本文旨在探討台灣中學英語教師的創意教學，並且進一步探究社會文化情境因素如何影響老師的創意教學。本研究的個案為兩位資深且具有豐富教學經驗的創意教師，分別任教於國中以及高中。本研究採質性研究法，藉由教室觀察、訪談以及文件分析收集資料。 本研究顯示兩位創意教師的教學創意主要展現在：(1) 採用多樣化的教材以及教具，(2) 語言教學結合真實語言使用，(3) 採用學習者中心的教學法，(4) 採用多元性的評量以及 (5) 展現純熟的教室管理技巧。此外本研究也發現社會文化情境因素的確對教師發展教學創意有影響，特別是學門的守門人。而兩位創意教師的教學經歷也顯示出發展創意教學可能遇到的困境。即便創意教學的本質被認可，但是在沒有滿足社會期待的狀況下，並不一定會被學門或是領域所認同。有鑑於兩位個案教師所曾經歷的困境，本研究提出教學上的建議：實行創意教學應當先從教學上做小規模的改變，從小規模的改變開始慢慢發展，以期達到發展創意教學以及減少無法滿足社會期待的衝突。 / The preset study aimed to investigate teacher’s creativity in teaching foreign languages, with emphasis on high school English teachers in Taiwan, and further investigated how sociocultural contexts influence the teachers’ creativity. The participants are two acknowledged creative English teachers, teaching in junior high school and senior high school respectively. The data collection instruments include classroom observations, interviews and document collection. The data was analyzed qualitatively to see how two creative teachers employ their creativity in teaching English as a foreign language in everyday classroom practice and how the sociocultural contexts influence the teachers’ creativity. Through analyzing the data, the two teachers’ teaching creativity was found to be demonstrated in (1) adopting a variety of teaching materials and aids; (2) making connections between language learning and real life; (3) giving ample space for learner-centered instruction; (4) creating multiple ways of assessment; and (5) exhibiting sophisticated classroom management strategies. Besides, the results indicated that sociocultural contexts have indeed had impacts on the teachers’ development, especially from school authority and students’ parents. Difficulties that the two teachers encountered suggest that not all the creative teaching efforts would be accepted with appreciation, although the efforts might be recognized as creative. With regard to challenges that the language teachers faced, the result suggested that implementation of creative language teaching should start with rather smaller-scale changes in teaching and progress gradually in order to maintain a balance between creative teaching and social expectations.

教師思維一向被認為與教師的實際教學有重要的關聯。本個案研究探討一位現職語言教師設計的行動學習活動背後之教師思維，以期更深入了解此行動學習活動之設計，並為電腦輔助語言教學師資培育之設計提供新的思維與洞察。 本個案研究為質性研究。研究工具包括受訪教師對於此活動的公開分享、半結構式訪談、文件收集及與學生的非正式談話。在訪談中，個案詳述了她的課室教學及其他經驗，包括過往的學習、專業教師訓練及其在不同場域的經歷。這些資料則進一步透過Borg (2006)和Mishra & Koehler (2006) 提供的架構(分別為教師思維框架及TPACK架構圖)進行討論。此研究首先詳細說明此行動學習活動中的九個關卡及其中教師表現出的各項知識。接著從過往學習經驗、專業教師訓練及不同場域等角度去追溯教師思維的形成。此研究並藉此進一步討論將上述兩個架構融合、調整的可能性以及電腦融入語言教學師資培育課程設計的新思維。 研究結果顯示，以上兩個架構皆未含括與教師本身或教師自主有關之元素，而這些元素在此個案研究中皆扮演教師思維和相應教學活動成形之關鍵角色。此外，研究結果也顯示，Mishra & Koehler (2006)的TPACK中涵蓋的各種元素可能有不同的權重，進而彰顯此框架在應用上有更複雜的潛力。此個案研究期能提供更多思維及啟發給對於科技融入教學，或電腦融入語言教學師資培育課程設計有興趣者。 / Teacher cognition has been regarded to have strong connections with teachers' teaching practices. The case study intends to investigate a practicing language teacher's cognition behind her mobile-learning activity, an outdoor scavenger hunt activity with multiple missions. The main purpose of this study is to explore how the activity was designed and to further provide insights into CALL teacher education. This is a qualitative study and data were collected through the participant's presentation about the activity, two semi-structured interviews, documentation and informal talks with students. In the semi-structured interviews, the participant detailed her classroom practices and other related experiences, including past learning experiences, professional development and her experiences in other contexts. The participant's experiences were then reconstructed and analyzed with Borg (2006) and Mishra & Koehler (2006) as the frameworks. The study first detailed the nine missions included in the participant’s scavenger hunt activity and analyzed the teacher's knowledge shown in the activity. Then, the formation of the teacher's cognitions was traced mainly in three aspects: past schooling, professional coursework and classroom practices under various contexts. Finally, the revised, integrated framework and some insights into CALL teacher education were discussed. The result showed that the frameworks are lacking elements related to teachers themselves and teacher autonomy, both of which serve as a premise in the complex interaction of the elements in teacher cognitions and the resulting classroom practices. Other than that, it was found that the elements in the framework provided by Mishra & Koehler (2006) might carry different weights, which indicated more complexity in the framework. It is expected that those who are interested in technology integration into language teaching or CALL teacher education will find this study insightful and inspiring.

需求高度時間彈性、學習時數低的華語成年學習者漸增，對混成遠距教學的需求增加，然而網路科技輔助的工具繁多，功能多樣而混雜。本研究蒐集各種科技輔助數位教學工具，運用其平台的多媒體、計時、評分、社群互動、角色對話、語音識別等功能，針對這類學習時數少、高度需求時間彈性的華語學習者，創造出高互動性的非同步學習活動，以提升學生動機、趣味及溝通意願，與同步教學相輔相成。並以ADDIE模式，進行教學實驗，透過觀察、訪談、課程錄影以及測驗，分析此教學設計模式及活動的學習體驗，並總結最能有效鼓勵學習動機的遠距教學模式設計。 本研究結果發現，在非同步學習活動設計中，若能提升學生的自主學習願望、細部經營遠距的人際互動方式，並關注回饋機制的設計，並運用同步課程在科技問題、學習內容上輔助非同步的學習活動，如此能有效調動學習者的學習動機。提升自主學習願望的方式包含運用競爭心理、社交願望，並透過資源整合增加學生感知的活動學習效率。在遠距人際互動方面，需仔細經營互動氣氛，提供恰當的工具，在回饋機制的設計上，關注獎勵的間隔時間、及回饋的即時性。 / There are more and more adult learners who require time flexibility for Mandarin learning. The demand for distant learning has increased. There are various online technological tools to assist learning, however, the features on the various websites are often disorganized. This study collects different kinds of technology assisted digital learning websites, and applies their features - such as multimedia players, timers, scoring systems, social interaction, role playing, and speech recognition - into Mandarin teaching. It is designed for adult learners who have fewer learning hours and require time flexibility to learn Mandarin. It aims to create asynchronous learning activities, with high interaction, in order to increase students’ motivation, interest, and communication willingness along with synchronous lessons. It applies the ADDIE model for systematic instructional design and concludes with the most efficient distance lesson model that could best encourage students’ motivation. It draws conclusions from the students’ interview about their learning experience, the teacher’s observations during the lessons, and from the recordings of the experimental lessons. The study result reveals the keys to foster motivation in distance Mandarin lessons: raising learner autonomy, undertaking distant social interaction, focusing on the design of a feedback mechanism, and utilizing synchronous lessons to help solve their learning or technical problems during asynchronous self-learning time. Making good use of students’ tendency for competition, willingness to socialize, and increasing the students’ awareness of learning efficiency, effectively fosters motivation for self-learning in distance Mandarin lessons.

本研究之目的在於為工職英文課本建構一套理論與實證兼顧的評估準則，並對工職學生的語言需求與期望作深入的探討。 評估準則建立在以下五個基礎之上。 (1) 工職英文教與學之現況 (2) 溝通式語言教學 (Communicative Language Teaching)的原理與原則 (3) 專業英文(English for Specific Purposes)的概念與議題 (4) 現有的教材評估準則 (5) 工職學生之語言需求與期望分析 為了解學生對英文的需求與期望，問卷調查與訪談成為此研究之重要部份，涵蓋了有： (1) 針對217位工職舉業生進行需求調查，以了解工業界使用英文的實際情形與溝通需求。 (2) 針對645位工職學生進行期望調查，以了解學生對英語教學的期望。 (3) 訪談5位工職畢業生、6位工廠主管，以了解工業界使用英文的詳細情形；訪談5位四技二專畢業生，以了解學生在進入四技二專後，使用英文的情形；訪談6位英文老師及3位工業英文教師，以了解英文及工業英文教學之概況。 本研究根據問卷調查與訪談的資料深入探討與分析了學生對英文的需求與期望，並對教育當局及編書者多所建議。分析結果並加以整合並融入根據理論及文獻探討所初步擬訂的教科書評量表中，以期能確實有效評估工職教科書。為使評量表發揮最大功用，本研究還設計了彈性的評分方式，並提供了使用方面的建議，希望對英文教師在選擇教科書時能有所助益。 / The purpose of the present study is twofold － to formulate a theory-and-survey based evaluation scheme for IVHS English textbooks, and to give an insight of IVHS students' language needs and wants. The evaluation scheme has been established on considerations of: (1) the current IVHS teaching/learning situation (2) general guidelines of communicative language teaching (CLT) (3) notions and issues of English for specific purposes (ESP) (4) evaluation schemes and criteria already proposed by other researchers (5) an analysis ofIVHS students' needs and wants To inquire into students' needs and wants, surveys and interviews have been conducted, including: (1) A needs survey on 217 IVHS graduates for the actual use of English and communicative needs in industries. (2) A wants survey on 645 IVHS students for their expectations toward an IVHS English textbook. (3) Interviews with 5 IVHS graduates, 6 factory supervisors, 5 technical college graduates, 6 English teachers, and 3 Industrial English' teachers for the situation and episodes requiring English in industries, academic use of English, and classroom use of textbooks. The present study faithfully reports on IVHS students' language needs and wants, along with some other suggestions for textbook writers and authorities concerned. Incorporating the findings from surveys and interviews, the evaluation scheme proposed is thus rooted on both theoretical and practical grounds. To ensure optimum usage of the scheme, its scoring system is devised to be flexible and its application is further provided.

本研究旨在了解職前華語文教師學習外語的歷程、語言學習信念與教學信念，屬質性個案研究。對象為華語文教學研究所四位台籍研究生，聚焦於外語學習歷程、外語學習信念、外語教學信念三大主軸，以深度訪談作為資料收集方法。訪談內容及範圍主要參考了Horwitz（1985）語言學習信念研究的BALLI 模式以及Johnson（1992）與張碧玲（2000）設計的語言教師教學信念問卷。研究發現包括：（一）不同時期的外語學習經歷對個案職前教師的學習及教學信念起了「學徒式的觀察」、信念的轉變及「濾鏡」等作用。（二）透過對個案的學習及教學信念探討，可以看到信念具有多層次的特質。而其中較整體面向的信念與較個別層次的信念，呈現了相互支持、矛盾等關係。（三）教學信念隨著背後所隱藏的動機不同，不能以因果關係作解釋。（四）個案教師基於不同的學習經歷、學習信念及教學信念，在教學上建構了與社會文化情境相關，同時也具有個人意義的教學理論。最後建議華語文師資教育應提供機會讓職前教師了解自我語言學習及教學信念，以及更多教學實務的機會，以讓他們在教學行動中反思，也在反思中進行教學。華語文教師本身亦可以利用自我的外語學習經驗作為反思的工具，時時保持成長的動機與內省的能力。此外，華語文教師也應對教學現場及環境文化等因素有所知覺，這樣才能促進有效的教學。 / This qualitative case study aims to understand the TCSL ( Teaching Chinese as a Second language ) pre-service teachers’ foreign language learning experience, language learning beliefs, and teaching beliefs. The participants are four Taiwanese postgraduate students from the department of TCSL in a university in northern Taiwan. The study focus on three aspects: foreign language learning experience, language learning beliefs, and teaching beliefs. In-depth interviews are conducted as the data collection method, informed by Horwitz’s (1985) BALLI model as well as Johnson (1992) and Zhang (2000). The findings include that (1) the four pre-service TCSL teachers’ foreign language learning experiences, serving as a filter, afford “apprenticeship of observation” which leads to changes in beliefs, and (2)beliefs are multilayered, involving both supportive and contradictory relationships. (3) Teaching beliefs are not necessarily consistent with each other because of different intentions lying behind. It is difficult to regard them as having a simple cause-and-effect relation. (4) Based on different learning experiences, learning and teaching beliefs, the four pre-service teachers construct their own personal theories toward teaching, which are not only socially relevant but also personally meaningful. Finally, the study suggests that language teacher education needs to provide sufficient opportunities for pre-service teachers to understand their own learning and teaching beliefs. It is also necessary to provide opportunities to engage them in authentic teaching contexts so that they could reflect on their teaching beliefs in real-world pratice. TCSL teachers need to be encouraged to use their own learning experiences as a reflective tool to sustain their passions for teaching.

本研究以本土語言（閩南語）教學，如何在幼兒園推動與實施的歷程探究，探究本土語言（閩南語）在幼兒園實施的困境及問題。研究問題（一）幼兒園推動本土語言（閩南語）教學的實施策略與歷程為何？（二）教師、教保員在實施本土語言（閩南語）教學之策略？（三）所遇困境與因應策略為何？本研究是以質性研究採結構性深度訪談的方式，邀請幼兒園教學現場人員包含：合格老師2位、教保員1位及私立幼兒園園長3位，有具閩南語身分背景及非閩南語身分背景的現場教學人員；藉由不同條件的現場教學人員，探究推動本土語言（閩南語）實施教學困境與歷程。本研究結果如下： 一、本土語言教學推動有助於母語的保存。 二、全語言教學環境有助老師進行閩南語教學。 三、老師對教學策略的運用有助閩南語的推動。 四、母語在家庭與社會的流通性不佳，會造成母語教學推動的困境因素。 研究結果中發現，母語最好的發芽地在家庭，母語要真正永續需要政府政策的支持。最後，根據研究結果提出具體的建議，期望作為推動本土語言教學研究者的參考。 / This study is based on how local language (Taiwanese) teaching is promoted and carried out and discussing the problems and difficulties of its implication in Pershool. Research problems are: (1) What are the strategies and processes of promoting local language (Taiwanese) teaching course in Pershool? (2) What are the strategies of teachers’ teaching on the implication of promoting local language (Taiwanese) courses? (3) What are the difficulties and the strategies of solving them? This study adopts the approach of structural interviews, so we interview two certificated teachers, one child-care worker and three principals who are Taiwanese or non-Taiwanese native speakers in Pershools. By interviewing those teachers in different conditions, we can research the difficulties and processes of promoting local language (Taiwanese) teaching courses. The results of the study are as followings: （1）Promoting native language helps preserve mother tongue language. （2）Whole language teaching and learning environment helps teacher's teaching in Taiwanese. （3）The usuage of teahcer's teaching strategies helps promote Taiwanese. （4）The poor circulation of mother tongue langauage in families and societies cases the predicament of promoting mother tongue language teaching. The result shows that the on-side evaluation program promotes the motivation of learning native language. Mother Language Day is one of the strategies to spur the Pershool on promoting mother tongue language teaching. However, the promotion by the school isn’t enough. The origin of mother tongue language is our home. And the sustainable development of native language requires the support by government. Last, according to the result, we expect that this study can be referenced by the future researchers and Pershools to promote local language teaching. / 謝 誌 I 中文摘要 II Abstract III 目 次 IV 表 次 VI 圖 次 VII 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的與問題 3 第三節 名詞釋義 5 第二章 文獻探討 6 第一節 本土語言的教學現況 7 第二節 本土語言的教學策略 12 第三節 本土語言教學困境與解決方法 17 第三章 研究方法 23 第一節 質性研究與研究流程 23 第二節 研究場域與研究對象 27 第三節 資料收集 32 第四節 資料整理與分析 34 第五節 研究信效度與研究倫理 36 第四章 研究發現與討論 38 第一節 閩南語教學歷程 38 第二節 實施之困境與因應策略 52 第五章 研究結論與建議 56 第一節 結論 56 第二節 建議 58 第三節 省思 60 參考文獻 62 一、中文部分分 62 二、英文部分 66 附錄 67 訪談大綱 67 訪談同意書 68 訪談逐字稿範例 69 台灣母語日實施企劃範例 76 表 次 26 表3-1研究流程 26 表3-2受訪者教學背景 29 表3-3訪談對象、日期、地點一覽表 34 圖 次 41 圖1兒歌唸唱教學 41 圖2中秋節戲劇表演 42 圖3節慶活動包春捲 42 圖4古早味做菜燕 42 圖5古早味麥芽餅製作 42 圖6童玩製作做風吹 43 圖7風的主題活動—風吹被風吹 43 圖8全語言情境—兒歌區 44 圖9全語言情境—圖卡區單字篇 44 圖10全語言情境—圖卡區水果篇 45 圖11全語言情境—教室裡的學習區 45 圖12全語言情境—童玩遊戲區丟沙包 45 圖13 全語言情境—童玩遊戲區跳格子 46 圖14全語言情境—古早文物區 46 圖15全語言情境—洗手區 46 圖16全語言情境—融入主題教學 47 圖17母語日早會篇—互動式 48 圖18母語日早會篇—認識自己的五官 48 圖19母語日早會篇—認識生活物件 48 圖20母語日早會篇—融入主題 48 圖21廣播電台時間 49 圖22童玩遊戲—踢罐子 50 圖23童玩遊戲—打陀螺 50 圖24童玩遊戲—丟沙包 50 圖25童玩遊戲—挑橡皮筋 50 圖26全語言情境—操作區 54 圖27全語言情境—教室裡的教學互動 54 圖28雙語教學策略—我說你來找 55 圖29雙語教學策略—介紹物件的名稱 55

本研究旨在調查電腦輔助英語發音學習軟體 「MyET」，對學習者在學習英語發音方面的影響。 利用電腦輔助英語發音學習軟體(CAPT)，練習英語的類化效果，也列為調查重點之一。 此外，學生使用CAPT過程中遭遇的困難和挑戰，以及互動過程中發展出來的對策也一一加以探討。 本研究的目的是要把CAPT在英語聲韻教學的領域中做正確的定位，並且探討如何使用其他的中介工具(例如人類)來強化此類軟體的輔助學習效果。 參與本次研究的大學生一共有九十名，分為三組：兩組CAPT組(亦即實驗組，使用CAPT獨自或與同儕一起使用CAPT學習英語發音)、非CAPT組(控制組)一 組。每組三十名。實驗開始，所有學生以十週的時間練習朗讀 從「灰姑娘」(Cinderella) 摘錄的文字，此段文字由發行 MyET 的公司線上免費提供。 實驗前與實驗後，兩組的學生各接受一次測驗。 每週練習結束後，學生必須將學習心得記載於學習日誌上；教師也針對每個學生的學習心得給予指導回饋。 研究結果顯示，兩個CAPT組別(亦即使用CAPT發音學習軟體的組別)的學生在學習英語聲韻的過程中，都有明顯及正面的進步與改變。尤其是語調與速度快慢方面的進步遠勝於發音的進步。再者，實驗組學生以十週的時間利用CAPT學習英語後，在朗讀新的文字時，無論是發音或語調都有類化的效應，但是在速度快慢方面則無顯著進步。然而，實驗結果三組的發音表現，在量化統計上並未達到明顯的差異。 雖然如此，在質化的探究上，經過分析學生的學習心得後得知：所有組別當中，獨自使用CAPT學習英語發音的組別，最能夠自我審視語言學習歷程 (包括模仿和學習樂趣)。至於共同使用CAPT學習的學生自述在英語流暢度、語調及發音方面獲致最大的改善。控制組的學生因為沒有同儕的鷹架教學及回饋，也沒有 MyET提供的練習回饋，練習過程中，學生自述學習困難的頻率最高，學生也認為學習收穫很少。 參與本次研究實驗組的學生認為， CAPT提供練習回饋的機制設計有改進的空間。 有關本研究結果在理論及英語教學上的意涵以及研究限制，於結論當中一一提出加以討論。 關鍵字：電腦輔助語言教學，語音辨識軟體，超音段，語調，時長，學習策略， 中介 / This present study investigated the impact of computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) software, i.e., MyET, on students’ learning of English pronunciation. The investigation foci included the generalization of the effect of practice with the CAPT system. Also examined are the difficulties and challenges reported by the students who employed the CAPT system and the strategy scheme they developed from their interaction with the system. This study aimed to position the role of the CAPT system in the arena of instruction on English pronunciation and to investigate how other kinds of mediation, such as that of peer support, could reinforce its efficacy. This study involved 90 Taiwanese college students, divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The two experimental groups practiced English pronunciation by using a computer-assisted pronunciation training (CAPT) program either independently or with peers while the control group only had access to MP3 files in their practice. All the groups practiced for ten weeks texts adopted from a play, Cinderella, provided by MyET free of charge on line. They all received a pretest and a posttest on the texts they had practiced and a novel text. Each week after their practice with the texts, the participants were asked to write down in their learning logs their reflections on the learning process in Chinese. In the same way, the instructor would provide her feedback on the students’ reflections in the logs every week. The results showed that the ten-week practice with the CAPT system resulted in significant and positive changes in the learning of English pronunciation of CAPT groups (i.e., the Self-Access CAPT Group and the Collaborative CAPT Group). The progress of the participants in intonation and timing was always higher than in segmental pronunciation. Moreover, the ten-week practice with the CAPT system was found to be generalized (though the generalization is less than mediocre) to the participants’ performance in the production of segmental pronunciation and intonation but not in the timing component in reading the novel text. However, the improvement of the CAPT groups was not great enough to differentiate themselves from the MP3 Group. Though the quantitative investigation did not reveal significant group differences, the qualitative analysis of the students’ reflections showed that the learning processes all the three groups went through differed. The Self-Access CAPT Group outperformed the other two groups in developing self-monitoring of language learning and production, and in enjoying working with the CAPT system/texts. Among the three groups, the Collaborative CAPT Group outscored the other two groups in reporting their gains and improvement in fluency, intonation and segmental pronunciation, as well as developing strategies to deal with their learning difficulty. Though the students in the MP3 group also made significant progress after the practice, without peers’ scaffolding and the feedback provided by MyET, they reported the highest frequency of difficulties and the least frequency of gains and strategies during the practice. The participants of this study also considered necessary the improvement of the CAPT system’s feedback design. At the end of the study theoretical and pedagogical implications as well as research limitations are presented. Key words: Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL), Automatic Speech Recognition System (ASRS), segmental pronunciation, prosody, intonation, timing, learning strategies, mediation