台灣農業整體發展，隨著農業政策目標更迭，已歷經不同時期的轉變。政策執行結果，亦使得台灣農業面臨生產資源流失、糧食安全與食品安全等困境。而近三十年來，面對農業的困境，開始促使全民與政府，重新思索農業對台灣的重要性，包括農民運動之興起、耕作方式之改變，以及永續農業的論述，皆可謂嘗試以不同觀點，解決農業困境。 基此，本研究以為許多政策與行動的抉擇，關鍵在於其所採取「價值觀」的判斷，如此與學者孔恩(Thomas S. Kuhn)論述的典範(paradigm)意涵相似。因此本研究藉以修改孔恩典範與典範變遷的概念，將典範變遷過程分為形成、深化、轉型、新典範等階段，並以此架構分析及詮釋台灣農業，自國民政府播遷來台至今之流變。因而，本研究對一連串農業政策、社會事件、學者觀點進行文獻分析，以歸納台灣農業典範變遷情狀；並輔以深度訪談方式，訪談具有「友善耕作理念」者，作為與前述文獻印證，並且強化台灣朝向永續農業發展之可能性。 研究結果發現，台灣農業整體發展，深受「依附」型態農業典範影響，政府對農業所採取的價值觀，為認定農業僅具「單一化」的生產功能，因此當農業產值偏低時，農業發展容易依附於非農部門與自由化貿易，缺乏「相對自主」發展機會。而農民運動與永續農業的出現，其實代表當前台灣農業典範正處於轉型階段，不僅反對農業長期囿於發展的困境，更積極改變耕作方式與銷售型態，著重農業的多功能性，逐漸地醞釀出農業典範的新型態。而由深度訪談之結果，得以歸納台灣農業正由民間自發，型塑一股以友善耕作理念為基礎，推廣在地生產、在地消費概念，並富含農業多功能性的新農業典範—「相對自主」型態。 於此，農業發展所涉及之面向，也由僅重視生產者、農村發展，擴大至與全體社會的公共利益相關。有鑑於此，本研究建議，台灣農業若欲走向永續發展，農業的多元功能與價值應被重新瞭解，並可藉由「教育」方式，讓農業多功能性扎根台灣；此外，政府應有責任提供多元化傳遞「理念」之管道，並制定長遠且具體的農業政策。如此，台灣農業未來該如何發展，政府、公民社會間的相互配合，乃為關鍵所在。

有機農業不僅可產出自然安全的農產品，同時亦得創造優質的農業環境，提供環境公共財與社會公共財，然而這樣的公共財，難以由單一農民提供，而是必須透過同一地區的農民以及利益相關者的共同參與，展開集體行動，才得以有效供給。 宜蘭縣三星鄉行健村是個特殊的案例，有部分農民為推行有機農業，乃成立全台灣第一個由農友組成的有機生產合作社，展開揚棄慣行農法的集體行動，藉由社員互信互助，實踐不施農藥、化肥的栽培，成效初具。然而，行健有機村的知名度雖逐漸提升，但實際上，有機村的名號與實際發展似乎不相襯，目前村內有機耕作面積只佔全村耕作面積的五分之一。因此，本研究以集體行動之理論分析框架，檢視行健村以集體行動促進有機農業發展之可能性。並以文獻分析法、深度訪談法、斷面步行法探究行健村有機農業發展之困境，分析檢討目前的集體行動社會網絡互動模式有何不足之處，期能提供改善建議，以促進該村有機農業發展的可能性。 研究結果顯示該村有機農業發展確實需要集體行動，始能獲致生產及非生產性的共同利益，然而村內網絡間的社會資本不足，以致欠缺發展有機村的共同目標，推展有機農業的集體行動難以擴大，再加上網絡間整合不佳，導致外部資源的投入未有相對應的成效，復又，行健合作社的制度安排不佳，導致營運困境，影響有機村的推展。而中央與地方政府合作不佳，以及現行政府的有機政策導向都關鍵地影響慣性農民轉型有機農業之意願。 本研究認為應增加村內社會網絡間彼此溝通交流之頻度，且行健合作社應重新檢討內部的制度安排，以利促進眾人一心發展有機村之集體行動；而政府方面，應設法改善有機農民之通路、建立有機專區的誘因機制，並且思考補貼政策的轉型，輔以加強消費者食農教育，使有機農業的供需市場擴大並產生互利的良性循環，如此方能讓更多農民願意投入有機耕作，或能真正發展成為兼具生產、生活、生態的「有機村」。 / Organic agriculture not only produces healthy and natural food, but also co-produces environmental public goods and social public goods. However, this kind of goods need to be provided efficiently only by farmers cooperatively, rather than individual. This case study is located in Xingjian village, Sansing Township, Yilan County, where some farmers set up “Xingjian Organic Production Cooperative” to stimulate organic farming development in the village. In this Cooperative, they trust and help each other, trying to persuade other farmers out of using chemical fertilizers and pesticide in farming, and further more, expanding the collective action. To date, some people have been participating in this collective action, as a result, have tackled local agri-environmental issues and provided agri-environmental public goods to some degree. However, as the growing reputation of “Xingjian Organic Village”, the organic farming area only accounts for 20 percent of the total arable land. Therefore, this research using collective action theoretical framework to view the possibility of the Xingjian in promoting organic farming development. This research adopts three ways- literature, in-depth interviews, transect walks, to explore the obstacle of Xingjian village in promoting organic farming development, and to analysis the problem of social network interaction. The result shows that organic agriculture development in the village do need collective action to attain production and non-production of common interests. However, the collective action of organic farming is difficult to expand due to lack of social capital in the village between the networks, and the lack of the common goal in this village. Thus, the input of external resources do not correspond to its performance. Further, institutional arrangements in Xingjian cooperatives functions poor, leading to its operational difficulties. Besides, poor Cooperation between central and local government, as well as the current policy orientation of government, both play a crucial role in affecting farmers' willingness to change conventional farming to organic farming. This study suggests that social networks between the village should connect closely by communicate with each other frequently, and Xingjian cooperatives should review its institutional arrangements, in order to facilitate the collective action of “Xingjian Organic Village”; and the government should try to improve organic produce’s access to market, establish incentives about organic agriculture zone, transfer subsidies policy to organic agriculture, and strengthen consumer’s organic education, so can make more farmers willing to invest in organic farming, or can really develop a production, life and ecology combined "organic village".

當前農業發展的困境是耕地面積狹小、坵塊分散，年輕勞力外流，造成從農階層之高 齡化、兼業化，務農意願降低等，使得農場經營規模難以擴大。政府雖然努力採取各 種對策，但成效不甚卓著。本文試圖尋求另一解決途徑，利用地區性農地利用調整之 方法，規劃出農地流動的方向，進而達成擴大經營規模的目標。 本論文共分五章。第一章緒論。說明本文研究動機與目的、研究方法、簡介研究對象 地區，並探討相關文獻。 第二章擴大經營規模所遭遇之難題。首先解釋擴大經營規模之意義，並說明必要性之 理由，再分析當前農地利用現況對經營規模擴大之有利與不利的因素。 第三章以往獎勵擴大經營規模之檢討。針對政府採取之措施如購地貸款、共同經營、 委託經營及實施農地利用綜合規劃等四項，探討其實施成效不彰原因，並作為擬定另 一解決途徑之參考。 第四章地區性農地利用調整之意義及方法。先說明地區性農地利用調整之意義及其實 施方法之步驟為 (一) 每筆調查 (二) 電腦製圖 (三) 農家區分 (四) 調整規劃。為 使農地調整能達到預期目標，所需之配合措施為： 一、推行農地流動化促進事業。 二、成立農地買賣租賃之仲介機構。 三、成立促進農地流動獎勵金制度。 四、舉辦農地交換分合。 第五章結論與建議。針對當前的農地環境，就本文研擬之農地利用調整方法作可行性 評估，並提出研究發現結果供後續研究之參考。

我國為配合加入WTO，紓緩日後大量農產品開放進口，對本土農地利用管理與農業生產所帶來的衝擊，政府乃大幅度修正農業發展條例（以下簡稱農發條例），以為因應。該條例及配套法案業於民國八十九年一月四日、六日及十三日經立法院三讀通過，並由總統於同年一月二十六日公布施行。本次農發條例之修正要點，在農地政策方面，主要側重於農地合理的利用、有效地管理與適當的釋出，其中最大的轉變在於調整為「放寬農地農有，落實農地農用」原則，不再限制農地移轉承受人之身份與資格，並有條件地許可農企業法人承受農地。這樣的變革，旨在建立更為開放競爭的耕地買賣市場，增進耕地的流動性，以利農業經營者取得耕地，調整農業經營結構，應值贊同。然而，條文內容有無疏漏不妥？仍有待深入檢討；條文原則性的規定能否落實？尚待相關法令的配合修訂，方能儘速建立合理農地利用、管理與釋出機制，以確保我國的農業發展。 　　緣此，本研究乃就農發條例之研修條文內容，深入探析農地政策與移轉規定之轉變，同時藉由實地調查（問卷調查與深度訪談）及拜訪農政等單位，以瞭解移轉制度變遷之實施現況及其對農業經營之影響程度，並訪察農業經營者之意向及博採各方之想法，據以確實地檢視現行農地移轉制度有關之爭議與問題，再提出研修現行條文、修訂行政命令及研議配合措施等改進意見，冀能有助於促進農地合理利用，並供後續法律修正、執行之參考。最後，再綜合本研究之成果，推衍以下結論： 　　一、調整農地農有制度係時勢潮流，農地農用管理機制應詳加落實。 　　二、實證調查發現，受訪者大抵認同目前農地移轉制度之變革規定，惟對促進農地流動及帶動農業升級助益不大。 　　三、引進農企業法人承受耕地之成效不彰，且牽涉法令繁多，亟待整合修訂。 　　四、制度規則未能公平提供誘因，且未能有效減低執行面之不確定性，應儘速檢討改進並確實執行之。 　　五、農民與農企業法人普遍欠缺對相關法令資訊的瞭解，應加強相關人員之專業訓練與宣傳輔導。 　　此外，在研究過程中，發現仍有相關課題有待未來後續研究，以促使農地更有效利用管理，並能確保農業永續發展，建議如下： 　　一、健全農企業法人承受耕地之管理制度。 　　二、建構重要農業區之區分與保護機制。 　　三、進一步研究農業產銷班與農地利用之關聯性。 / For joining WTO and moderating the impact of the import of agricultural products on agricultural lands use and, management and production, our government reacted by revising the Agricultural Development Act (ADA). The ADA has been revised by the Legislative Yuan on January 4 and promulgated by the Presidential Decree on January 26, 2000. The main point of the revision is to emphasis on reasonable farmland uses, effective management and adequate release of the land regulations in the agricultural policy. The main change is to adjust ADA’s principle from “the right to own and use farmland to be limited to the farmer” to “the release of the restriction on farmland transferee and realization of the substantial farmland uses.” The revision does no longer set a limit to the status and qualification of transferees and permits the transferable rights of agribusiness on some certain conditions. It is approved that the revision is to establish a more open and competitive arable land market, to improve the liquidity of arable lands, to facilitate the acquirement of arable lands for agribusiness, and to adjust the agricultural production structure. However, we should review the completeness and realization of the revised ADA after the promulgation in order to assure the agricultural development. 　　Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to probe into the change of the agricultural land policy and transfer regulation from the provisions of the revised ADA, examine the exercising of transfer system change and its influence on agricultural operation, investigate the intention of agricultural managers for reviewing the relative debates and issues, and then offer some advice as references of revision in the future. The conclusion is described as follows: 　　1.It is a trend of the times to adjust the transfer system that the right to own and use farmland is limited to the farmer, and the mechanism of assuring the substantial farmland uses should be realized. 　　2.From empirical research, the interviewees almost agree to the new agricultural land transfer system, but think that it is not useful for accelerating the liquidity and promoting the level of agricultural industry. 　　3.It is not significant on introducing agribusiness to be the transferee of arable lands, and it is necessary for our government to integrate too many relative and complicated laws. 　　4.We should review and implement the revised ADA because the rules themselves cannot provide fair incentives and effectively reduce the uncertainty from exercising it. 　　5.Farmers and agribusinesses lack the knowledge of relative laws, so the government should enhance them the professional training and give them consultant service. 　　In addition, from this research, we also found that some issues need to be studied for effective management of agricultural lands and sustainable development of agricultural industry in the future. 　　1.How to sound the management institution when agribusinesses want to be the transferee of arable lands. 　　2.How to designate important agricultural zones and establish protection mechanism. 　　3.Study the correlation between the agricultural product marketing class and agricultural land uses.