The issue of Kurdish self-determination within the highly centralized Republic of Turkey has been a controversial issue with its local, national and international dimensions over the years. Without solving this issue, Turkey might not reach the aims of joining the European Union (EU), economic sustainability, literal democracy, pluralism, and peace. After 40 years armed struggle between Kurdish and Turkish sides, two significant suggestions are currently being discussed: a provincial system similar to what the Ottoman Empire accepted with its own multicultural system; second, the current unitary system with more powerful local authorities. This paper analyzes the problem in an inductive method and takes the second approach to evaluate Turkish centralization, modernization, and transformation to French Republicanism. This evaluation concludes with the critique of the French universal citizenship understanding and requirement of more pluralistic, democratic citizenship and administrative model as a solution of minority rights and self-determination problem in Turkey.

This paper proposes a judicial advocacy strategy aimed to challenge the constitutionality of the law that imposes an absolute prohibition of abortion in Chile. Examines the origin of the criminalization provisions in light to the constitutional mandate to protect the life of the unborn, presents an overview of the arguments used in the legislative to request the partial decriminalization of abortion, the tendency of the executive in the past years in this matter, and the criminal strategy that has been used in cases where women have been prosecuted by abortion, based on what has been intended so far the paper conclude a solicitude to declare unconstitutional the criminal abortion provisions because they do not protect the life of the unborn.

Interstate arbitration is commonly viewed as an essentially judicial process, suitable for the resolution of legal questions but inappropriate to deal with “political” issues. This conception, however, arguably flies in the face of both the origins and historical function of interstate arbitration and the complex legal-political nature of most interstate disputes. This paper offers an alternative account of interstate arbitration, which views it as a sui generis hybrid mechanism that combines “legal” and “diplomatic” dimensions to effectively resolve all aspects of interstate disputes. The paper examines this proposed account by analyzing four complex interstate territorial disputes that were submitted to arbitration and assessing the extent to which these two dimensions were recognized and employed, and how this may have affected the resolution of the disputes. Based on this analysis, the paper offers a two-dimensional operative framework intended to guide states and arbitrators in the resolution of future complex interstate disputes.

La thérapie génique, qui consiste à modifier le génome d'un individu, est la progression logique de l'application de la recherche fondamentale à la médecine. Au moment où l'on célèbre le décryptage du génome humain, surgissent les premières guérisons par la thérapie génique qui soulèvent l'espoir d'un traitement par la génétique pour des maladies jusqu'ici incurables. Paradoxalement, est survenu au même moment le décès d'un adolescent au cours d'un essai clinique de thérapie génique aux Etats-Unis démontrant les risques sérieux de la thérapie génique et notre manque de connaissances scientifiques. À la lumière de ces derniers épisodes, il est important de réévaluer l'encadrement normatif des essais cliniques de la thérapie génique au Canada. Nous devons nous demander si la thérapie génique, hautement expérimentale, diffère d'un point de vue juridique, des autres types de recherche biomédicale. Une analyse comparative de différents modèles normatifs encadrant la thérapie génique permet de faire ressortir les avantages et les inconvénients de chacun. Le modèle québécois a intégré simplement la thérapie génique aux régimes normatifs préexistants (celui de l'expérimentation et celui des drogues). Le modèle français se distingue par l'insertion d'un régime d'exception dans le Code de la santé publique et le Code civil pour encadrer de façon spécifique la thérapie génique. Le Royaume-Uni offre un modèle intéressant d'auto-régulation alors que les États-Unis ont des normes spécifiques malheureusement restreintes aux recherches financées par les fonds publics. Il subsiste plusieurs lacunes dans l'encadrement canadien et québécois. Afin de l'améliorer, le Canada et le Québec devraient notamment se pencher sur la création d'une autorité nationale spécialisée et de normes spécifiques à la thérapie génique, l'implantation d'une évaluation structurée des risques de dissémination d'OGMs et l'établissement d'un suivi à long terme des participants. / Gene therapy, the modification of the genome of an individual, is a logical outcome of the application of fundamental research to medicine. At a time when we celebrate the completion of the human genome sequencing, we witness the first successful gene therapy, which brings high expectations that gene therapy will provide new treatments for non curable diseases. Paradoxically, we also witnessed, in the United-States, the death of a teenager due to a gene therapy demonstrating the serious risks associated with gene therapy, and the Jack of scientific knowledge on the subject. As a result of these events, it is important to evaluate the normative framework on gene therapy clinica1 trials in Canada. From a juridical point of view, one should questioned if gene therapy, which is highly experimental, is different from other types of biomedical research. A comparative analysis of various types of normative frameworks affecting gene therapy reveals potential advantages and disadvantages of each model. In Canada-Quebec, gene therapy was simply integrated within the existing normative framework (about experimentation and drugs). A distinguishing characteristic of the French model is the inclusion of exceptions in the Code of Public Health and in the Civil Code to regulate gene therapy. The United-Kingdom bas an interesting model of self-regulation, while the United-States bas specific norms, which unfortunately only apply to federally funded research. The Quebec and Canadian frameworks reveal many gaps. Effort to improve the situation in Canada-Québec should, for example, consider creating a specialized central authority, setting norms specific to gene therapy, introducing long-term monitoring of participants, and providing a structured evaluation process of the risks of GMOs' dissemination.

En adoptant le nouveau Code civil du Québec, en 1994, le législateur a codifié une obligation commençant à se développer sérieusement en jurisprudence : l’obligation de bonne foi. Plus que le simple antonyme de la mauvaise foi, cette obligation de bonne foi exige maintenant un comportement spécifique de la part des justiciables. Il faut agir selon les exigences de la bonne foi. Celles-ci sont particulièrement importantes en matière contractuelle, puisqu'en plus des articles généraux du tout début du Code civil, le principe de la bonne foi est réitéré dans le chapitre portant sur les contrats. On y prévoit expressément que la bonne foi doit gouverner les relations contractuelles, et ce, à tous les stades de la vie contractuelle. Notre mémoire s'insère dans cette nouvelle tendance contractuelle. Notre but est d'étudier l'impact de la bonne foi lors de la formation et de l'élaboration du contrat. Cette étude implique de définir et d'analyser les fonctions de l'obligation de bonne foi. En matière de formation et d'élaboration du contrat, une telle analyse ne peut se faire sans une étude détaillée de l'obligation de renseignement, composante essentielle de l'obligation de bonne foi à ce stade de la vie contractuelle. C'est l'étude que nous proposons en première partie de ce mémoire. Cette première partie permettra de constater que l’obligation de bonne foi est une obligation positive de comportement. Les tribunaux utilisent cette obligation pour tenter d'intégrer à la vie contractuelle, une dimension morale comportant des devoirs de loyauté, de collaboration et d'information. Au Québec, la bonne foi est surtout utilisée à des fins interprétative, complétive et limitative du contrat. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire se consacre à l'application des principes dégagés en première partie. Elle permet de constater comment les tribunaux ont, jusqu'à présent, utilisé l’obligation de bonne foi lors de la formation et de l'élaboration du contrat, notamment en la juxtaposant aux vices du consentement. Nous tentons de critiquer cette approche jurisprudentielle et de lui proposer une approche alternative, fondée sur une série de recours spécifiquement et uniquement rattachés à l'obligation de bonne foi. Nous proposerons une série de sanctions spécifiques à l'obligation de bonne foi lors de la formation et de l'élaboration du contrat, le tout en accord avec les fondements de la théorie contractuelle.

This article proposes that the legal relationship between humans and nonhuman animals in Canada must be redefined. It will be shown that the current Canadian legal system is based on the assumption of human superiority, which has resulted in the interests of nonhuman animals being given little to no legal consideration since at law they are merely property. This conceptualization of our relationship with nonhuman animals, and the resulting harm that it causes to them is in direct conflict with developments over the last century in science, ethics, and the laws, policies and jurisprudence of various countries. These developments support the argument that nonhuman animals are entitled to have their interests considered in law. This article proposes that the relationship in Canada be redefined to eliminate the property status of nonhuman animals, and that the new relationship should take the form of nonhuman animals being granted the status of legal persons.

This thesis examines the implications of the operation of the Armed Forces (Jammu & Kashmir) Special Powers Act 1990 (“Act”) on Kashmir from human rights perspective. It draws a comparison between the Act and the existing penal legislations in India. It proposes that the Act should be repealed and actions of the armed forces should be governed by the already existing penal legislations. It suggests amendment of similar state and central legislations conferring immunity to the armed forces. The precondition of approval of the Central Government for instituting a legal proceeding should be removed. It proposes constitution of special grievance cells at district levels to adjudicate cases against the armed forces before being referred to the higher courts. The thesis urges the Indian Government to approach the issue of Kashmir following principles of Ahimsa (“non–violence”) and Satyagraha (“insistence on truth”) adopted by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian independence struggle.

An analysis of company law may allow us to abandon a perception that company law is impartial to the political context in which it is applied. This paper argues that state protectionism is reflected in the design of company law. Specifically, states may confer public functions to board of directors through their duties and authorities; in turn, directors’ functions may become barriers to foreign investments. To illustrate this argument, focus is placed on the duties of Canadian corporate directors and how their functions affect foreign direct investment in Canada. It demonstrates that the public function conferred to corporate directors echoes the State’s policy and regulations governing foreign investment. As a consequence to the redundancy of the public interest rationalization and the lack of political will to affect real market openness, unnecessary barriers are being placed for market access which may ultimately render Canada less attractive for foreign investors.

This article proposes that the legal relationship between humans and nonhuman animals in Canada must be redefined. It will be shown that the current Canadian legal system is based on the assumption of human superiority, which has resulted in the interests of nonhuman animals being given little to no legal consideration since at law they are merely property. This conceptualization of our relationship with nonhuman animals, and the resulting harm that it causes to them is in direct conflict with developments over the last century in science, ethics, and the laws, policies and jurisprudence of various countries. These developments support the argument that nonhuman animals are entitled to have their interests considered in law. This article proposes that the relationship in Canada be redefined to eliminate the property status of nonhuman animals, and that the new relationship should take the form of nonhuman animals being granted the status of legal persons.

This thesis describes a new theoretical framework for characterizing legal systems and legal thought. Broadly speaking, legal systems can be characterized as undertaking three functional activities: the intake, processing and distribution of information. The thesis defines and explains what those three activities consist of, their interrelation and describes some of the emergent phenomena which arise as a result of their co-existence. Additionally, examples are provided which show elements of legal systems having behavior neatly predicted by information-first methods of analysis. The aim is to develop information-related tools to understand the function of legal systems and subsystems in society by reference to those three activities, and a robust set of fields and concepts are presented for future development.