都市邊緣是位於郊區外圍已開發地區之四周，混合著農業和都市土地使用的地區，因其位於發展地區的邊緣，常缺乏必要的計劃手段以因應都市化的快速發展，故都市邊緣之農村地區常呈現殘破荒涼的景觀，傳統農村文化特色也逐漸消失。然眾多都市邊緣之農業用地在寸土寸金的都市存在，除了發揮綠帶阻隔、保持都市發展彈性、自然防災、生態維護及提供都市人口生鮮蔬果等功能外，近年來隨著所得的提升、高品質生活的重視，都市農業發達的地區，因地利之便常成為市民踏青遊覽、徜揚鄉野的地方，故又增添了休閒、遊憩、教育、文化等多樣功能。然為吸引嚮往遊憩及鄉野生活的都市居民前來，農戶往往違規規搭建寮舍、開設土雞城等餐食餐飲業，導致農村景觀破壞、環境污染及土地違法變更使用等外部性問題，農村社區在種種有利因素衝擊下，農村經濟與社區發展已到了不轉型則無以為繼之地步。然農業是融合農業生產、農民生活與農村生態等三生一體的基礎產業，為興利除弊，誠需合三生一體的理念，妥善規劃都市型農村社區的發展，以達生產獨特農產品、塑造寧適美觀環境及建構雋永調和田園文化之精緻化、休閒化、人文化之富麗村目標。因此，本研究旨在探討如何在都市化的腳步走進農村社區的同時，建立富麗的農村社區，以維護農業永續發展並保存既有的農村特色及人文自然資源。 　　為達建構都市型富麗農村社區之目標，本研究藉國內外獻的搜集和實地探訪，深入瞭解都市型農村社區的發展背景與現況，經由發展範型的建構即發展策略之歸納分析，發現國內外農村社區的發展，在不同的經濟發展過程中，隨著面對課題的不同，而形成不同的發展模式，且所採之發展策略也相對迴異，依據我國過去農村社區發展之情況及先進國家之發展經驗，歸納建納都市型富麗農村社區宜採行之策略如下： 　　一、均衡社區發展策略。 　　二、發展觀光休閒農業。 　　三、推動社區總體營造。 　　四、實質農村社區規劃建設。 　　然都市型農村社區的發展，必須考量的層面至為廣泛且複雜，由於各國農村社區的發展背景與情況或有差異，因而各國發展成功之策略用於各國農村社區之發展可行性為何？本研究藉臺北市文山區指南里之典型都市型坡地農村社區進行實證，獲得結論如下： 　　一、都市型農村社區發展規劃意義深遠。 　　二、地理形態是建構都市型農村社區發展範型之重要因素。 　　三、經濟發展階段主導都市型農村社區範型之建構。 　　四、均衡社區發展是建構都市型農村社區發展之整體性策略。 　　五、觀光休閒農業是建構都市型富麗農村社區最適之產業策略。 　　六、社區總體營造策略造就農村社區和諧與健康之美。 　　七、都市農業策略之展發得以保存都市農業之永績發展。 　　八、整體環境之規劃建設是建設都市型富麗農村社區不可或缺之策略。 　　九、法令與交通問題是都市型坡地農村發展之最大限制。

觀察農村社區土地重劃現況後發現，雖然自民國76年起為能有效解決農村社區公共設施不足及營造農村社區整體優良環境，開始辦理農漁村社區更新；至民國89年1月公布實施「農村社區土地重劃條例」，且內政部編列「農村社區土地重劃四年示範計畫」，為持續改善農村社區生活環境，內政部接續農村社區土地重劃四年示範計畫訂定「農村社區土地重劃六年（98至103年度）示範計畫」，預定投入經費14億6千萬元，辦理先期規劃40區、非都市土地開發許可區28區、工程設計23區、重劃建設17區。截至民國100年止，農村社區土地重劃之地區，包含先期規劃149區及重劃建設區數53區，但實際建設的農村社區並未有預期的效果，當地人口也未如預期增加，新增加的建築用地亦未有新建案或住宅，而原來的農田亦無法再變為耕地，此引發本研究進一步探究之動機。 本研究從農村社區土地重劃區位與其施行效益角度出發，回顧農村社區土地重劃之意義、特性及發展歷程的資料蒐集，初步瞭解辦理農村社區土地重劃之現況及區位評選機制，從農村社區之政策分析、執行之檢討及相關個案與綜合分析中，歸納分析台灣農村社區土地重劃政策與執行狀況，並以中央及地方執行機關與農村社區居民、地主為對象進行問卷調查，研究個案新竹市香山區港南農村社區土地重劃、新竹市北區南勢農村社區土地重劃、新竹縣新豐鄉埔和農村社區土地重劃、彰化縣員林鎮大饒農村社區土地重劃及彰化縣大村鄉過溝農村社區土地重劃五個農村社區。最後，獲致以下幾點結論： 一、鄰近重要公共建設、都市計畫邊緣及交通較完善之區位條件，其施行效益較高，如調查之彰化縣大饒農村社區及新竹市香山區港南農村社區土地重劃。 二、中央各相關主管機關需因地制宜，訂定更嚴格審查標準，才能避免任意擴充範圍。 三、農村社區土地重劃應考量住宅需求及對當地居民生活品質改善程度，營造優質的農村生活環境才得以使原有聚落人口回流。 四、避免造成農村蔓延發展，依不同區位條件運用不同改善方式，區位條件好者，以農村社區土地重劃為主；區位條件不好者以農村社區公共設施改善為主。

生態旅遊是一種全球性旅遊趨勢，也是一種對自然資源與旅遊行為之新環境因應態度。農村社區發展生態旅遊將成為農村社區永續發展的重要發展戰略，當務之急是建構出農村社區發展生態旅遊評估模式。建立農村社區生態旅遊發展指標體系及評估模型，對於規範生態旅遊社區建設，促進農村社區生態旅遊資源的可持續利用，引導農村社區生態旅遊的健康發展，具有重要意義。本研究主要目的希望透過文獻研究法、問卷調查法及AHP層級分析法等研究方法的進行，建立一套評估農村社區發展生態旅遊的評估模式，藉以從中瞭解生態旅遊與農村社區永續發展相結合之結果： 一、以農村社區的核心資源、經營管理、市場潛力和組織能力此四個構面與農村社區生態旅遊之直接關係，分別加以探討。再透過SWOT 矩陣分析，以港邊社區為例，研擬出生態旅遊評估模式。 二、應用層級分析法（AHP 法）進行農村社區生態旅遊發展模式評估，提供決策者執行時優先順序之參考。 本研究藉由文獻回顧，整理出生態旅遊和農村社區永續發展的相關理論，及港邊社區環境資源後，透過專家問卷調查使研究資料更為客觀。並經由因數分析簡化得到「核心資源、經營管理」及「市場潛力，及組織能力」之4個因數。續由SWOT 矩陣分析法分析港邊社區和湖本社區發展生態旅遊的基礎和方向。 本研究結果除提供以港邊社區為例的農村社區發展生態旅遊評估模式外，對本研究所建立之農村社區發展生態旅遊評估架構，亦可供後續相關生態旅遊訂定發展策略之參考依據。 關鍵字：農村社區、生態旅遊、評估模式、SWOT 矩陣分析法 / Eco-tourism is a trend of global travel and a new attitude to balance natural resources and behavior travel. Therefore,the development of eco-tourism in countryside community will be an important strategy for its sustainable development. The most important is the construction of appraisal pattern in countryside community.Building index system and evaluate pattern has very significant sense on standarding eco-tourism community,promoting sustainable use of eco-tourism resource and guiding sound development of eco-tourism in countryside community.The main goal of this investigation is establishing solutions of assesing sustainable development by a series research methods,such as document research ,questionnarie and AHP level analysis. 1.Base on the five aspects of direct relationship with key resource,management,market potential and organizational ability to research respectively.Then,through analysis in SWOT rectangle form, take Gangbian community for example,create evalutation patterm of eco-tourism. 2.Use AHP methods to value the strategies for eco-tourism development to provide executer a priority consultation. This research makes out the theories and strategies about development eco-tourism by reviewing documents, and environmental resources of Gangbian community. Furthermore, it makes the information more objective by expertise polling. With factors analysis ,they gain four factors of key resource,management,market potential and organizantianal ability,making foundation and instruction of Gangbian Zone and Huben Zone by SWOT rectangle form. The result of this research not only provides the evaluate pattern of eco-tourism development in rural area like Gangbian Zone but also offers a reference for concerning strategies of sustainable eco-tourism . Key words： Community ; Eco-tourism；Evaluate patterm ; SWOT rectangle form

我國的農村社區發展由政策性的部門計畫，轉變為制度性的地域性計畫，所強調的是農村社區的在地治理，然而農村特性不同，夥伴關係運作成為在地治理的重要手段，農村社區夥伴關係及其運作將是農村社區能否永續發展的關鍵。本研究以社會資本理論觀點，進行不同農村社區的夥伴關係運作的分析，以及農村社區夥伴關係之運作與夥伴關係社會資本之結構面、關聯面與認知面間的關聯性。並在同時注重夥伴關係社會資本的過程與階段性結果的考量下，針對成熟型的外獅潭社區、學習型的象山社區及多重社區型的無米樂社區三個個案，以半結構式訪談及統計檢定方法，透過質的分析方法瞭解農村社區夥伴關係的運作過程，並在量的方面，以問卷調查與檢定，瞭解階段性過程社會資本的構成與變動。 本研究發現，農村社區因社區特性形成差異性的夥伴關係運作模式，也會因人的因素與制度的改變，導致個別社區不同程度的運作困難。夥伴關係運作愈好，夥伴關係社會資本平均值愈高，然社會資本權重平均權值高並不意味著夥伴關係運作會較好，因夥伴關係運作與夥伴關係社會資本構成只是一個過程及階段性結果的呈現，因此如只著重在社會資本構成之量的調查，而缺乏質的夥伴關係運作過程分析的對比，分析結果將很有可能產生偏誤。另研究也發現，農村社區不僅需要可發揮地方性知識從而在建立社區共識下，形成夥伴關係的在地治理發展模式，在夥伴關係運作過程中，也必須得助政府公部門與許多專業者的持續性專業協助，完成社區發展工作，印證整合型農村發展應注重超在地(extra local)的新內生性農村發展模式。本研究因此提出政府宜積極培育農村社區發展之專職專業經理人、農村社區治理須有積極的人力培力及適時的人力更新，但變動幅度不宜過大、整合性的農村社區發展需長期的逐步累積，不宜遽變式的制度嵌入、農村社區夥伴關係運作透過機制移植雖可加快推動速度，但仍需給予調適期與因地制宜等農村治理等建議。 / The development of rural communities in Taiwan has transferred from sectoral plan approach to place-base approach which emphasizes local governance. The operation of partnership in rural governance is the important method in rural community due to the diversity of rural community types. The partnerships of rural community and its operation will be the key to the continuously development of the rural communities. Based upon the social capital theory, this study investigates the operation of partnership on three different kind rural communities. Semi-structure in-depth interview and statistical test approaches are used to understand the process of rural partnership and the change of social capital in the three rural communities. The investigation focus on the process of rural partnership by in-depth interview approach and the relation on the three dimension of social capital by statistical test so as to understand the change of both quality and quantity of social capital of partnership in the study cases. This study found that the mode of partnership operation is different and results in various difficulties due to the different characteristics of the community, human factors and institutional change. The average weight value of social capital is higher when the operation of partnership is better. However, the higher weight value of social capital doesn’t totally mean that the rural community has a better partnership operation because the weight can only represent a process or the result of the operation of partnership in a certain period. Therefore, there could be exist bias if the analysis focus only on quantity investigation without a contrast from quality analysis of partnership operation. In addition, this study also found that rural community needs instant assistance from government and specialist in the partnership process as well as they need to elaborate local governance within the community’s common vision. The important point to notice is that the comprehensive rural development should adopt ‘extra local’ specialty of new endogenous model .Furthermore, this paper also provides promising suggestions such as full-time position of professional manager , new rural human resources and a long-term vision for the future rural development in Taiwan.

目前台灣地區農村發展之生產與生活面功能係由農地重劃、農村社區土地重劃及農地興建農舍等三個制度執行來達成，其中透過農地重劃達經濟面之生產功能，而藉由農村社區土地重劃與農地興建農舍制度提供生活面之需求。然制度個別執行之結果，不僅導致生產農地之破壞與流失，亦增加農地利用之交易成本。面臨這些問題，生產農地之維護為當務之急。雖然長期以來農地重劃為維護農地生產力之主要制度，但由於農地重劃之發展受到制度變遷路徑相依之影響，不易因應社會變遷而改變其只具單一生產功能之制度內涵，故若要同時達到農村地區之生產與生活功能，或可透過農地重劃之制度調整解決問題並兼顧生產與生活功能之農村發展。 　　因此本研究基於制度變遷之理論基礎，針對台灣地區實施農地重劃之制度變遷進行分析，探討於社經環境變動過程，農地重劃所扮演角色之轉變，以為檢視現行農地重劃制度問題之基礎。並透過政府嘗試結合辦理農地重劃與農村社區土地重劃進行個案分析，揭示目前農村地區追求生產與生活功能同時兼備之必要性，以及於現行制度環境下，二個制度進行結合辦理之制度調整方向，產生了執行時程、重劃負擔及土地分配等問題與困難。故本研究進一步提出三個制度調整方案，利用ANP之多準則決策分析方法，評選出於多功能農地重劃之制度調整發展方向，為兼顧生產與生活等多功能目標之最佳制度調整方案。此外，針對多功能農地重劃制度之調整提出制度環境面與執行機制面之政策性建議，期望能對正在研擬與即將立法之農村再生條例草案中，整合型農地重劃之研擬與方向，提供於制度結合或制度創新上有所助益。 / Farmland consolidation institution in Taiwan has only been applied to improve the production environment during the past 50 years. Nowadays, due to the dramatic change of social and economic environment in Taiwan as well as the tendency of multifunctional rural community and agricultural development, the institution is due to proper consideration to be altered. In addition, the separately enforcement of three institutions i.e. farmland consolidation, building of farmhouse and rural community consolidation, results in the serious pollution of agricultural environment and the loss of high- quality farmland. How to adjust the current institution of farmland consolidation so as to reach the objectives of both better production and living environment in rural areas is an important issue. This study, based on the institutional change theory, investigates the changing role of farmland consolidation in Taiwan. Moreover, examines the problems of integrating farmland consolidation and rural community land readjustment at Shihfen area located in Tainan County Cigou Towship is examined. After literatures review and the investigation of farmhouse as well as farmland use problems, proposes three alternative institutions of farmland consolidation. Analytical Network Process (ANP) Approach is employed to evaluate. Furthermore, the criteria and implication of the choosing institution are discussed so as to benefit the framework of integrated farmland consolidation in the Bill of the Revival of Rural Community.

政府自民國七十六年起，即以土地重劃方式試辦農村社區土地重劃，且陸續針對農村社區相關民生公共建設制訂相關法規，於民國八十九年公佈實施【農村社區土地重劃條例】，使農村辦理整體建設配合地籍重整及交換分合有法源的依據。不過，農村社區土地重劃業務實施至民國九十六年底，已進行農村社區土地重劃建設之社區僅有四十八個，所佔比例甚低，且農村社區土地重劃實施之內容，僅偏重在公共設施之硬體建設，以應居住生活之需，然其與農地重劃之配合，及其對生態環境之維護卻顯得十分不足，理當進一步檢討與改進。再者，放眼國際，知悉國外農村土地重劃制度之演化值得我國省思，尤其是德國之農村土地重劃實施百年之經驗別具特色，該國不僅著眼在調整坵塊型態及耕地結構等方面，同時也配合農村發展策略與自然景觀維護，以發揮農村地區生態與景觀維護之功能。由此知悉現代化土地重劃已不再僅是改善農業生產結構之手段，而是被視為一種多目標的農村發展工具。 因此，本研究主要運用文獻分析法、案例研究法及深度訪談法，對欲擬列探討之課題作深入的研究。收集國內外農村社區土地重劃相關文獻，包括：農村規劃的理論和方法，及相關法律規定與案例等，從中探悉如德國等先進國家藉由推動農村土地重劃以促進農村發展的經驗；另針對目前台灣農村社區土地重劃的功能及實施過程所遭遇之問題等項目加以探討，並透過深度訪談之方式，以瞭解地方居民的想法與意見，並觀察重劃後之發展是否達到其原先設定規劃之目標與效益，再藉由德國實施農村土地重劃之規劃原則，加以檢討我國重劃制度之方向與問題，最後研提未來的改進方案，以供有關當局之參酌。 / The government has been trying to readjust the rural community by land consolidation, and formulate relevant laws and regulations one after another on public construction, which is related to people's livelihood of the rural community. In the 89th year, the government published the “Regulations on Land consolidation in Rural Communities”, serving as the source of law in the steady implementation of the cooperation between the overall construction and the re-construction of rural communities, as well as the exchange of cadastral division. However, in the end of the 96th year of R.O.C., the implementation of re-zoning the land of rural communities has only covered 48 communities, which have been readjusted and re-constructed. The proportion is very low. What’s more, as to the content of the implementation, it focused on hardware construction of public facilities to meet the needs of living. Speaking of its relationship between agriculture and land consolidation and its impact on the maintenance of the ecological environment, it is insufficient. We should further review and improve it. Furthermore, if we look into the international situation, we will figure out the evolution of foreign systems of rural land consolidation. Especially in Germany's rural land consolidation, the experience of implementing the consolidation of the rural land for a hundred years is unique. It focuses not only on Hill block patterns and adjusting the structure of arable land aspects, but also on trying to be in line with the rural development strategy and the maintenance of the natural landscape, so as to play the ecological function and the function of landscape maintenance in rural areas. From this, it is known that the modernization of land consolidation is no longer a means which is only to improve the structure of agricultural production, but seen as a rural development instrument with plural goals. Accordingly, the present study will makes use of literature analysis, case studies and depth interviews so as to make an in-depth research on those tasks which are planned to be discussed. The collection of relevant literature on domestic and rural community land consolidation includes: theories and methods on rural planning and relevant legal provisions and precedents, from which we can try to pry into the experience of promoting the development of rural areas by initiating the consolidation of rural land provided by developed countries like Germany. Moreover, after dabbling into the present functions of the land consolidation in rural communities of Taiwan and the problems encountered in the implementation process, we should also try to understand the ideas and views of local residents through the way of depth interviews and observe if the original goal and benefits are attained after the readjusted. Still, we should check the direction and problems of our consolidation systems by comparing with the regulations and principles adopted by Germany when it carried out the implementation of land consolidation and finally make a proposal for programs of future improvement for the light of relevant authorities.