit habituated routines. Third, ASDs copied related actions and meaningless object movements less than the other groups, and the two actions were positively correlated, while unrelated actions copying showed no difficulty. This demonstrates that related actions and meaningless object movements are both actions with primary goals, while unrelated actions are subordinate actions; namely, one possible difficulty for ASDs to copy is actions with primary goal, while copying subordinate actions seems unimpaired. In sum, present research provides perspectives on ASDs’ impairments with social learning.