Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Moreira dos Santos.pdf: 780376 bytes, checksum: b2444d5ca89c90c726ee53fde6c820cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-03 / It isn t neither uncommon nor surprising when we hear on the streets male drivers crying to a female driver: Go to the kitchen! or Cooking is what you should be doing! as if women who dare drive had invaded a man s territory. I have always felt puzzled by such attitude towards women s chores against men s duties. If we picture the world as a vast collection of things and people one could understand such rights. Therefore, getting acquainted with Fowler s ideas on women s categorization and groupings made me decide to go deep inside it. Human communication, according to Fowler, involves belief systems, labeling arrangements and degrees of discrimination, which all together represent the world according to the needs of the societies where communication takes place. As we proceed with categorization of people, we go on assigning persons specific attributes and associating them with strongly predictable behaviors in a way that the categories end up turning into stereotypes. According to Fowler, categorization is a discursive basis for discrimination. He is one of the creators of Critical Linguistics which says that analysis made with appropriate linguistic tools and related to relevant social and historical contexts may reveal the ideology hidden under the surface of ordinary discourse and display it for inspection. Because there are also images which we picked up from the newspaper and included in this study, we refer to Macken-Horarik (2004) to account for the complementary contribution of image (artwork) and verbiage (text panel) to the meaning-making process. The objective of this study is to compare the categorization of women and men on the first page of Folha de S. Paulo newspaper, under the light of Critical Linguistics (Fowler 1991), with the support of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1985; 1994). For this purpose, the study shall answer the following questions: (a) How often are women or men cited on the first page of Folha de S. Paulo newspaper? (b) What type of activities do women and men cited on these pages are engaged in? (c) Which lexico-grammatical choices does the ideology behind the image of woman and man reveal? The corpus of this research is composed by the first pages of the thirty editions of Folha de S. Paulo in April 2010. From Systemic Functional Linguistics, I consider the TGR (Theory of Genres and Register), proposed by Eggins and Martin (1997), as well as more recent contributions that such theory has received, such as Martin´s Appraisal Theory (2000) and the concepts of Thompson and Thetela´s enacted and projected roles (1995), and some other rhetoric features as well as the so-called dog whistle politics (COFFIN & O'HALLORAN, 2006) or smuggling of information (LUCHJENBROERS; ALDRIDGE, 2007) / Não é incomum e nem causa estranheza se, no trânsito de uma avenida, ouvirem-se frases como: 'Lugar de mulher é na cozinha' ou 'Vá pilotar no fogão', como se a mulher estivesse invadindo um terreno que não lhe pertencesse. Sempre me intrigou essa diferença na consideração da mulher, quanto às suas atividades e seus deveres, em contraposição aos do homem. Se imaginarmos que o mundo é uma vasta coleção de coisas e de pessoas, poder-se-ia pensar que as pessoas teriam direito a essas coisas. Assim, ao entrar em contato com as ideias de Fowler (1991) sobre 'categorização' e 'grupo', decidi-me a pesquisar o assunto. A comunicação humana, segundo Fowler (1991), envolve sistemas de crenças, sistemas de categorias, graus de discriminação , que representam o mundo de acordo com as necessidades das sociedades em que ocorre a comunicação. Na medida em que categorizamos uma pessoa, continua o autor, como tendo atributos ou comportamentos fortemente previsíveis, a categoria pode enrijecer-se em um estereótipo. Segundo o autor, a categorização é a base discursiva para práticas de discriminação. O autor é um dos idealizadores da Linguística Crítica , segundo a qual, a análise feita com instrumentos linguísticos próprios e com referência a contextos históricos e sociais relevantes pode trazer a ideologia, normalmente escondida pela habitualização do discurso, à superfície para inspeção. Como em nossos dados constam também algumas imagens que apareceram na página do jornal em questão, apoiamo-nos em Macken-Horarik (2004), que analisa a contribuição complementar entre imagens (ilustrações) e palavras (do texto), no processo da construção de significados. O objetivo desta pesquisa é comparar, à luz da Linguística Crítica (Fowler, 1991), com apoio metodológico da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday, 1985; 1994), a categorização da mulher e a do homem na primeira página, do jornal Folha de S. Paulo. Para tanto, a pesquisa deve responder às seguintes perguntas: (a) Com que frequência a mulher ou o homem são citados na primeira página do jornal Folha de S. Paulo? (b) Que tipo de atividade exercem homens e mulheres citados nessa página? (c) Que escolhas léxicogramaticais revelam a ideologia subjacente à figura da mulher e à do homem? O corpus desta pesquisa compõe-se das primeiras páginas das 30 edições do mês de abril de 2010 do jornal Folha de S.Paulo. Na LSF, considero a TGR (Teoria de Gêneros e Registro), proposta por Eggins e Martin (1997), bem como contribuições mais recentes que a teoria tem recebido, tais como a Avaliatividade de Martin (2000) e os conceitos de papel desempenhado e papel projetado, de Thompson e Thetela (1995), além de outros recursos retóricos, como a chamada 'política do apito do cão' (dog whistle politics) (COFFIN & O'HALLORAN, 2006) ou o 'contrabando' de informação (LUCHJENBROERS; ALDRIDGE, 2007)

Notre étude est bipartite. En premier lieu nous avons effectué une étude empirique des différences entre les processus de catégorisation explicite (verbalisable) et implicite (non-verbalisable). Nous avons examiné la difficulté et le temps nécessaire pour apprendre trois tâches de catégorisation dites par air de famille, par règle logique conjonctive et par règle logique disjonctive. Nous avons ensuite utilisé un réseau neuronal pour modéliser la catégorisation en lui faisant compléter les mêmes tâches. La comparaison entre les deux nous permet de juger de l’adéquation du modèle. Les données empiriques ont montré un effet de la typicité et de la familiarité en accord avec la documentation et nous trouvons que la tâche de catégorisation par règle disjonctive est la plus difficile alors que la tâche de catégorisation par air de famille est la plus facile. La modélisation par le réseau est une réussite partielle mais nous présentons des solutions afin qu’un réseau futur puisse modéliser le processus catégoriel humain efficacement / Our present research was twofold. First, we conducted a study of the differences in the categorization processes between explicit (verbalizable) and implicit (nonverbalizable) tasks. The differentiation was done in term of difficulty and time necessary to learn the rule of the category for family resemblance, conjunctive and disjunctive rules. We then used a neural network to model the categorization and had it complete the same tasks. The comparison between the two gave us insight into how (and if) the network can be used as a model of human categorization. The empirical data confirmed an effect of familiarity and typicality, as supported by previous studies, and we confirmed that the disjunctive task was the hardest to learn for humans while our results point toward the family resemblance task as being the easiest. The modelization by the neural network was partially successful at best but we present options that could permit a next generation neural network to model the categorization process truthfully

Semantic typology and categorization are important fields of research in linguistics. The aim of our work is to inspect these fields in regard to bilingualism. In this thesis we examine semantic categorization of body parts among four different groups of people: monolingual English speakers, monolingual Russian speakers, bilingual Russian speakers answering in English and bilingual Russian speakers answering in Russian. The hierarchies, ambiguities in naming patterns and homology were in the center of this study. The groups were also compared to each other in order to observe the effects of the first language learned (L1) and the second language learned (L2) on bilinguals. The results showed that Russian L1 bilinguals answering the Russian questionnaire displayed the same results as the Russian monolinguals, indicating a lack of influence from the L2. The Russian L1 bilinguals answering the English questionnaire used a semantic categorization most similar to their L1 and also demonstrated a broadening of the semantic categories related to neither the L1 nor the L2.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att utifrån ett språkperspektiv undersöka hur bronies identitet konstrueras i relation till andra grupper i några artiklar om dem. Teoretiska perspektiv som underbygger studien är att normbrytare synliggör normer och att maskulinitetsnormer kan kopplas till de hegemoniska maskulina ideal som män positioneras kring. För att uppnå syftet studeras åtta tidningsartiklar med analysmetoden membership categorization analysis (MCA). Resultatet blev att bronies identitet konstruerades i relation till grupperna vuxna och unga män, nördar, föräldrar, näthatare, bögar och tjejer. Bronies relateras till dessa kategorier med att ibland tillhöra dem, men ibland med att inte tillhöra dem. I relation till manligt och kvinnligt får bronies en alternativ positionering någonstans däremellan. Bronies identitet konstrueras på många sätt genom andras föreställningar om dem. / The aim for this research is to examine how bronies identity is constructed in relation to other groups in eight selected newspaper articles. The articles were analyzed from a language perspective with the method membership categorization analysis (MCA). The result was that bronies identity is constructed in relation to groups of adult /young men, nerds, parents, gays, hater on the internet, and girls. Bronies are depicted in these categories sometimes as belonging to them, but sometimes as not belonging. In relation to male and female, bronies are positioned in an alternative position somewhere in between. Bronies identity is constructed in many ways by others perceptions of them.

This paper presents a survey of georeferenced point clouds. Concentration is, on the one hand, put on features, which originate in the measurement process themselves, and features derived by processing the point cloud. On the other hand, approaches for the processing of georeferenced point clouds are reviewed. This includes the data structures, but also spatial processing concepts. We suggest a categorization of features into levels that reflect the amount of processing. Point clouds are found across many disciplines, which is reflected in the versatility of the literature suggesting specific features. (authors' abstract)

Syfte: Studiens övergripande syfte var att bygga vidare på tidigare forskning genom att undersöka och studera hur indiska värdlandsmedborgarna (dvs. Host Country Nationals (HCN)) ser på svenska manliga och kvinnliga expats och hur deras uppfattningar påverkar utgruppskategorisering. Detta gjordes genom att testa Varma et al. (2011) modell för självkategorisering och om den var tillämplig även under andra kulturella betingelser än de som redan ingår i deras modell. Metod: Data inhämtades från 145 respondenter från två svenska multinationella organisationer (dvs. Multinational Enterprises (MNE)) belägna i södra Indien. Respondenterna svarade på en enkät som hade antingen en manlig eller kvinnlig profil, där de fick besvara påståenden om hur de skulle uppfatta expats och i vilken utsträckning de skulle vara villiga att ge den hypotetiska expat rollinformation och socialt stöd. Enkäten var utformad av Professor Varma och distribuerades till företag 1 som en webb-enkät och till företag 2 delade vi personligen ut enkäterna i Bangalore. Vi fick även möjligheten att samtala med expats på plats vilket gjordes för att få en djupare förståelse för våra resultat.  Resultat och slutsats: Som förutspåddes var kollektivism, etnocentrism, anpassning och lika värderingar negativt relaterade till utgruppskategorisering. Vidare var utgruppskategorisering negativt relaterat till socialt stöd och rollinformation. Däremot fann vi ett intressant fynd där indiska HCN inte skiljer mellan könen när det kommer till deras uppfattningar och utgruppskategorisering av expats.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Forskning bör undersöka hur HCN uppfattar sina indiska kvinnliga medarbetare jämfört med svenska kvinnliga medarbetare. För att vidare utforska om nationalitet går före kön i Indien. Vidare anser vi att fler kvalitativa studier bör göras kring HCN för att ta reda på om det finns ytterligare variabler som är med och påverkar HCNs kategorisering av expats. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna studie utvidgar den befintliga litteraturen kring kvinnliga expats samt hittat en ny variabel, anpassning, som är med och förklarar utgruppskategoriseringen. / Purpose: This study's overall aim is to build on recent research, by examining and investigate the Indian host country nationals (HCN) perception on Swedish male and female expats and how their beliefs affects outgroup categorization. This is done by testing Varma et al. (2011) model for self -categorization and if it is applicable in other cultural condition than those already included in their model Method: Data were collected from 145 respondents from two Swedish Multinational Enterprises (MNE) located in Southern India. Respondents answered a questionnaire that had either a male or female profile, where they had to answer assertion about how they would perceive the expat and to what extent they would be willing to give the hypothetical expat role information and social support. The questionnaire was designed by Professor Varma and was distributed to company 1 through a web survey and was handed out in person to company 2 in Bangalore. We also had the opportunity to talk with the expats in Bangalore which was done to get a deeper understanding of our results. Results and Conclusion: As we predicted collectivism, ethnocentrism, adjustment and similar values was negatively related to outgroup categorization. Furthermore, the outgroup categorization was negatively related to social support and role information. However, an interesting finding where that Indian HCN does not distinguish between the sexes when it comes to their perceptions and outgroup categorization of expats. Suggestions for future research: Research should examine how HCN perceive their Indian female employees compared with Swedish female employees. To further explore if the nationality comes before gender in India. Furthermore, we believe that more qualitative studies should be done about the HCN to find out if there are additional variables that influence HCNs categorization of expats. Orginality/value: This study extends the existing literature on female expats and we found a new variable, adjustment, which influence the outgroup categorization.

The mammalian auditory system generates representations of the physical world in terms of auditory objects. To decide which object class a particular sound belongs to, the auditory system must recognise the patterns of acoustic components that form the acoustic “fingerprint” of the sound’s auditory class. Where in the central auditory system such patterns are detected and what form the neural processing takes that underlies their detection are unanswered questions in sensory neurophysiology. In the research conducted for this thesis I used artificial vowel sounds to explore the neural and perceptual characteristics of auditory object recognition in rats. I recorded cortical responses from the primary auditory cortex (A1) in anaesthetised rats and determined how well the spiking responses, evoked by artificial vowels, resolve the spectral components that define vowel classes in human perception. The recognition of an auditory class rests on the ability to detect the combination of spectral components that all member sounds of the class share. I generated and evaluated models of the integration by A1 responses of the acoustic components that define human vowels classes. The hippocampus is a candidate area for neural responses that are specific to particular object classes. In this thesis I also report the results of a collaboration during which we investigated how the hippocampus responds to vowels in awake behaving animals. Finally, I explored the processing of vowels behaviourally, testing the perceptual ability of rats to discriminate and classify vowels and in particular whether rats use combinations of spectral components to recognise members of vowel classes. For the behavioural training I built a novel integrated housing and training cage that allows rats to train themselves in auditory recognition tasks. Combining the results and methods presented in this thesis will help reveal how the mammalian auditory system recognises auditory objects.

We classify animals into a few distinct groups: companion animals (pets and strays like dogs and cats), utility animals (animals that serve a purpose like cows farmed for dairy or meat or foxes farmed for fur), and wild animals (nondomestic animals in their natural habitat). This study will investigate empathic relationships between people and animals of these four types in two abuse scenarios (active abuse and neglect). These factors were manipulated in a 2x4 experimental design. I expect a closer relationship with humans will correlate with a higher degree of empathy for the victim such that homed companion animals will generate the most empathy, followed by stray, utility, and finally wild. Results supported this hypothesis to an extent. This research is intended to bridge gaps between empathy towards humans and empathy towards other animals. If we can manipulate the degree to which people tend to relate to animals by varying our descriptions of these animals, we can also manipulate people’s desire to protect them.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether a three-category (3C) system for classifying profiles on online dating sites provides advantages over a two-category (2C) system as decision makers evaluate a long list of profiles. Two groups of single heterosexual or bisexual women ages 20 to 30 reviewed a list of 60 male profiles on simulated online dating sites to choose which profiled man they would most like to learn more about. One group (n = 53) evaluated the profiles using a 2C system; the other group (n = 56) used a 3C system. After making their choice, women in each group took a researcher-developed survey to measure the degree to which they were preference constructors, their cognitive difficulty in making their choice, and their satisfaction with the decision process and with their final choice. It was hypothesized that women in the 3C compared to the 2C condition would have (a) less cognitive difficulty making their decision and (b) greater satisfaction with the decision process and with their final choice, and that (c) being more of a preference constructor would increase any relationship found between the 3C condition and decreasing cognitive difficulty. Survey data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and MANOVA procedures. These tests revealed none of the statistically significant differences between groups that were hypothesized. In particular, the decision task’s cognitive difficulty did not differ between groups even when a variable for preference construction was taken into account. Also, there were no significant differences in satisfaction with the decision process or satisfaction with final choice between the two groups using different categorization systems. The study’s three hypotheses were therefore rejected. Reasons for these results and implications of the study are discussed, and recommendations are made.

In this master's thesis classification is put into the bigger context of other human capacities of knowledge and action such as perception, language and categorization. By studying and analyzing recent research on categorization in psychology, anthropology and cognitive science and interpreting it through the philosophy of Henri Bergson the thesis  demonstrates how knowledge and action are two sides of the same coin and how this insight is a must for a proper understanding of classification. The analysis focuses primarily on the family resemblance categorization theory of Eleanor Rosch, the ethnobiological universal classication theory of Brent Berlin and Scott Atran, the presentation of evolutionary cognitive science by Peter Gärdenfors and the philosophical discussion on classification by Rebecca Bryant. The thesis removes classification from its assumed Aristotelian origin and connects it with psychological categorization and by extension all human (and nonhuman) acts of differentiation. This is a two years master’s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.