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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

在特定癌症模型上的最佳治療策略 / Optimal policies of non-cross-resistant chemotherapy on a cancer model

郭雅慧 Unknown Date (has links)
數學模型可被用於癌症之化療研究。一個著名的例子為學者Goldie和Coldman在1979年發表了第一個描述癌症化療中,腫瘤細胞突變率及其與治療藥物反應關聯性之數學模型。此一模型因對此問題之描述簡潔與優雅,廣為其他學者引用。Goldie和Coldman(經與Guaduskas合作)隨後於1982年利用此模型配合模擬方法說明在沒有交互抗藥性的治療中,就避免腫瘤細胞發生多重抗藥性突變而言,為何交替使用治療藥物為最佳治療方式。其後更在1983年,於考慮隨機特性下,推廣原有模型,並考慮此推廣模型之近似表示時,以嚴格數學方法證明其於1982年以模擬方法所得之結論。 然而,Goldie和Coldman之理論分析工作多集中於模型參數具有對稱結構之情形,而關於模型參數不具對稱結構時,文獻中少有理論分析之探討。於此一論文中,我們重新以多階段最佳化問題表達此一問題,並考慮模型參數不完全對稱下,最佳治療方式所應滿足之條件。根據我們提出的架構,可求得不完全對稱下最佳治療方式之解析解。此外,Goldie和Coldman關於模型參數具對稱結構之工作可視為我們架構下之一特例。因此,我們的架構提供Goldie和Coldman理論分析工作一個新的數學證明方法。本文除理論推導外,並以數值方法進行案例分析,以驗證我們工作之正確性。 / Mathematical models can be applied to study the chemotherapies on tumor cells. Espeically, in 1979, Goldie and Coldman proposed the first mathematical model to relate the drug sensitivity of tumors to their mutation rates. This pioneering work is subsequently referred by many scientists due to its simplicity and elegancy. The authors (jointly with Guaduskas) later used their model to explain why alternating non-crossresistant chemotherapy is optimal with simulation approach. Subsequently in 1983, they proposed an extended stochastic based model and provided a rigorous mathematical proof to their earlier simulation work when the extended model is approximated by its quasi-approximation. However, Goldie and Coldman’s analytic work on optimal treatments majorly focuses on process with symmetrical parameter settings. Little theoretical results on asymmetrical settings are discussed. In this thesis, we recast and restate Goldie, Coldman and Guaduskas’ model as a multi-stage optimization problem. Under an asymmetrical assumption, conditions under which a treatment policy can be optimal are derived. This framework enables us to consider some optimal policies on the model analytically. In addition, Goldie, Coldman and Guaduskas’ work with symmetrical settings can be treated as a special case of our framework. Base on the derived conditions, an alternative proof to Goldie and Coldman’s work is provided. In addition to the theoretical derivation, numerical results are included to justify the correctness of our work.
2

Vha16-1對果蠅腸道功能和壽命之調控 / Vha16-1 regulates intestinal function and lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

宋祐陞 Unknown Date (has links)
突變生成(mutagenesis)的方式有許多種,其中insertional mutagenesis為果蠅上常使用建立突變株的方式,本篇論文利用p[GawB]隨機插入果蠅genome中產生大量突變株,並篩選出會影響壽命的突變果蠅M2。進一步的實驗發現M2果蠅為Vha16-1基因的突變,並造成其mRNA表現量的下降,且在低卡路里(5% yeast、5% dextrose)與高卡路里(15% yeast、15% dextrose)的環境下homozygous mutant果蠅皆有減少平均壽命的現象。 Vha16-1所表現的蛋白為Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase)上的subunit c,V-ATPase主要的功能為藉由消耗ATP來運送氫離子,並可調節胞器或胞外腔室的酸鹼平衡。V-ATPase主要表現在果蠅腸道的copper cell上,此細胞的功能類似於哺乳動物的胃壁細胞(parietal cells),與胃酸的分泌有關,我們發現M2 homozygous mutant果蠅因Vha16-1基因的缺失而有減少腸道酸化的情形發生,符合我們觀察到其在腸道上的表現。此一現象亦在另一株突變果蠅Vha16-1EP2372上加以證實。先前研究顯示果蠅腸道酸鹼平衡的破壞會影響到對養分的吸收,而Vha16-1的缺失亦導致M2果蠅體重與三酸甘油酯的上升,並增加對飢餓的耐受性,而這些代謝上的變化並不會改變M2果蠅對食物的攝取量或者生育能力。綜合這些實驗結果,我們推測Vha16-1基因的缺失會改變腸道功能,並影響果蠅體內代謝的狀態,表現出類似肥胖(obesity)的性狀,而終導致平均壽命的縮短。 / Mutagenesis can be induced by many ways and one of the most common approaches used in Drosophila is insertional mutagenesis. In this study, we screened pGawB insertion lines and identified M2 as a novel mutant with affected lifespan. The mutant allele of M2 carried a pGawB inseration at the 5’ end of the Vha16-1 gene, which caused a reduced Vha16-1 mRNA expression level and a shorten lifespan in homozygous mutants under both low calorie (5% yeast and 5% dextrose) and high calorie (15% yeast and 15% dextrose) foods. Vha16-1 encodes the c subunit of the Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) which is known to regulate pH homeostasis by pumping protons across organelle and plasma membranes. V-ATPase is highly expressed by the Copper cells which are located at the Drosophila middle midgut and functionally similar to the gastric acid producing parietal cells in mammals. Along the same line, we found that Vha16-1 pGawB drives GFP reporter was observed along the Drosophila gastrointestinal tract. M2 as well as the other Vha16-1 hypomorphic mutant line, EP2372, also showed reduced midgut acidification. This disrupted pH homeostasis in the Drosophila midgut region may be associated with increased body weight, triglyceride, and starvation resistance that observed in M2 mutants. The feeding behavior and reproductive function, however, were not affected in M2 mutant flies. In summary, our data suggested Vha16-1 deficits may alter normal intestinal function or internal metabolic status that ultimately induces obesity phenotypes with reduced lifespan.
3

隨機穩定性:一個新的演算方法及在隨機演化賽局中的應用 / Stochastic Stability: Algorithmic Analysis

劉吉商, Liu,Chi-Shang Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文研究演化的動態過程中的隨機穩定性。演化過程中,突變(mutation)或變異隨時可能會發生。因此,演化中不存在安定(steady)或是穩定(stable)的狀態。但是當突變機率趨近於零時,有些狀態在長期間比其他狀態容易出現在過程中為人所觀察到。這些狀態稱為隨機穩定狀態(stochastically stable state)。我們發展出一具有一般性的演算法來找出所有的隨機穩定狀態。有別於傳統演算法,這套演算法大幅降低計算所需次數。透過這套演算法,我們定義了一個集合: stable set。我們發現,stable set包涵了所有的隨機穩定狀態。同時,我們也提出數個隨機穩定狀態的充份條件。這些發現代表著,分析演化模型的假設及均衡(equilibria)性質之間的關係是可行的。 / We study the behaviors of the evolutionary models with persistant noises through a general algorithm which describes the relationships among the stochastic potentials. That is, by constructing a closed loop on the graph of the directed trees, we show that the comparison among the stochastic potential is equivalent to the comparison among one-step transition costs. Hence, we are able to systematically analyze the properties of the stochastically stable states. Our main nding is that the set of the stochastically stable states is contained in a set, which we dene as a stable set. Each state in this set is difcult to escape from and is resistant to the attraction of any other states in the stable set. Based on this nding, related sufficient conditions for the stochastically stable states are presented, and some results in the literature are also reinterpreted. In addition, we show that this algorithm drastically reduces the necessary steps for characterizing the stochastically stable states. This means that the analysis on relationships between the assumptions of the model and the properties of equilibria are possible and promising.
4

民國初年「契約自由」概念的誕生—以大理院的言說實踐為中心

周伯峰, Chou, Po-Feng Unknown Date (has links)
本文第一個寫作目的,是試圖透過現代法學理論對大理院判決言說中關於「契約自由」概念運作,作一分析討論,從而檢視「契約自由」的概念,是否透過大理院的言說實踐,出現在民國初年的社會時空中之上?而經過本文第二章就大理院時期「契約自由」的意義與限制為何進行探討,及第三章選定「買空買空」這種具體的交易行為為進一步分析後,本文得出這樣的結論,即大理院所進行的法律言說,其實與現代民事法學對「契約自由」概念的觀點所差無幾,故可以確實的描繪出這樣一幅圖像,即透過大理院的判決言說,「契約自由」概念已成為解決民事紛爭時所必須考慮的要素之一,換言之,「契約自由」概念已漸漸的落實在民國初年的法律系統之內,縱使當時並沒有一部成文的民事法典,讓「契約自由」的概念可以藉此具體展現,但透過大理院的言說實踐,其還是顯示出其生命力。雖然,透過上面的分析討論,可以初步確認大理院的確是運用「契約自由」的概念來解決民事糾紛,但在進行討論時,本文漸漸看出這樣的一個問題,即相對於使用「契約自由」概念來解決糾紛,其實仍是可能存在著別種的解決方案,而且說不定對於生活在民國初年的人來講,大理院所運用的「契約自由」概念反而更可能是當時人們所不熟悉的觀點,既然如此,為何當時大理院要以「契約自由」概念來作為其判決言說的基礎?故接續第二、三章的討論,本文第四章及第五章的目標即在,討論「契約自由」概念透過大理院的言說實踐誕生於民國初年的社會時空,所代表的深刻意義為何。 在第四章中,本文先討論大理院所運用的「契約自由」概念,其究竟代表了怎樣的一種法律制度模式,而本文認為其重點在於授權於主體為一定行動之空間,故以「授權模式」稱之,而其所欲達到的功能目標,或說秩序形式,是希望透過一種「條件程式」的法律系統,以「非模式化分配」的方式,來協調主體間對生活資源的分配、交換問題,而「授權模式」既然是「法律繼受」後所引進的模式,則要知悉「法律繼受」的過程究竟改變或沒有改變什麼,自然需瞭解在進行「法律繼受」前,傳統社會究竟是以怎樣的制度模式來解決生活資源分配及交換的問題,如此才能得知大理院以其言說實踐了「契約自由」概念究竟意味著怎樣的意義,而本文認為傳統社會其法律制度模式的重點在於依照一定的標準最佳的分配每個人在社會上的位置與其應得的生活資源,而求得整體的和諧,故本文以「治理模式」稱之,而其所預設的功能目標、秩序形式,則是透過一種「目的程式」的法律系統,以「模式分配」的方式來處裡生活資源的分配、交換問題,故本文得出「契約自由」概念的誕生,即代表著作為社會制度之一的法律制度其結構在進行轉換此一命題。 在第五章裡,本文進一步分析,這「授權模式」是基於怎樣的「生活世界觀」上被設想出來,而傳統社會的「治理模式」又是被怎樣的「生活世界觀」所型塑。而本文認為以「契約自由」為代表的「授權模式」是以自由、理性、法治等「啟蒙式的世界觀」觀點看待生活世界時,所產生的一種法律制度模式,傳統社會的「治理模式」則是以天理循環、至公無私、沉冤得雪等「天理式的世界觀」作為基礎。所謂「法律繼受」既然是以「授權模式」來取代「治理模式」,則其同時也意味著必須接受「啟蒙式的世界觀」而放棄「天理式的世界觀」,而這也是「契約自由」概念於民國初年誕生所代表的法律文化意義。但「世界觀」其實是一種最基本的信念,對事物進行合理化的最終基礎,即一切「意義」的來源,而放棄原本自己所有的世界觀,某種程度等於是要去承認自己過去的所作所為是「無意義」,這一定會造成某種程度的痛苦、掙扎,尤其在非自發性轉變的情況下更是如此,在面對這些困境之時,以如何的態度來面對,即成為「法律繼受」是否可能的關鍵所在,而本文認為大理院是以「冷靜接受」的態度面對時代命運嚴峻的挑戰,但大多數的選擇是以「焦慮」、「妒恨」、「自欺欺人」的態度來自處,而這某種程度上也意味著「法律繼受」其實是不成功的,自然,「法律繼受」的終極目標,建立法治國,似乎尚有一段路程要走。而「契約自由」概念於民國初年的誕生,就某方面來看,其實也許注定是一場不被祝福的悲劇。

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