傳統產業區位理論主要在探討人類活動對空間之影響，其所著重者乃為經濟面之分析觀點，相較於傳統產業區位理論，網絡發展理論更加著重產業發展非經濟因素之探討以及網絡體系在空間結構中之建構與快速交流、互動，故近年來，產業網絡之研究受到台灣學術界的甚多重視，眾多研究指出，健全且緊密聯結的產業合作網絡，為台灣廠商國際競爭力的重要來源。而新竹科學工業園區與新竹工業區在政府政策的推動下，已引導出各自不同的產業群聚現象，並賦予其特有的任務與角色，尤其二工業（園）區距離僅約10公里，在空間上已具有鄰近性的特質，故本文主要是從廠商地理鄰近性的觀點，探討在新竹地域此一生產環境下，新竹科學工業園區與新竹工業區廠商之原料購買與產品銷售關係向外伸展的生產網絡，其地理空間結構分布情形，以及二者上下游廠商生產、研發合作網絡之連結關係，及其是否因地理鄰近性而產生影響。 　　本研究首先藉文獻回顧以瞭解產業生產網絡之特性與型態，以及地理集中現象對於產業群聚及廠商間的互動，具有之衝擊與影響；並針對新竹工業地域之發展情形、產業結構之轉變以及新竹科學工業園區、新竹工業區二大產業聚集地內各項重大產業之網絡連結情形作進一步之探討。再配合問卷調查方式，以得出二工業（園）區廠商生產、研發合作網絡之連結關係與區位選擇考量情形；最後運用二元羅吉特迴歸模式逐步篩選擷取出影響廠商選擇設廠於新竹科學工業園區及新竹工業區之重要變項，並進而分析論述地理鄰近性與生產、研發網絡二者之關係。 本研究實證分析結果如下：一、地理鄰近性與廠商區位之選擇有關；二、新竹科學工業園區呈現跨國界性的生產網絡關係，而新竹工業區則屬於跨區域性之生產網絡；三、新竹科學工業園區內廠商在上下游投入產出關係中是較為密切，這也正是其吸引六大產業廠商在此群聚之原因，同時促使產業群聚現象亦愈為顯著；四、地理空間的鄰近促使互動的限制隨著鄰近性的增加而減少，同時也增加了成員間溝通的速度，故在新竹工業地域產業群聚的環境下，地理的鄰近對新竹科學工業園區及新竹工業區廠商生產網絡之連結建立了更佳的平台；五、地理鄰近對工業(園)區廠商研發合作網絡之形構助益不大，而產業型態之不同，應是彼此合作網絡連結簿弱之主因。 最後建議政府在規劃整體工業(園)區環境時，尤應因應產業性質之不同，提供廠商資訊交流平台，以增進產業交流。同時應協助工業(園)區廠商建立垂直、水平或異業間研發合作網絡關係，俾使彼此互享生存資源並有效降低研發成本與風險，而新產品或技術創新之時間也得以縮短，相互合作進而提升產業競爭能力。此外，日後工業(園)區服務中心除了收取經費或場地租借外，亦應兼具訊息交流功能，並從生產鏈或價值鏈之觀點，尋覓適合之廠商進駐，以活化工業(園)區產業群聚效益，進而促進彼此生產或研發合作網絡連結關係。 / The industry location theory mainly discusses the impact of human activities on space from mainly the economic perspective. Compared with this conventional theory, the network development theory puts a stronger emphasis on the non-economic factors in industrial development and a network system’s construction, development, and interaction in a spatial structure. In recent years, much academic attention has been paid to the study of industrial networks in Taiwan. Many studies have pointed out that a firm and closely-linked network of industrial cooperation is the main source of international competitiveness for Taiwanese firms. Under the promotion of the government, industrial clusters have been created in Hsinchu Science Park and Hsinchu Industrial Park, with each cluster given a specific role and missions. As the two parks are only 10km away from each other, they can be said to have the characteristic of geographic proximity. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate, from the perspective of geographic proximity, the geographic structure of the production network developed under the demand for raw materials and sales of products among the firms in the two parks. Besides, it further probed into the linkage in production and R&D among upstream/downstream firms in the two parks as well as the impact of geographic proximity on inter-firm cooperation. 　　Literature review was first conducted to understand the features and patterns of production networks and the impact of geographic concentration on industrial clustering and firm interactions. Geographic development, transformation of structure of industries in Hsinchu and the networks formed by major industries in the two parks were further investigated. Through a questionnaire survey, the linkages in production and R&D among firms in the two parks and factors considered in their location choice were explored. Finally, variables affecting firms’ location choice were progressively extracted using the binary logit model. Based on these variables, the relationship between geographic proximity and production and R&D networks were further analyzed. From this empirical analysis, the following results were obtained: (1) Geographic proximity is correlated with location choice of firms. (2) The production networks in the Hsinchu Science Park are cross-national, while those in Hsinchu Industrial Park are more cross-regional. (3) Upstream/downstream firms in Hsinchu Science Park have a closer input-output relationship, which is the main reason why firms across six industries cluster in this park and industrial clustering is becoming more significant. (4) Proximity in geographic space reduces constraints on firm interactions and facilitates communications among members. Thus, in Hsinchu where industries cluster, geographic proximity provides a better platform for firms in the both parks to establish production networks. (5) The positive effect of geographic proximity on the buildup of an R&D network among firms in the two parks is limited. Difference in industry patterns is probably the main cause of the weakness of their cooperation linkages. Finally, the following suggestions were proposed: In the planning of an industrial park, the government should provide a firm information exchange platform according to properties of each industry to facilitate industry exchange. Besides, efforts should be made to assist firms in the park to establish horizontal, vertical or cross-industry R&D networks, so that these firms can share resources of survival and effectively reduce R&D cost and risks. Besides, through cooperation, their new product development or technical innovation time can be shortened and their competitiveness can be enhanced. In the future, in addition to collection of funds or administration of lands, the park service center should also provide information exchange services. From the perspective of production chain or value chain, it can proactively seek suitable firms to move into the park. Thus, the effect of industrial clustering can be increased, and production or R&D network linkages among firms can be further strengthened.

根據KPMG的研究顯示(2014)，生技製藥廠商間的合作是產業發展的趨勢，但合作的目的已經從原先的降低成本，發展到加速創新的產生。眾多國際製藥公司已經與外部夥伴進行合作，其中合作研發最能發揮合作夥伴間的效用，越緊密的合作越能使得合作網絡中多樣化的技術、能力結合，從而增強對於未被滿足醫療需求的理解。由此可見，跨國研發合作成為全球生技製藥廠商的企業策略。過去已有許多學者研究我國科技產業與國際廠商之研發合作，但甚少探究生技製藥廠商與國際生技製藥廠商間的研發合作。 本研究選定具有跨國研發合作豐富經驗的台灣生技製藥廠商為研究對象，探討其企業策略、核心能力及跨國研發動機如何影響跨國研發合作的管理。本研究從跨國研發合作影響因子以及跨國研發合作管理之內容兩個構面探討台灣生技製藥廠商與國際生技製藥廠商進行研發合作的互動關係。研究方法採取多重個案研究法，文獻探討部分包含生技製藥產業、企業策略與核心能力、國際研發合作、合作夥伴篩選因素、知識移轉與智財管理，研究者結合研究問題與文獻回顧導出觀念性研究架構，再依研究架構為主軸進行個案訪談與資料收集，實地深入訪談我國兩家生技製藥廠商，得出以下結論： 本研究發現，台灣生技製藥廠商與國際生技製藥廠商研進行發合作的動機一致，為降低及分散風險、分攤固定成本、技術與資源的互補與移轉、夥伴間營運策略的互補與相容性。篩選合作夥伴的主要考量也大致相同，包含資源及技術的互補、過往合作經驗、夥伴間營運策略的互補及相容性及財務能力。另外核心技術能力會影響台灣生技製藥廠商與合作夥伴合作起始的階段，研發合作起始階段的差異，更會影響知識移轉機制、以及合作方式的不同。另外，本研究也發現到，台灣生技製藥廠商在國際合作夥伴上的選擇會以不具直接競爭關係者為主，且與合作夥伴選擇以營業秘密的方式來保護技術知識。 / According to the research of KPMG in 2014, R&D collaboration between biopharmaceutical firms is the trend of biopharmaceutical industry. Under the circumstance of globalization, product life-cycles are gradually shortening. The purpose of R&D collaboration change from cost reduction to speeding up innovation. Therefore, multinational R&D collaboration has become a global business strategy for biopharmaceutical firms. Most of the past studies of multinational R&D collaboration focus on ICT industry in Taiwan. Few specially investigate biopharmaceutical industry. Consequently, a research gap can be found as multinational R&D collaborating between biopharmaceutical firms of Taiwan and biopharmaceutical firms of other countries. This research focus on the biopharmaceutical firms of Taiwan, explore how multinational R&D collaboration influence factors (business strategy, core competencies and the motivation of multinational R&D collaboration) affect multinational R&D collaboration management of firms. This research adopts two biopharmaceutical firms in Taiwan as case studies and conducts interviews with managers to understand multinational R&D collaboration influence factors and multinational R&D collaboration management. The conclusions of this research are as below: This research finds out that the motivations of multinational R&D collaboration of Taiwan firms are coincident, including cost reduction, diversification of risk, resources and technologies complementarity. The evaluations of partner selecting are also coincident, including resources and technologies complementarity, collaboration experience, operating strategy complementarity and financial capability. In addition, core competencies may affect the initiation stage of R&D collaboration and the initiation stage of R&D collaboration may affect the mechanisms of knowledge transfer and the way of multinational collaboration. Moreover, this research also found out that the biopharmaceutical firms of Taiwan might primarily choose to collaborate with international partners who have indirect competitive relationship with them. Last, the biopharmaceutical firms of Taiwan and their partners protect their intellectual property in the way of trade secret.

知識經濟時代與全球化潮流下，創新是廠商提升自我競爭力的重要途徑。創新乃原始概念到將知識商業化的一連串過程，而過去探討廠商創新的研究取向多元，研究觀點則以經濟地理學、企業管理學為主，綜合相關研究，大致可將影響廠商創新的因素歸類為三大面向：廠商內部屬性、對外網絡連結關係、廠商所處地區的環境條件。其中，創新氛圍乃是特定地區的行動者透過偕同作用及集體學習過程所產生的社會關係，提升了地區的創新能力，同時提供有利於廠商創新的環境條件，是近來區域發展的重要議題。本研究即綜合上述三大面向因素來探討廠商創新活動(研發投入與研發合作)與創新成效之影響因素。 創新氛圍理論從早期”某種東西之地方化”的探討，演變到後期關注於地方生產系統的運作是受到地區創新氛圍的影響所致；其中，創新氛圍量化指標的缺乏、探討領域的侷限，乃是本研究所要突破之處。本研究以工業區分佈情形、自然與人文界線、通勤圈範圍等原則，先將台灣地區分為46個地區分析單元，再參酌地方生產系統概念，以兩個指標：LQ大於1與製造業就業員工數大於50000人，篩選出26個地區作為研究範圍，最後以科技與傳統產業LQ大於1指標，區別出9個科技產業群聚地區、17個傳統產業群聚地區，藉以比較不同產業領域、地區發展程度不同之創新氛圍。準此，本研究以8個創新氛圍的相關指標，經過因素分析後萃取出2個創新氛圍因素：「創新綜效」、「創新成效」；藉此將台灣46個地區劃分為4種創新氛圍類型：創新氛圍、有創新無氛圍、有氛圍與創新、無創新無氛圍。 於廠商創新活動與成效實證分析方面，本研究採取兩個階段進行，分別皆以三個面向因素(廠商內部屬性、研發合作、地區創新氛圍)的影響因素來探討廠商創新活動與成效之差異。針對創新氛圍方面，於第一階段以不同產業群聚地區的虛擬變數作為隱含地區創新氛圍的概念，測試其對廠商創新活動與成效的影響，第二階段則以地區創新氛圍因素(創新綜效、創新成效)進行科技與傳統產業群聚地區的廠商創新成效之測試。整體研究結果顯示，科技產業群聚地區的廠商傾向自身的研發投入，而傳統產業群聚地區的廠商則多以研發合作居多，但科技產業群聚地區的廠商創新成效較佳；地區創新氛圍確實對於廠商的創新活動與成效有顯著的影響，尤其對於科技產業群聚地區的廠商創新成效更有顯著的貢獻；而研發合作對於廠商創新成效的影響則不如預期。因此，從基礎產業發展環境、知識設施的聚集、地區網絡的建構等方面，來促使各地區創新氛圍之形塑，將有利於地區廠商的創新，特別應加強傳統產業群聚地區的創新氛圍；此外，提倡廠商強化內部基本體質亦是促進廠商創新效率之關鍵所在。 / Under the wind of the knowledge-based economics and globalization, innovation is an important way for firms to increase their own competitiveness. Innovation is the process from original concept to business. The past researches on firm innovation branch widely, most focus on economic geography and corporation management. From those related researches, we can simplify the elements which can influence the innovation of the firm into three: firms’ inner attributes, relation of the connection to outside network, and the environment of the area which firms located. Innovation milieu is the social relationship which actors in the area could make it happen through interactions and group learning, which can advance the area’s innovation ability, and give the good environment condition for firms to innovate. Innovative milieu is the important issue in the present regional development researches, this research will integrate the three elements to discuss the influence on firms innovation activities and innovation success. The theory of the innovative milieu have transformed from discussion of “the localization of something” to focus on the relation of the work of the regional production system and the local innovative milieu. But, the lack of the quantification indicator, and the territory of the research field still need to break through, and is the focus of this research. This research divide Taiwan into 46 analysis area unit, then bring into the concept of the local production system, use two indicators to choose 26 elements as the scope of the research, and farther define 26 analysis area unit into 9 technology industry cluster area, and 17 traditional industry cluster area, to compare the differences of the industry field and the level of the development of the innovation milieu. This research take 8 innovative milieu related indexes, and compress into 2 indexes: “innovation synergy” and “innovation success” through the content analysis; this research use these two indexes to divide 46 areas of Taiwan into 4 types of innovation milieu: innovative milieu, no innovative milieu, innovation but without milieu, and milieu but without innovation. On the analysis of the firms’ innovation activities and the success, this research take two steps to discuss. At the first step, this research use the dummy variables of the different industry cluster area as the concept of the regional innovative milieu, to check the influence it could make on the firms innovation activities and the success; At the second step, this research use regional innovative milieu indexes to check the firms’ innovation success of the traditional and technology industry cluster area. The whole research shows that the firms of technology industry aggregation area are tend to invest on their own R&D, which the firms of traditional industry aggregation area often do their R&D by cooperating with others, and the innovation outcome of firms of the technology industry aggregation area is better. The regional innovative milieu has the conspicuous influence on the firms innovation activities and the success, especially to the technology industry cluster area, but the influence which the R&D cooperation could make on the innovation outcome is not good as expect. Thus, the making of the basic environment of the industry development, the aggregation of the knowledge facilities, and the build of the local network is the good impact for local firms to innovate, especially for the traditional industry aggregation area ones. At the same time, to reinforce the firms’ inner constitution is also the key to promote the firms innovation.

創新是複雜、昂貴、且高風險的活動，並且存在外部性，研發合作為促使企業從事創新的重要機制。本研究目的在於延伸過去理論性架構與實證研究，建立研發合作—創新—財務績效價值鏈。以下為研究問題： 1.吸收能力、知識外溢、與不確定性是否會影響研發合作的頻率？ 2.研發合作是否可以提高研發投資、研發產出、與財務績效？ 3.不同的研發合作型態如何影響研發合作的決定因素？ 4.不同的研發合作型態如何影響研發合作的績效？ 5.研發合作與財務績效的關係是否會受到研發投資與研發產出的中介影響？ 本研究採用 two-industry, n-firm-per-industry Cournot 競爭模型探討研發合作、研發投資（創新之投入面）、研發產出（創新之產出面—非財務績效）、與財務績效的關係，並以台灣高科技產業為研究對象進行實證分析。對於台灣高科技產業的研發合作與創新活動，研究結果提供學術界與企業界更完整且廣泛的觀點。 實證結果支持公司擁有較高吸收能力的員工是從事研發合作的決定因素之一。另外，知識外溢的提高，亦將促使高科技公司進行研發合作。而在高度吸收能力與知識外溢下，公司採行一般合作之頻率較其他合作模式高。 另外，實證結果也發現研發合作的確鼓勵台灣高科技產業的公司進行更多研發的投資，並且持續創造較高的研發產出與財務績效。相對於其他合作型態，一般合作可以創造較高的研發產出與財務績效，因此為較佳的合作模式。而由於市場競爭的本質，使得水平合作公司之研發投資較垂直合作與一般合作少。最後，僅有研發投資並不足以提升公司的績效與維持競爭優勢，研發合作公司的創新能力與研發產出才是獲利力的決定因素。 / Innovation is complex, costly, and risky and incurs externalities. R&D cooperation is thus a proper mechanism to encourage firms to innovate. The purposes of this dissertation are to extend the prior theoretical framework and empirical studies to establish a research framework for the R&D cooperation—innovation—financial performance chain. The research questions are as follows: 1.Do absorptive capacity, knowledge spillovers, and uncertainty affect the intensity of R&D cooperation? 2.Does R&D cooperation result in higher R&D investments, R&D outputs, and financial performance? 3.How do different R&D cooperation types influence the determinants of R&D cooperation? 4.How do different R&D cooperation types influence the performance of R&D cooperation? 5.Is the effect of R&D cooperation on financial performance mediated by R&D investments and R&D outputs? In this dissertation I apply the two-industry, n-firm-per-industry Cournot competition models to theoretically examine the relationship between R&D cooperation, R&D investments (input perspective of innovation), R&D outputs (output perspective of innovation—non-financial performance), and financial performance. I then use Taiwan’s high-technology industry as a research sample and empirically test my research hypotheses. The results provide academia and practitioners with a more comprehensive view of R&D cooperation and innovation activity among Taiwan’s high-technology industries. The empirical results support the argument that absorptive capacity has a positive impact on the frequency of R&D cooperation in high-technology industry. In addition, an increase in knowledge spillovers also tends to increase intensity to collaborate in R&D. Under high absorptive capacity and knowledge spillover, generalized R&D cooperation is preferred to other cooperative models. The empirical results also show that R&D cooperation does encourage Taiwan’s high-technology firms to invest more resources in R&D, and leads to higher R&D outputs and financial performance under the characteristic of high knowledge spillovers. Relative to other cooperation types, generalized cooperation leads to higher R&D outputs and financial performance and is a superior cooperative model. Due to the nature of market competition, horizontal cooperative firms are not willing to invest too much in R&D relative to vertical cooperation and generalized cooperation. Finally, simply investing in R&D alone is not enough to achieve breakthrough performance and sustain a competitive advantage. The ability to innovate and generate R&D outputs determines the profitability of the cooperative company.