本研究旨在探討心理動力取向為主的心理治療工作者，領會移情與反移情的學習歷程，欲瞭解治療者從理論到實務致身領會的歷程，以及面臨的困境內涵，並在整合理論與實務的體會後，對個人自身與治療工作的意義與影響。研究者針對四位心理動力取向治療者，透過一對一的半結構式訪談，獲得質性資料以進行分析，並建構出歸納式結論，依此作研究結果描述如下： 一、心理動力取向治療者從理論到實務致身領會歷程中的困境內涵 　　心理動力取向治療者容易面臨到的困境主要為兩個層面，分別為：理論的學習與實務的應用。由於理論知識的抽象性，加上主體經驗不足，治療者容易感到模糊而不易掌握理論內涵；在實務工作中，治療者對反移情的瞭解不足，容易與個案移情相互影響，並對自我能力的信心產生動搖。 二、心理動力取向治療者從理論到實務致身領會移情與反移情內涵的歷程 　　領會的歷程可分為三個部份。首先，透過督導的涵容與提點，減緩治療者反移情的負面影響，穩固自我認同，並逐漸覺知自身的反移情。再者，藉由被治療的正向經驗，發展出內在動力的認識與深度接納，對移情與反移情的本質會有更深入的掌握。最後，透過治療者對生命經驗的內化省思，使得理論到實務的連結產生個人性的意義與理解。 三、心理動力取向治療者整合歷程後的體會，對個人與治療工作的意義與影響 　　治療者於實務工作中成功驗證理論內涵，並對個人議題覺察的深化，成熟掌握反移情後，不再輕易被自我懷疑與焦慮所困擾，並發展出對自我與專業的認同。最後伴隨而來的影響，包含：區辨移情與反移情能力提升、涵容與後設思考的空間擴大、發展出對人性謙卑而深刻的思考態度與工作方式、穩固治療信念、以及將動力觀點融入人際與生活等層面。 關鍵字：心理動力取向、移情、反移情、學習歷程 / This study uses semi-structured interviews to collect data separately from four psychodynamic therapists. In order to discover the learning process of transference and counter-transference and to understand the transition process of every therapist’s perception from theory to practice, this study reviewed the obstacles therapist might have faced, and the influence on his/herself as well as being a therapist when they’ve acquired the integration of both theory and practice. The main findings of this study were as follows: 1.The understanding of the obstacles during psychodynamic therapists’ perception from theory to practice. 　　Two main obstacles one psychodynamic therapist might face were the theoretical learning and the practical application. As to the former, both the abstractiveness of theory and lacking of experience creates the difficulty to manage. As to the latter, the shortage of knowledge regarding counter-transference might result in intense tension and anxiety between the patience, and hence the therapist might undergo underconfidence and self-doubt. 2.The understanding of transference and counter-transference during the 　psychodynamic therapists’ transition process from theory into practice. 　　Firstly, the negative impact resulted from counter-transference might be mitigated by the contain and suggestion of supervisors; therefore, the therapists might be self- conscious and aware of self-identity. Secondly, with the above positive experience, the knowledge of inner dynamic, and deeper acceptance, therapists might be able to better manage counter-transference. Finally, the process would lead to the connection with personal understanding brought by the transition from theory into practice. 3.The reflection and the influence of psychodynamic therapists when having acquiring the integration of both theory and practice. 　　When therapists undergone the abovementioned stages, they will no longer be troubled by self-doubt and anxiety, and identify with self-affirmation. The influence of which includes the better ability to distinguish transference and counter-transference, broaden thinking regarding contain and metacognition, developing humbleness to humanity and a profound attitude, a firm faith of therapy, and to incorporate psychodynamic into relationships and daily life. Key word: psychodynamic approaches, transference, counter-transference, learning process

近年政府推廣政策的過程中不斷借重創新思維，嘗試抓住民眾的注意力，政府必須將人民視為顧客，盡力提供服務使民眾滿意，換言之，企業型政府治理模式必然包含「治理」甚至是「政策推廣」相關概念，在公部門推廣政策的同時，我們時常看到政府向企業學習行銷手法推廣公共政策。本研究嘗試向企業行銷學習，藉由文獻回顧以及檢視公共政策行銷實例，從「移情作用、自我指涉、自我認同」三個面向，探討虛擬代言（avatar endorsement）如何應用在公共服務推廣，及促使民眾了解政府政策並使用公共服務的意願為何。 本研究以高雄都會大眾捷運系統目前執行的虛擬代言為討論主題，研究方法採用準實驗設計，由於過去研究指出高雄捷運旅運目的多半為觀光旅遊，因此受試者招募以年輕族群為調查對象，以了解當前虛擬代言能否提高年輕族群的喜好程度、使用捷運系統意願、購買相關商品意願、以及對捷運品牌的吸引程度，招募受試者後，採用配對分派方法進行實驗，以利進行實驗組與控制組態度變化比較。研究發現不同學歷的受試者對於虛擬代言的想法有顯著差異，而虛擬代言能有效提升外縣市的受試者對於該公共服務的吸引程度，只是對於既有的客群掌握則有待加強。 / In recent years, governments start to emphasize the importance of policy promotion and policy marketing. Under the belief of treating people as customers, the ultimate goal is to draw people’s attention and to increase their satisfaction on public services. Normally, the entrepreneurial-oriented governments would spend more time and efforts on “good governance” and “policy promotion”. As a result, when the governments want to promote certain policies, they often try to learn from the private sector on their marketing strategies. This study aims at applying the policy marketing strategies to promote public policies, particularly the effects of avatar endorsement strategy. Using the case of Kaohsiung metro system, this study focuses on three different aspects, the transference, self-reference, and self-identity, to explore how avatar endorsement worked with regard to public policy promotion, as well as to understand how it performed on increasing people’s willingness to receive more public services. This research adopts a quasi-experimental design to understand how the current avatar endorsement strategy affect younger generations on four different attitudes and behaviors, such as brand attitude, purchase intention, brand association, and attraction to the Kaohsiung metro. Results show that people with different educational levels have significantly different attitudes toward avatar endorsement strategy. In addition, the avatar endorsement strategy may effectively enhance the attractiveness of public transportation service toward the younger generation. Policy and managerial implications for the governments are discussed in the thesis.

本文試圖討論的問題乃是在胡塞爾現象學中，「客觀世界」是如何構成的。其問題意識乃是來自於其自身現象學方法的操作後果。在其著作《笛卡爾式的沈思》中，表明了其現象學被批評為「獨我論」的可能，故進而在此《沈思》的第五章中，透過一系列在其現象學中對「他人」的討論，試圖突破自身陷入獨我論框架。其進行的方式主要有兩個步驟：「特殊的主題性懸擱」以及「移情」。而具有「客觀性」的世界便是在「移情」的諸階序上漸次構成的「主體際」世界。而在此諸步驟的討論中，我關注的是「現象學式的獨我自我」到「他人構成」的「初步」關係如何可能。 而對此步驟的可能性討論及解讀，在本文中以舒茲 (A. Schutz)、呂格爾 (P. Ricoeur) 以及李南麟 (Lee Nam-In) 的三篇文獻做為主要對談者。通過舒茲的強力批判、呂格爾往肉身存有的解讀方式，以及李南麟以靜態、發生現象學的途徑試圖解釋胡塞爾被批判的困境，我們可以發現，雖然胡塞爾通過上述兩個步驟所進行的客觀世界構成可能，是無法成功的，但一般稱為「意識哲學」的胡塞爾現象學，其哲學意圖、深度及可能的發展，即已有後續哲學家往「世俗 (mundane)」、「存有論」發展的走向，進而給予我們不管在對胡塞爾自身或後來的哲學發展有更深刻的理解。