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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

國際解決投資爭端中心管轄權問題及其改革之研究-兼論WTO納入投資人與地主國爭端解決機制之展望 / A Study of Jurisdiction and Reform of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes, with a Discussion of the Prospects for Inclusion of investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism in the WTO

徐耀浤, Hsu, Yao Hung Unknown Date (has links)
伴隨著全球化潮流的來臨,國際直接投資金額大幅成長,相對的,投資爭端案件亦持續增加,國際投資人於是迫切期待一個有效而公平之國際投資爭端解決機制。台灣經過多年經濟發展,已成為全球重要對外投資國家,惟根據調查,台灣廠商發生投資爭端,並不擅於利用國際仲裁維護其本身權益。據此,本論文乃針對國際投資協定有關投資人與地主國爭端解決法制加以研析,並希望能對我政府對外談判及廠商對外投資提供具體實用之對策,惟國際間對於投資人與地主國爭端解決機制研究面向相當廣泛,本文研究主軸則以世界銀行於1965年成立之國際解決投資爭端中心(ICSID)之管轄權為中心。 本論文先自投資人與地主國爭端解決機制之發展背景介紹起,並論述1966年生效的ICSID公約主要條款與其他國際投資協定的關係,其後則進一步從ICSID管轄權角度切入,對ICSID對人(ratione personae)及對物(ratione materiae)管轄權相關法律問題逐一說明,並輔以個案加以研析之。 經過上述分析後,本文繼而對現行投資人與地主國投資爭端解決機制提出評論,在制度面方面,本文對ICSID未來運作提出放寬對物管轄範圍、檢討投資未予定義之作法、雙重國籍認定及外國控制的程度與形式等四項改革建議。此外,本文亦針對ICSID管轄權與BITs最惠國待遇條款問題、BITs不同的爭端解決機制所引發程序衝突問題,以及仲裁判斷衝突(conflicting award)問題,說明ICSID公約與BIT所產生之一些法律問題。在未來展望方面,則分析在多邊投資架構是否為解決現階段投資人與地主國爭端解決機制之新契機,以及WTO納入投資人與地主國爭端解決條款之可能性分析,本文末並對我國政府與廠商現階段利用ICSID機制提出建議。 / While the inexorable trend towards globalization has caused international direct investment to grow dramatically, it has also led to a steady increase in the number of investment disputes. International investors therefore eagerly look forward to the institution of an effective and impartial international investment dispute resolution mechanism. Although Taiwan, through its many years of economic development, has become a major source of foreign investment, surveys show that Taiwan firms are not good at using international arbitration to protect their rights and interests in investment disputes. This study accordingly analyzes the investor-State dispute settlement provisions in international investment agreements(IIAs) in an effort to provide concrete, practical strategies for the government of Taiwan in international negotiations and for Taiwanese firms in their foreign investment. Since there is already extensive research literature addressing investor-State dispute settlement mechanisms, this study focuses on the jurisdiction of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Dispute(ICSID) under the aegis of the World Bank in 1965. This study first introduces investor-State dispute settlement mechanisms and their development. Next, the study discusses the main provisions of the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID Convention) came into force on 1966 and its relationship to other IIAs. The study then explains the various legal issues connected with ICSID’s jurisdiction ratione personae and ratione materiae, and finally, analyzes specific cases. The results of the aforementioned analysis are employed to critique existing investor-State investment dispute settlement mechanisms. This study makes four system-related recommendations, namely that the ICSID convention should: 1) liberalize the scope of ICSID’s subject-matter jurisdiction; 2) review undefined investment methods; 3) recognize dual nationalities; and 4) reform the degree and circumstances of foreign control. This study further discusses legal problems related to the ICSID Convention and bilateral investment treaties (BITs), including conflicting awards, procedural conflicts stemming from different dispute settlement forum in BITs, and problems involving ICSID's jurisdiction and most-favored nation(MFN) provisions in BITs. As for future prospects, the study analyzes whether the current multilateral investment framework can resolve the problems of the current investor-State dispute settlement mechanism, and examines the possibility of incorporating investor-State dispute settlement mechanism in the WTO. This study concludes with recommendations concerning how the government and companies of Taiwan can use the ICSID mechanism at the current stage.
12

商業方法軟體專利之研究 / Subject Matter Problems and Extraterritorial infringement with Patent on Methods of Doing Business

吉玉成, Jyi, Yuh-Cherng Unknown Date (has links)
自美國聯邦巡迴上訴法院於一九九八年State Street Bank一案,肯認商業方法軟體得為法定之專利標的後,全球之金融業、電腦業與網路公司莫不尋求以專利作為保護其商業方法之武器,商業方法專利申請之案件遂絡繹而來。惟商業方法軟體是否得為專利之標的,至今美國學界仍有爭議而見解不一,日本專利局係採與美國專利局相同之立場,然歐洲專利局目前似仍採否定見解。對此一議題,我國已有相當文獻討論,並均採肯定之見解。惟並未對何以可專利性之理由詳予闡述,至於專利侵害之問題,亦未就我國法深入分析。 本文擬自比較法之觀點,分析美國實務運作及學界之論述、歐洲發明專利公約及專利局實務之見解、日本法之規定與特許廳之意見,汲取其中之經驗與見解以為借鏡。第二章首先就商業方法軟體加以定義,並探究現今商業方法軟體之架構及其特殊性,以作為專利標的適格性分析之基礎。第三章分析商業方法軟體之施以專利保護,對產業與實務造成之影響。包括實務所面臨的困難﹙如先前技術資料庫之建立、審查人員之訓練、法院面臨之困難等﹚,及我國軟體產業應如何調適。第四章係探討商業方法軟體之專利標的適格性分析,依次分析美國法之規定與學說實務之見解、歐洲專利公約與專利局之立場、日本特許法之規定與特許廳之態度,以及國內學說實務之見解,並由我國專利法之立法意旨與商業方法軟體架構之特殊性,論述商業方法軟體在現今軟體發展之架構下,應非發明專利保護之標的,另亦就我國智慧財產局所公布之「電腦軟體相關發明專利審查基準」,加以探討並提出個人淺見,並摘錄智慧財產局已核准若干商業方法軟體專利之個案,加以分析。第五章自發明專利保護要件之觀點,探究商業方法軟體專利保護之問題。第六章則自美國法之觀點,分析商業方法軟體於網際網路上,所發生之跨國界專利侵害問題,並試從國際私法之角度,處理此類問題。最後,於第七章提出個人對商業方法軟體專利之淺見,並就我國現行專利制度提出未來保護方向之建議,以為結論。
13

歐洲統合專利制度與統一專利法院施行之專利策略 -以台灣廠商為例 / The Patent Strategy Analysis of European Unitary Patent System and Unified Patent Court -The Case Study of Taiwanese Enterprises

曹家豪, Tsao, Chia Hao Unknown Date (has links)
本論文旨在提供台灣廠商在統合專利制度下之歐洲專利策略建議。本論文首先介紹以歐洲專利公約為主之現行歐洲專利制度,其次再介紹統合專利制度與統一專利法院制度。接著再以現階段我國廠商於歐洲專利申請狀況切入,分析現階段我國廠商於歐洲專利之布局狀況,再針對未來即將施行之統合專利制度,對台灣廠商之申請人及專利權人提出策略建議。 歐洲專利公約自1977年生效後,申請人向歐洲專利局遞交歐洲專利申請後,經過指定國程序,即可在歐洲專利公約之會員國間取得專利保護。某些會員國亦會要求遞交翻譯文件及繳納相關規費。然而,相比於美國、日本及中國,現行的歐洲專利制度是分離破碎的,進而導致申請人須負擔高額的申請費用與訴訟成本,同時亦有許多法律不確定性。在2013年2月,歐盟終於完成協商,正式簽訂確立歐洲統合專利與統一專利法院之條約。統一專利法院將在所有參與之會員國間擁有專屬管轄權。統合專利制度之下,申請人獲得歐洲專利之費用下降、申請程序更為簡化,且提供更有利於申請人之申請方式。如此,統合專利制度預期將提升申請專利之效益與吸引更多的申請者。統一專利法院制度之專屬管轄權,將提升專利有效性與訴訟之法律安定性,且訴訟相關費用之減免,亦有利於專利權人。 統合專利制度的所有準備工作雖已於2015年陸續完成,但仍需要德國、英國及另外任一個歐盟成員國批准歐洲統一專利條約方可生效,預計最快可在2017年達成。統一專利法院亦於2016年3月完成裁判費用之規定,並陸續完成各級法院之選址與訴訟案件性質之分類。專利權人與專利申請人應要謹慎思考在新制度下可能帶來之各種挑戰,特別是台灣廠商需要評估在新制度下之專利策略。因此,本文將針對新制度介紹,希冀能提供欲前往申請的台灣廠商專利佈局之策略建議。 / First of all, this Article overviews current European patent system in particular with the system under European Patent Convention. This Article also summarizes the features of new system and considers the practical steps which should be taking now in preparation for the start of new regime. European Patent Convention has entered into force since 1977. Under European Patent Convention, applicant can deliver their application to EPO and once the mention of the grant is published, the patent has to be validated in each of the designated states to keep its protective effect. In a number of member states, the patent proprietors may have to file a translation of the specification and pay fees. However, the current European patent system has been the fragmentation compared to the United States, Japan and China. This has caused to a high cost of application and lawsuit and also a high level of uncertainty. In February 2013, the European Union formally signed an agreement established a single European patent and the Unified Patent Court. The court will have exclusive jurisdiction for all participating Member States. Through European unitary patent system and Unified Patent Court, this new system reduces the costs of obtaining a patent, simplifies procedures, and regulates the language issue in a user-friendlier manner than before. Therefore, unitary patent system are expected to enhance the efficiency and attractiveness. All preparation of unitary patent system is accomplished before 2015, but still need the Germany, the Untied Kingdom and two other European member states to ratify the agreement. The beginning of 2017 is now said to be the earliest that can be achieved. Owing to the new patent system, patent proprietors and applicants, especially Taiwanese enterprises should be contemplating their patent strategy for meeting the challenge created by this new patent right. Thus, the Article presents patent strategy for Taiwanese enterprises under new patent system in Europe.
14

論《南海各方行為宣言》對和平解決陸菲南海爭端之適用分析 / The Assessment of the Application of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea(DOC)to Peacefully Resolve the Philippines-Mainland China Dispute in the South China Sea

王淑櫻, Wang, Shu Ying Unknown Date (has links)
1945年《聯合國憲章》賦予國家有義務針對彼此爭端協議和平解決爭端之方法,並且有權自由選擇和平方法解決爭端。1982年《聯合國海洋法公約》進一步確認《聯合國憲章》的和平解決爭端規範,並在尊重國家主權原則的前提下,特別載明一套關鍵維持世界海洋法制穩定存續的強制爭端解決規定。 中國大陸與東協各國於2002年針對日益激化的南海爭端簽訂《南海各方行為宣言》,其中明文重申《聯合國憲章》以及《海洋法公約》等國際法規範下的和平解決爭端原則。爾後,南海爭端隨著大國政治的發展與抗衡而顯得更加動盪,菲律賓進一步在2013年初將與中國大陸的南海爭端提交到《海洋法公約》強制仲裁程序來解決。因此,本文探討既存的《南海行為宣言》是否構成強制仲裁庭的管轄權障礙,來保障國家有自主選擇爭端解決方式的權利?又《南海行為宣言》在陸菲南海爭端中扮演何種和平解決爭端的角色,並且其意義與不足之處為何? 在此問題意識下,首先就爭端標的進行分析,採取以國際關係及仲裁庭的角度來檢視陸菲南海爭端的性質。以國際關係的角度來檢視能發揮以下三個作用:一、理解爭端國在國際政治中的實力評估;二、檢視小國採取司法利用,以及與大國結盟以增加抗衡大國之談判籌碼及獲取法律正當性的策略;三、同時考量所涉爭端的政治與法律性質。另一方面,以仲裁庭的角度來檢視則能瞭知法院如何以國際公法原則來判斷爭端性質。 其次整理《海洋法公約》爭端解決機制以及《南海行為宣言》的內容,分析《海洋法公約》強制爭端解決機制設計的立意與《南海行為宣言》的制訂脈絡,得出《南海行為宣言》在《海洋法公約》的規範下僅為一載有「斡旋」精神的協議,爭端解決的責任仍舊交由簽署國解決。 此外,進一步再藉由仲裁庭的裁判,來分析《南海行為宣言》的法律性質。最後本文發現,中國大陸與東協各國所制訂的《南海行為宣言》僅為一重申既存和平解決規範精神的不具法律拘束力之文件,且未替簽署國創設必須由談判來解決爭端的義務。 最後,對於《南海行為宣言》作出整體評價,其彰顯具有國際法所承認之斡旋精神,展現其類似軟法性質的衝突預防之功能,然而《南海行為宣言》不具有法律實質拘束力,因而無法排除基於《海洋法公約》所提起的強制司法管轄。縱然如此,在「跨國法制歷程」概念中,《南海行為宣言》並非毫無建樹,其為透過各國「互動」而產生一行為模式之規範,然而《南海行為宣言》制訂後至仲裁庭啟動期間,並未使得相關國家對該規範進行有力「內化」的工程,使得該項規範的原則無法發揮效用。然此部分之推論尚待進一步詳細論證分析。 綜上所述,本文透過對於《南海行為宣言》之相關分析,認為我方在擬定未來南海政策時應在尊重各國主權原則的前提下,提升自身國家綜合實力以增加對外談判之籌碼,同時應增進國際法中關於和平解決爭端之研究,有效在各種方面落實國際法爭端解決規範的內化進程。

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