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論貨幣政策與資產價格 / Essays on Monetary Policy and Asset Prices寇菲力 Unknown Date (has links)
This thesis consists of two essays on the relations
hip between monetary policy and
asset price dynamics. The first essay examines the
extent to which Greece, Ireland,
Portugal and Spain experienced property bubbles and
investigates the role of
European Central Bank’s (ECB) monetary policy in th
e formation of these bubbles in
the period from 1999 to 2012. The analysis shows th
at Spain and Ireland experienced
the largest bubble formation followed by Portugal a
nd Greece. Cointegration tests and
VEC impulse responses indicate a significant long-
and short-run relationship
between ECB’s monetary policy and bubble formation
in Greece, Ireland and Spain.
The second essay examines long- and short-run dynam
ics between global commodity
prices, economic activity and monetary policy of Ch
ina in the period from 1998M01
to 2012M12. While Toda and Yamamoto (1995) type Gra
nger causality tests provide
no evidence for a long-run relationship between mon
etary policy and commodity
prices, VAR generalized impulse responses suggests
that agricultural commodity
prices overshoot in response to a drop in the real
interest rate. The analysis further
finds evidence that industrial metals prices tend t
o be higher when China’s exchange
rate regime is relaxed.
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利率政策對所得分配不均的關係 / Interest Rate Policy and Income Inequality張鈺英, Chang, Yu Ying Unknown Date (has links)
本篇研究旨在探討利率政策對所得分佈不均的關係,利用 Azzimonti, De Francisco, and Quadrini (2014) 的模型加以延伸擴展,並加入土地或資產的價格變動,從而進一步探討中央銀行的低利率政策對企業主與受薪階層的影響。
模型假設簡單將市場參與者分成2大類,分別是企業家與受薪的勞工,藉由此2大類分別的終生效用函數對利率的變動來說明利率政策對所得分配的影響。Joseph E. Stiglitz (2015b) 提及在低利率政策之下將導致信用的膨脹,進而使土地或資產的價值提高,而土地或資產之價格不斷上漲為造成所得分佈不均之重要原因之一,故本篇論文將土地價格變動納入模型加以延伸,並觀察台灣近幾年之現況。
此篇研究發現,在中央銀行的低利率政策之下,有產階層的企業家之財富條件將會愈來愈好,而與之相對的受薪階層的勞工之財富條件將會愈來愈差;而台灣近幾年之數據亦顯示當利率降低之際,代表所得分佈不均的GINI指數隨之上升,與本篇之研究結果相符。 / The objective of this thesis is to testify the relation between interest rate policy and income inequality. We develop a model based on Azzimonti, De Francisco, and Quadrini (2014) and expand the model by considering the change of the land or asset price so as to analyze the impact of low interest rate on the welfare of entrepreneurs and workers, respectively.
The model simply divides the agents into two groups, entrepreneurs and workers, and uses their lifetime utility to explain the impact of interest rate policy on income inequality. Joseph E. Stiglitz (2015b) mentioned that low interest rate would expand the credit availability and drive up the land or asset price. The continuous upward trend of land or asset price is one of the important reason causing income inequality. After taking into account the land or asset price on the sensibility of income inequality toward interest rate, this thesis is able to provide a theoretical underpinning of Taiwan’s empirical observation in recent years.
We find out that with low interest rate policy, entrepreneurs’ wealth condition is doing better and better while the workers’ wealth is getting worse. Taiwan’s data in the recent years also shows that once the central bank lowering the interest rate GINI index, which represent the income inequality distribution, will rise immediately. This situation is in accord with the thesis.
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通貨膨脹,資產價格波動與信用膨脹 / A Theoretical Examination of Inflation, Asset Prices, and Credit Expansion李孟威, Lee,Meng-Wui Unknown Date (has links)
在很多資產泡沫的案例中,我們發現貨幣供給與信用皆伴隨資產價格飆漲而增加;但其通貨膨脹問題卻不嚴重。這似乎與傳統貨幣理論之概念─高貨幣成長刺激通膨─有所抵觸。我們推論在資產價格飆升時,民眾會增加其持有之貨幣以待適當時機購買資產,此種融通金融商品的貨幣即為俗稱之「游資」。游資增加將吸收部份貨幣擴張,因而減少最終流入商品市場的貨幣,緩和通貨膨漲。本論文建立一個Cash-in-Advance模型,發現當經濟體之貸款利率遠高於存款利率,及人民預期未來經濟持續進步時,確實可能發生上述現象。 / While some bubble economies, in which asset prices rise, experience exaggerated
money and credit expansion, they often face merely moderate
inflationary problems. It is likely that the increased money supply does
not fully enter the commodity market and result in hyper-inflation; some
of that increase may become investors’ money that waits for future investment
opportunities and finally goes into the equity market. By utilizing
a cash-in-advance model with a banking system and heterogeneous
household expectations, this paper demonstrates the existence of this special
phenomenon under the necessary condition by which, the loan rate is
significantly higher than the deposit rate, and what the public believes in
requires a persistent economic growth.
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資金因素與資產評價林鳴琴, Lin Ming-Chin Unknown Date (has links)
本論文嘗試探討總體經濟中的金融資金面因素,
對於資產價格之決定,
以及價格波動程度與基本面訊息揭露的影響。
本論文包含三篇文章。
第一篇的主旨在於本論文認為投資人所面對的資金成本差異,
是一項解釋資產價格過度波動現象不可或缺的因素。
文獻研究既已指出短期資金市場,
資金成本價差可以有效預測實質產出,
則股價與短期資金市場變數之間似乎也應有所關連。
投資人由於期初財富水準不同,
資金充裕者可以同時持有風險性資產和無風險資產,
資金短缺者則可以採取融資方式投資風險性資產。
一般而言,
融資利率應高於無風險利率,
即使投資人訊息同質,
但因為資金成本不同,
投資需求亦不相同。
當投資人之資金成本差異擴大,
造成平均資金成本變動,
即使基本面沒有任何變化,
資產價格仍然會波動,
並且低於完美市場下的均衡價格。
本篇所建立的部分均衡模型,
可以說明資金成本差異對價格波動性的影響,
以及均衡價格的特性。
第二篇討論加入投資人異質訊息的假設,
投資人在受到資金衝擊之下,
資金借貸限制透過對投資人決策行為的影響,
進而對資產流動性及價格揭露訊息的功能產生何種影響。
本論文嘗試藉由個體結構模式(micro-structure model),
分析市場資金流動性多寡和訊息效率性(information efficiency)的關聯。
體系存在借貸限制是本論文重點之一,
若沒有借貸限制,
資金將無短缺之虞,
資金流動性多寡就不是問題。
資金流動性若不能轉化為信用(credit),
則無法探討投資人面對資金衝擊與借貸限制,
所決定的投資決策如何進一步影響基本面訊息反映的程度。
本篇模型特色在於每位投資人,
不論是否擁有關於期末給付的私人訊息,
都可能遭受流動性衝擊。
研究發現當市場資金相對寬鬆時,
借貸行為的比例增加,
但訊息揭露程度反而降低。
第三篇嘗試探討理性投資人或雜訊投資人受到借貸限制,
亦即不是所有想借貸的投資人都能取得可貸資金時,
資金環境對長期資產價格偏離基本面價值所產生之助漲助跌作用,
以及資產價格何時出現高估、
何時出現低估的情形。
本論文舉出兩個基本面完全不同但卻有共同理論模型的故事背景(scenarios),
用意在顯現我們所觀察到的金融市場價格表現可能來自於兩種不同的市場結構,
單就理論模型來看無法區分究竟是哪一個故事背景之下的結果。
提高融資限制可能妨礙了相關訊息融入,
使得價格更偏離基本面而沒有達到阻卻非理性投機交易的目的。
降低融資限制亦可能是使得非理性投機交易更加猖獗,
而不是刺激基本面相關訊息正確反映。
1 導論
2 資金成本與資產價格波動
2.1 研究動機與目的
2.2 模型
2.3 資本市場均衡
2.4 政策意涵
2.5 結論與相關文獻比較
3 資金流動性與訊息揭露
3.1 研究動機與目的
3.2 模型
3.3 均衡解模擬分析
3.4 結論
4 融資限制與價格穩定性
4.1 研究動機與目的
4.2 模型
4.3 資產均衡價格特性分析
4.4 結論
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位移與混合型離散過程對波動度模型之解析與實證 / Displaced and Mixture Diffusions for Analytically-Tractable Smile Models林豪勵, Lin, Hao Li Unknown Date (has links)
Brigo與Mercurio提出了三種新的資產價格過程,分別是位移CEV過程、位移對數常態過程與混合對數常態過程。在這三種過程中,資產價格的波動度不再是一個固定的常數,而是時間與資產價格的明確函數。而由這三種過程所推導出來的歐式選擇權評價公式,將會導致隱含波動度曲線呈現傾斜曲線或是微笑曲線,且提供了參數讓我們能夠配適市場的波動度結構。本文利用台指買權來實證Brigo與Mercurio所提出的三種歐式選擇權評價公式,我們發現校準結果以混合對數常態過程優於位移CEV過程,而位移CEV過程則稍優於位移對數常態過程。因此,在實務校準時,我們建議以混合對數常態過程為台指買權的評價模型,以達到較佳的校準結果。 / Brigo and Mercurio proposed three types of asset-price dynamics which are shifted-CEV process, shifted-lognormal process and mixture-of-lognormals process respectively. In these three processes, the volatility of the asset price is no more a constant but a deterministic function of time and asset price. The European option pricing formulas derived from these three processes lead respectively to skew and smile in the term structure of implied volatilities. Also, the pricing formula provides several parameters for fitting the market volatility term structure. The thesis applies Taiwan’s call option to verifying these three pricing formulas proposed by Brigo and Mercurio. We find that the calibration result of mixture-of-lognormals process is better than the result of shifted-CEV process and the calibration result of shifted-CEV process is a little better than the result of shifted-lognormal process. Therefore, we recommend applying the pricing formula derived from mixture-of-lognormals process to getting a better calibration.
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一般均衡利率期限結構理論─台灣公債市場之實證研究廖志峰 Unknown Date (has links)
利率是影響金融市場中金融工具的主要因素,對經濟體系而言,是貨幣面與實質面的橋樑,代表使用負債資金所需支付的成本;對法人機構、投資個人而言,利率是進行任何融資、投資活動的重要參考指標。近年來,利用一般均衡、無套利評價理論來研究利率期限結構和利率或有請求權(Contingent Claims)訂價的文獻有如雨後春筍一般;另一方面,由於時間序列(Time Series)於1980年代的快速發展,諸如:ARCH家族、GARCH家族、隨機變異性(Stochastic Volatility),兩套方法互相結合運用,有愈來愈多文獻顯示,其對現實的利率期限結構具有一定水準的解釋能力。
隨著國際金融市場的多元化、自由化與無國界化,金融創新與金融商品的大量問世,如何合理估計利率期限結構,以運用於投資決策、或預測未來利率走勢,及對利率風險的管理,這都隱含利率期限結構的重要性。本文擬針對著一般均衡利率期限結構模型加以分析,並驗證在我國公債市場應用的可行性。
一般均衡利率期限結構模型,由Cox、Ingersoll and Ross(1985a、b)正式提出,其為單因子一般均衡利率期限結構模型;Longstaff and Schwartz(1992)提出二因子一般均衡利率期限結構模型,因其利率期限結構隱含一個限制式,故LS兩因子實證模型以差分形式進行,故將損失兩個參數(gamma、eta);基於此點,本文試圖採用Gibbons and Ramaswamy(1993)的實質報酬率觀念,希望經由調整物價因素後的殖利率樣本資料,可消除時間趨勢不穩定的因子,藉以判斷包含(gamma、eta)的完整兩因子一般均衡模型是否能更充分解釋利率期限結構;另一方面,亦可透過Gibbons and Ramaswamy(1993)的實質報酬率觀念,觀察二因子一般均衡利率期限結構模型所獲得的名目利率期限結構與實質利率期限結構的差異。
本文實證結果並不令人滿意,調整物價因素後的殖利率樣本資料,仍存在不穩定的情況;本文以差分與模擬的方式,建構出台灣公債市場利率期限結構。另一方面,亦發現本文調整物價因素的方法,在較長的樣本期間下並不適宜。
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