唐宋古文運動是一場橫跨兩個朝代，曠日持久的文體改革風潮。前人在 唐宋古文運動的整體研究中，往往只重視中唐以及北宋兩個時期，對晚唐古文有所忽略。有見及此，本文以晚唐古文家孫樵及其〈孫可之文集〉中三十六篇古文(含自序)為研究對象，以客觀評價孫樵在中國文學史的地位為目標，並以小見大，反映晚唐古文運動的成效及影響，期望補足前人在古文研究上較為薄弱的一個環節。 孫樵是晚唐古文的殿軍人物，然而歷來對他的評價不一，而研究成果亦相當稀少。相對於晚唐時代其他古文作者，他更有意識地繼承韓、柳留下的古文餘緒，除了以韓愈三傳弟子自居外，更重要的是他在作品中有意識地闇揚了中唐的古文理論，並以此躬身力行地創作古文，形式上包攬各類古文運動的重要體式、內容上反映了晚唐廣闊的生活面貌，正能體現晚唐古文的成就。 本文共分為五章，第一章是本文緒論，而第五章則是結論。第二、第三章均以孫樵的古文理論作為研究重心，比較完整地疏理了孫樵的古文理論，具體而清晰地區分他上紹自史學體系的「尚實」理論與?原始自險，怪思想的「尚吾」理論兩大系統，對兩者的理論淵源、核心思想和創作表現作出了闡釋，區分了理論的主次從屬。 第四章則以文體學作為切人角度，闡述孫樵在文體上對中唐古文的繼承與開拓。 在解讀孫樵文本同時，本文亦嘗試解決種種與中晚唐古文相關的問題，並藉著對問題的思考提煉個人觀點，以此反映晚唐古文的獨特地位。 The main focus of the C1assica1 Prose Movement of the Tang and Song dynasties was on the reform of writing sty1e. In previous scho1arship on this Movement, however, attention was given main1y to the Mid Tang and the Northern Song, whi1e the Late Tang remained unheeded. For this reason, the present thesis attempts to fill this 1acuna by conducting a comprehensive study of the life and works of Sun Qiao (1ate ninth century), aiming to give an objective eva1uation to his p1ace in the history of Chinese 1iterature. Sun Qiao was among the writers par excellence of the 1ate Tang period, but, in the scanty scho1arship on him, critics had different views. Compared to the classica1 prose writers of the same time, Sun Qiao was more conscious in inheriting the fine 1egacy of Han Yu (786-824) and Liu Zhongyuan (773-819). In addition to proud1y claiming himse1f as a third-generation discip1e of Han Yu, Sun conscious1y promoted the 1iterary tradition of the mid Tang, both in theory and in practice. His prose forms include those of the Classica1 Prose Movement, covering various aspects of peop1e's 1ife of his time. His writings represent the achievement of C1assica1 Prose Movement of the 1ate Tang. This thesis is comprised of five chapters. The first and fina1 chapters are respective1y “Introduction" and “Conclusion." Chapters Two and Three are comprehensive discussion of Sun Qiao' s classica1 prose theory, which may be divided into two systems, name1y “advocacy of rea1ism" (shang shi尚實) and "advocacy of grotesque" (shang qi尚奇 ) . The former stemmed from historiographica1 thought and the 1atter from grotesque aesthetics. The discussion focuses on their theoretica1 backgrounds, core ideas, and how they are used in his writing. Chapters Four dea1s with issues concerning 1iterary genres. It discusses how Sun Qiao inherited 1iterary traditions from Han Yu and Liu Zhongyuan, and evaluates Sun's own innovation. In addition to ana1yzing Sun Qiao' s classica1 prose, this thesis a1so aims to solve some prob1ems re1ated to mid to 1ate Tang classica1 prose. The findings will be my own reflection on the unique contribution made by the Late Tang C1assica1 Prose Movement and its p1ace in the history of Chinese 1iterature.

陳煒舜. / "二〇〇〇年八月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2000. / 參考文獻 (leaves 393-404) / 附中英文摘要. / "Er ling ling ling nian ba yue" / Chen Weishun. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2000. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 393-404) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 提要 --- p.i. / 目錄 --- p.iii. / 緒論 --- p.1. / 上篇 / Chapter 第一章： --- 生平與著作 --- p.13. / Chapter 一. --- 生平 / Chapter (一) --- 行跡 / Chapter (二) --- 家世 / Chapter 二. --- 著作 / Chapter 第二章： --- 交游 --- p.32. / Chapter 一. --- 師長 / Chapter 二. --- 同ˇёإ友 / Chapter 三. --- 同年友 / Chapter 四. --- 任官時友 / Chapter 五. --- 隱居時友 / Chapter 第三章： --- 交學思想槪沭 --- p.95. / Chapter 一. --- 論創作 / Chapter 二. --- 論鑑賞 / Chapter 三. --- 論載道 / Chapter 四. --- 論神理 / 下編 / Chapter 第一章： --- 《莊子因》初探 --- p.126. / Chapter 一. --- 《莊子因》的寫作背景 / Chapter (一) --- 《莊子因》的成書經過 / Chapter (二) --- 《莊子因》的寫作動機 / Chapter 二. --- 《莊子因》析論 / Chapter (一) --- 《莊子因》知人論世的辨析 / Chapter 1. --- 時代、生平、師承 / Chapter 2. --- 《莊子》的文字與篇章 / Chapter 3. --- 辨僞 / Chapter (二) --- 從「重教化」析論《莊子因》 / Chapter 1. --- 《莊子因》對於莊、孔、老關係的爬梳 / Chapter 2. --- 《莊子因》對孔子形象的處理 / Chapter 三. --- 小結 / Chapter 第二章： --- 《韓文起》初探 --- p.158. / Chapter 一. --- 《韓文起》的寫作背景 / Chapter (一) --- 《韓文起》的成書經過 / Chapter (二) --- 《韓文起》的寫作動機 / Chapter 二. --- 《韓文起》析論 ´ح / Chapter (一) --- 《韓文起》知人論世的辨析 / Chapter 1. --- 〈韓文公年譜〉的編寫 / Chapter 2. --- 禮俗制度的考證 / Chapter 3. --- 史實的運用 / Chapter (二) --- 從「重教化」析論《韓文起》 / Chapter 1. --- 《韓文起》編選評註的原則 / Chapter 2. --- 《韓文起》對韓愈思想的析論 / Chapter 三. --- 小結 / Chapter 第三章： --- 《楚辭燈》初探 --- p.187. / Chapter 一. --- 《楚辭燈》的寫作背景 / Chapter (一) --- 《楚辭燈》的成書經過 / Chapter (二) --- 《楚辭燈》的寫作動機 / Chapter 二. --- 《楚辭燈》析論 / Chapter (一) --- 《楚辭燈》知人論世的辨析 / Chapter 1. --- 〈屈原列傳〉 / Chapter 2. --- 〈楚懷襄二王在位事蹟考〉的編寫 / Chapter 3. --- 篇章的體例 / Chapter 4. --- 篇章評點與知人論世 / Chapter (二) --- 從「重教化」析論《楚辭燈》 / Chapter 三. --- 小結 / 結論 --- p.220. / 附錄 / 附錄一：林雲銘年譜 --- p.224. / 附錄二：林雲銘生平資料 / 附錄三：林雲銘著作知見錄 / 附錄四：林雲銘交遊一覽 / 參考書目 --- p.393.

本文主要是對明代進士的社會背景作一分析, 并且探討其對官僚體系之影響。其資料 來源以明代之進士登科錄為主, 另外以會試錄、同年序齒錄、鄉試錄為輔, 做為主要 分析的對象。方法上, 運用統治方法之次數分配及交叉分類。寫作順序如下: 第一章緒論, 說明研究此題目的意義及作者個人的企圖, 并提出研究架構及使用的研 究方法。 第二章明代之教育制度及科舉制度, 就制度面來探討明代進士之出身, 亦即其學校制 度, 然后就其如何考選人才入仕的科學制度作一描述, 希望透過此二者了解進士入宦 途前之制度背景。 第三章明代進士社會背景之分析, 本節就明代進士之產生背景做分析, 包括其家世、 文化、經濟、人口、地理等方面加以探討。 第四章明代進士與明代官僚體系, 本節就進士與官僚體系之互動關系進行探討, 說明 其特征。 第五章結論, 就本文做一番整理與評述。

自陳寅恪於40年代提出牛李黨爭的分野說法後，圍繞著陳寅恪觀點引發的種種議論，推動了「牛李黨爭」成為唐史研究中最廣泛、也最熱門的研究課題。然而歷經半個世紀以來文史領域研究者對此課題的熱烈討論，中間更伴隨著新資料的出土與運用，新論點的引入與闡發；雖然豐富了研究視野，也衍生出許多新的方向，但不解的是，隨著研究成果的累積，卻沒有對「牛李黨爭分野」這個課題建立起某種共識或定論。研究的增多，反使得牛李黨爭的分野觀點，呈現一種全由研究者說了算的情況；牛李黨爭不是來自於牛李黨人間的對立，反而是來自於研究者間的論爭。 造成這種情況的主因，是因為這些研究多是以陳寅恪觀點而展開，以他的觀點作為研究的基礎，故難以跳脫出陳寅恪的範圍去開發新的論點，但又對陳寅恪觀點繼承不完全，再加上研究者個人主觀意識的不同、史料閱讀的深淺有別、觀感不一，以致形成眾說紛紜的狀況，最後陷入牛李黨爭的死胡同。也就是說，「牛李黨爭」之所以成為「難解之結」，問題並不完全是在事件的本質上，而是因為後人的解讀不同所造成。同樣是解讀牛李黨爭，因著研究者的不同思想、不同身世背景、在不同的情境下演出，便傳遞著不同的文化意涵。 因此要釐清這樣一個混雜情況，整理歷來牛李黨爭分野的各個觀點，作實證的分析是有相當的必要。本文歸納出黨爭中最主要的幾個分野焦點：科舉、門第、仕途、藩鎮，並就這四個部分對牛李黨人做實證考察，以檢驗歷來黨爭的分野觀點對牛李兩黨的劃分有何不足之處。 在這樣一個對牛李黨爭分野假設的實證過程中，必須不斷的與前輩學者的論點對話。因為過去的研究多糾結在要對黨爭尋求出「分野」的限制中，所以本文最後將試著用宏觀的角度，從歷史演變的軌跡、政治結構的變化、行政體系的運作，重新檢視牛李黨爭這個政治事件發生的源頭與脈絡，希望能跳脫出過去研究的糾葛，對黨爭研究提出較具包容性的解釋，以期解開牛李黨爭這個難解之結。

By reconstructing his lecture activities, I found and discussed the conflicts and debates Li had with other philosophical schools of his times. In so doing, I also discussed the interaction between Li's learning and the philosophical traditions of places where he taught, for example, his difference with the traditions of the Zhu Xi school in Fujian. What emerged is that Li was a strong and unyielding philosopher who was able to give theoretical coherence to his disciples but failed to spread his teachings into established schools of thought. / From the case of Li Cai, this dissertation finds that three elements were common and crucial to the founding of a new philosophical school in middle and late Ming times---a doctrine couched in some terse expressions, expressions deriving from the Great Learning as key terms of the doctrine, and organized lecture activities. The dissertation also argues that it was the fundamental notions of achieving learning by oneself (zide) and transmission of the orthodox Way (daotong) that drove the creation of original arguments and "discussion of learning" activities in the late Ming. Li Cai worked himself to distinction amid this practice of the time by formulating his own doctrine on ethics. His emphasis on "cultivation of the person" is a deliberate counteraction to the "extension of innate knowledge" of Wang Yangming, whose school by Li's time had much indulged in the liberation of the individual to the neglect of social norms. Engaging himself as a teacher, Li Cai also cast himself as a rival to Wang Yangming. He considered his endeavor as an act of transmitting the Way and his doctrine as providing true insights into the teaching of Confucianism. More precisely, he considered his zhixiu doctrine a loyal representation of the teachings of Confucius and his great disciple Zeng Shen. / Li talked about his zhi-xiu doctrine everywhere he went. He advanced this doctrine by means of establishing academies (shuyuan), publishing his own works, organizing discussions and debates, lecturing to large audiences, and engaging in philosophical exchanges through correspondence with his discussants. He engaged himself in activities like these when he was director of a bureau in the minister of War, an assistant surveillance commissioner in Guangdong, and an administrative vice commissioner in charge of military affairs in the southwestern border region of the Ming empire. He lost no enthusiasm in championing his doctrine even when he was an exile in Fujian province for more than ten years. / The study begins with an analysis of the Daxue (Great Learning) , the most important Neo-Confucian classic in late imperial times, which exists in a large number of versions since Northern Song times. I first analyze the most cited versions, identifying especially the differences between Zhu Xi's orthodox version and the so-called Old Text derived from the classic Record of Rites. The latter version gained ascendance from the late fifteenth century when Wang Yangming's school strongly advocated it. / This dissertation studies a well-known, but not yet well studied, statesman and philosopher of the sixteenth century, Li Cai, and his relationship to the building of philosophical schools in the world of Ming Confucianism. It hopes to throw lights on the study of Ming intellectual communities as well as on the general intellectual history of late imperial China. / To distinguish himself from both Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, Li Cai provided a new version of the Great Learning by rearranging the texts of the Old Text and Zhu Xi's version as well as the text in the Shijing daxue (Stone Classics Great Learning), which is a forgery but acclaimed by many scholars of the time. Li Cai formulated his own philosophical doctrine from this new version and summed it up with the term zhixiu, which stands for the word zhi and the word xiu, respectively, which in turn are abbreviations of the phrases zhi yu zhishan (abiding by the supreme good) and xiushen (cultivation of the person), phrases that denote key notions in the Great Learning. He theorized that zhi refers to the substance and xiu refers to the practice of his doctrine. In actuality, he takes zhi to mean focusing on nourishing the mind and xiu to mean self-examination and watchfulness in the cultivation of the self. / 劉勇. / Adviser: Chu Hung-Lam. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2187. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 362-389). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Liu Yong.