本論文研究股票分類與否對投資組合報酬有無差別，因此以目標規畫方式提出兩個混合整數線性規劃模型建立投資組合。在考量市場風險上，兩模型的差別在於一個是單股比重的限制，另一個是類股數目的限制。兩模型中均考慮交易數量為整數與實務中的交易成本，且採用了0-1決策變數，決定股票及類股的選取與否。並以台灣股票市場作為實證研究對象，探討兩模型投資組合在市場不同走勢下的表現，同時也觀察股票分類後，探討選幾個類股數會有較佳的績效，並分析投資組合建立後多久應該進行調整。 / This thesis studies the effect of return of a portfolio while restricting the number of asset category. Two mixed-integer linear programming models are proposed by using the goal programming technique. In consideration of the risk, the difference between these two models is that one focuses on a single stock restriction, and the other is on the asset category restriction. The integer restriction and transaction cost are included in the model while using binary decision variable to indicate the selection of an asset and the selection a category. Finally, an empirical study will be presented by applying to Taiwan’s stock market. The performances of these two models are discussed. Moreover, the best number of category in the portfolio and the best timing of rebalance are also investigated.

近年來基層員警的超時工作所產生的影響已逐漸成為學界關心的重點，從工作壓力、生理影響、家庭關係、組織承諾、工作滿足、工作士氣等等，許許多多的研究都一再提到超時工作所造成的負面結果，但是卻鮮少人去研究為何派出所所長無法按照警察勤務條例的規定讓員警只擔服8小時的工作時間，因此本研究透過質性的研究方式，訪談了派出所所長及員警，希望能夠找出影響派出所勤務規劃的原因為何，並從中找出讓員警回歸8小時勤務制度的解決之道。 經質化訪談研究發現如下： 一、目前臺北市各派出所員警工作時間普遍都為12小時，原則上員警上五天班休息二天。 二、影響派出所勤務規劃的主要因素來自於分局各組室在勤務及業務上的要求。 三、所長認為每日規劃超勤是有其必要性，而且超勤加班費對員警有誘因存在，而員警則是認為應該要視實際的情況來規劃勤務，而不是僵化的要求員警每日超時服勤。 四、目前的勤務制度造成了員警在體力負荷、服務品質、心態上及家庭關係產生負面的影響。 五、解決之道，透過減少派出所勤（業）務負擔，並檢討現行勤務內容及派出所人力配置運用，讓派出所能夠回歸原本的工作內容。 / In recent years, the influence of rank-and-file policeman overtime working has been in the spotlight in academia. More and more studies show that constant overtime working brings negative impacts on the police, ranging from job stress, physiological effects, family relationship, organization commitment, job satisfaction to working morale, etc. However, few people want to figure out why the police are unable to work only 8 hours a day according to the [Police Services Ordinance]. I have interviewed with some chiefs and police officers in police stations through qualitative research, hoping to find the factors that affect the duty planning in police stations, and a solution to return an 8 hours/day schedule to the rank-and-file policemen. The following are what I discovered in my study: 1. Currently, the working time of the police officers in police stations of Taipei City is 12 hours a day; in general, they work 5 days and take 2 days off. 2. Various demands from different units of the sub-bureau play an important role in affecting duty planning. 3. As far as the chief of police station is concerned, daily overtime duty is necessary, plus, overtime payment is an incentive to the police officers. In the grassroots level’s opinion, the duties should be planned according to actual situations instead of a rigid schedule. 4. The current duty system has negative impacts on physical load, service quality, attitude and family relationship. 5. With a view to returning to what it should be, reducing the burden of police stations, amending the current police services, and reviewing the placement and utilization of staff may be the solution.

傳統人力資本理論認為，教育投入越多，人力生產力越高，就業機會與薪資報酬也會越高。在此觀念下，各國為了經濟發展所需，紛紛提倡高等教育，並培育出大量高學歷人才，而台灣也不例外。隨著產業不斷發展與轉型，促使勞動力結構轉變，所需之人力就必須由教育面來提供。因此，從1980年代中期以來，政府大量放寬高等教育限制，迄今已培養出許多高學歷人力。然而，在高等教育進入普及化階段後，失業與低度就業問題也隨之而來，造成人力資源浪費等相關議題出現。 本文引用發展經濟學大師Michael P. Todaro於1974年所建立的勞動力市場供需架構，從政府政策以及人力市場的教育供給和產業需求等角度深入探討目前現象，並透過訪談產官學專家的意見，來找出問題之原因。本文研究發現，由於高等教育快速擴張，教育性失業及低度就業問題已逐漸推至碩博士畢業生。究其原因可分成兩大部分：第一，產業界未能有效升級，再加上台灣企業型態多以中小企業為主，無法創造充足職缺。第二，高等教育過度擴張，高學歷人力品質卻無法符合產業需求，進而造成產學失衡現象。因此，要解決上述問題，不僅是教育和產業進行調整，政府也必須改進相關政策來引導兩者媒合，才能讓高階人力資源達到更有效的運用，進而提升台灣整體競爭力。 / Traditional Human Capital Theory believes that highly educated people are more productive and would enjoy more employment opportunities and salaries. Influenced by this theory, many countries have promoted higher education to cultivate domestic talent, and Taiwan is no exception. When the rapid development and ongoing transformation of the industry called for new talents and skills, the government in mid-1980s responded with reformed educational system which would produce much more highly educated human resources. But as higher education becomes common, unemployment and underemployment—the waste of human resources—gradually become a problem that needs to be addressed. Based on the model developed by Michael P. Todaro in 1974, this paper aims to examine the current situation of labor market in terms of government policy, and labor supply and demand. Many people with master or PhD degree are faced with unemployment or underemployment for two reasons. First of all, the industry doesn’t supply sufficient job opportunities because it doesn’t effectively upgrade. Second, the excessive quantity and declining quality of the graduates does not meet the demand of the market. In order to solve these problems, both education and industry have to adjust the pace of development, and the government needs to bridge the gap by revising the policy involved. In this way, the human resources can be effectively used, and Taiwan would become more competitive.

台灣社會隨著醫療及衛生水準提升，平均餘命亦逐年提高，人口高齡化趨勢日益顯著。又伴隨退休觀念的轉變，及退休年齡的提前，退休者步入退休生活，身處現今的休閒時代，除有大量的休閒時間外，並將面臨20年至30年以上的老年生活。爰退休人員休閒生活、生活規劃與生活適應情形所關乎其退休生活的良寙，並如何於高齡化社會中，啟開退休黃金歲月的新頁益顯重要，此課題值得深究。 本研究採取深入訪談法，以考試院暨所屬機關退休公務人員為研究對象，依退休人員性別及退休時所具之官職等，邀請12名退休公務人員為訪談對象。旨在瞭解退休公務人員休閒生活的情況、探究其生涯規劃的情形及分析生活適應的情況，本研究有以下發現： 一、休閒多元化、心境樂活遊：退休公務人員於卸除壓力及空閒增加後，多依興趣多元選擇休閒，心境隨性樂活。 二、隨科技進步、休閒種類新：上網、騎自行車、學習進修、旅遊等休閒活動，成為退休生活中較新及普及的活動項目。 三、揪團結伴行、休閒新模式：利用淡季或平日揪團結伴同行，成為退休公務人員省錢、享受高品質休閒的新模式。 四、休閒幾滿檔、生活多色彩：休閒成為多數退休人員生活的重心，讓生活充滿色彩，並藉不斷提高休閒動能，防止衰老。 五、退休觀念轉、黃金歲月啟：生命是動態，是學習、工作、休息、退休，不斷循環的圓形人生；退休為另一黃金歲月的開啟。 六、獲親友支持、退休助益大：獲得親密的家人及親友支持力量，更能享有美好的退休生活。 七、年齡漸老化、憂醫療開支：退休金為主要經濟來源；又隨著年齡漸長，通常未能預期的醫療開支，是較擔心的經濟負擔。 八、退休有規劃、生活滿意高：退休生活有規劃者，有較高滿意度。 九、照護的政策、瞭解真有限：對相關照護政策，有瞭解的渴望。 十、身段未放下、生活適應難：退休後未適時轉換角色、心境，以及學得生活基本技能，易面臨退休後生活適應的困擾。 十一、體認終須老、期活出意義：“死是生的開始＂要善待自己，生能盡歡，死亦無悔，以活出尊嚴及意義；能以正面、健康與坦然，對退休生活適應有所助益。 最後，根據本研究發現提出下列建議，予退休人員及相關單位參考： 一、退休人員在退休前即應培養興趣，增加退休生活調劑、改變退休心態，學著放下昔日頭銜官職位、作好退休準備及規劃，增加退休生活適應。 二、相關機關及單位可依退休人員需求、增進休閒設施普及性，並安排退休相關講習、提高退休人員退休生活概念。 三、建造退休人員樂齡村、提供退休人員再就業、志工、學習進修等優質環境。 四、建立退休人員專屬網站平臺、提供食、衣、住、行、育樂等資訊，並暢通退休照護訊息。 五、建立退休人力資料庫，以期借重退休人員長才及經驗、增進機關與退休人員互動機制，多加關懷退休人員。 / Since the quality of medical and health care in Taiwan has being improved, life expectancy has gradually risen and population aging is getting serious. Furthermore, because of the concept of early retirement, retirees have longer life of leisure and 20-30 years of aged life. Therefore, the life of Civil Servants’ leisure, life plan and accommodation of life will influence the quality of retirement life. Facing rapidly aging society, initiating a golden retirement life becomes even more important and is worth to be studied. This study adopted the method of In-depth interview. The objects of study are all retired from The Examination Yuan and its subordinate agencies. Invited 12 interviewees who were retired civil servants with different genders and job positions to understand their life of leisure, life plan and l accommodation of ife . This study has the following findings. 1.Diversified leisure and LOHAS (lifestyles of health and sustainability): After releasing the pressure as well as getting more leisure time, most of retired civil servants participate in diversified leisure activities by interest, and live a LOHAS life. 2.Scientific and technological progress, as well as new leisure activities: Surfing the internet, biking, extension education, and traveling become the most popular activities after retirement. 3.Traveling together and new leisure style: Traveling together during low seasons or on weekdays to save money and enjoy higher quality tourism becomes a new lifestyle. 4.Leisure activities and colorful life: Leisure activities become the life focus of most retirees, and engage them frequently in leisure activities to delay aging. 5.Changing concept and initiating a golden life: Life is dynamic and is a circulative circle which consists of learning, working, leisure and retirement. Retirement is the origin of another golden life. 6.Benefit from the family support: Getting support from family and friends can enrich one’s retirement life. 7.High medical expenses due to aging: Retirement pension is the major income. Therefore, unexpected medical expenses become an economic burden. 8.A good retirement plan can make a satisfactory life: Retiree who has a good retirement plan has higher satisfaction. 9.Limited understanding of care policy: Retirees are keen to understand the care policy. 10.Difficult to adjust oneself to new conditions because of not coming down off one’s high horse: Easy to worry about retirement life because retirees have not changed mind and learned the basic living skills. 11. Recognize aging and live with meaning: “Death is the beginning of another birth”. Be nice to yourself. With positive thinking, healthy lifestyle, and composed mind, retirees can accommodate themselves easily to retirement life. Enjoy oneself thoroughly even in death without regret to live with dignity and meaning. In light of above findings, this study propounds the following to retirees and the authorities concerned for references. 1. Before retirement, retirees shall cultivate hobbies to enliven spice to retirement life, change attitude and forget the last job positions and titles, make a good retirement plan and prepare for retirement to adapt quickly to the retirement life. 2. Catering to the need of retirees, the proper authorities shall promote the opportunities for them to participate in leisure activities, and arrange seminars to enhance their comprehension. 3. Build senior villages for retirees. Offer the opportunities for re-employment, volunteer work, and extension education. 4. Set up the internet platform to provide the information regarding the basic necessities of life (food, clothing, housing and transportation) for retirees, and circulate the information of retirement care. 5. Build the data bank of human resource to utilize retirees’ abilities and experience, build up the interaction mechanism between organs and retirees, and show more concern for retirees.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration