The research studies the Southern Appalachian dialect present in five poems in Melissa Range’s Scriptorium: Poems. The linguistic phenomena characteristic of Southern Appalachian English observed and analyzed in the poems include lexicon, grammatical features, and phonological aspects. The research seeks to bring attention to this Appalachian woman writer as well as to bring understanding of her reasoning behind incorporating the dialect in her poetry. It establishes that the five poems by Range contain the lexicon, grammatical features, and phonological aspects of the SAE dialect. It holds meaning both grammatically and pragmatically within the context of the poem and Appalachia.

The aim of the thesis is to describe the Czech language in the context of the language situation in the Czech community situated in the south of the Ukraine in the village of Veselynivka in the Odesa Region. The core of the thesis is formed by results of a field research conducted by the author in 2018. The first part of the text presents a wider context for exploring Czech communities abroad, dealing with eastern emigration from the Czech lands and the current state of the Czech minority in the Ukraine. Next part of the work is devoted to the history and socio-cultural environment of the village of Veselynivka with a focus on education and religion. The following chapters deal with a comprehensive analysis of Veselynivkaʼs Czech, in which we proceed along different language levels - phonetic and phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical. Linguistic analysis is carried out with an emphasis on two aspects. The first is the coincidence, or mismatch, of individual identifying characteristics with the dialects of Northeastern Bohemia. The second aspect of the research is the influence of the Russian or Ukrainian languages on the local dialect. The research proper draws mainly on transcripts of recordings and data collected in a supplementary dialectological questionnaire. Key words Czech...

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis examines Mark Twain’s use of the dialectic between the characters Huck and Jim to illuminate Jim’s humanity in the classic novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Over the course of their adventure, Huck learns that Jim is a human being and not property. This realization leads Huck to choose to assist Jim in his escape from captivity, and risk eternal damnation according to his religious beliefs. Huck’s decision is driven by the friendship that develops between him and his fellow fugitive on their adventure. Jim’s kindness and stewardship also provide a stark contrast to the treachery of the characters on the banks of the river. Twain thus crafts a message that slavery and race discrimination are wrong without taking the tone of an abolitionist, combining an amusing children’s story with a profound social message. Although definitive proof of his intention to do so has never been found, human friendship is the sliver of common ground Twain used to reach across the profound racial gap in the United States in the late 19th century. The analysis takes place in four parts: (1) a comparison of AHF to other nineteenth century works that featured slavery to establish it as unique among those works; (2) an analysis of the aforementioned dialectic from a modern text of the novel featuring previous deleted parts from the early manuscript; (3) a review of the critical response to the novel which reveals that if Twain was trying to send a message of racial equality, he was not doing so overtly; and (4) a conclusion in which I posit that Twain found a creative solution to a social problem and cite critical discourse that notes Twain’s course of action. This yielded a work that was both more widely read and timeless than a work that confronted slavery directly. Chapters one, three and four utilize critical dialogue and history from print and digital sources. Jane E. Schultz, Ph.D., Professor

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Research on Harriet Jacobs' slave narrative, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl exploded after 1981, when Professor Jean Fagin Yellin discovered textual evidence for refuting then-current claims that Lydia Maria Child was the author of this engrossing story. Child was indeed the book's editor, but Yellin discovered letters from Jacobs among the papers of abolitionist Amy Post that proved that the ex-slave was the author of her own narrative. Though the research this discovery engendered has been quite extensive, especially regarding the narrative's close adherence to the conventions of a sentimental novel, very few scholars have attempted to deal with a feature relatively unique to Jacobs" narrative: the use of African American English (AAE) in representing the speech of a number of her characters. Nor has any scholar exclusively focused on the authenticity of her representation of AAE. This paper, a first step in such an effort, demonstrates that Jacobs' use conforms to features found by linguists in their studies of contemporary AAE and Early Black English (EBE).

In the Arabic-speaking world, sociopolitical upheaval, extended conflict and population displacement have triggered extensive contact between mutually intelligible varieties of the language. Notwithstanding these developments, Arabic sociolinguistic research on dialect contact settings remains limited to certain well-documented areas (e.g., Al-Wer 2020), with markedly less research targeting other locales believed to be highly propitious to convergent change, such as the long-term contact situation in Lebanon involving Lebanese and Palestinian Arabic (Fityan 1981; Hennessey 2011). Furthermore, few studies are embedded in a (comparative) variationist sociolinguistic framework (Owens 2013), and even fewer studies are articulated from a socio-historical perspective incorporating diachronic data sources with which to better understand the process of language change in Arabic (Owens 2013). Much previous research on Arabic dialects is also based on investigations of phonological variation (Al-Wer and de Jong 2018), with correspondingly less attention paid to (morpho-)syntactic variation (Choueiri 2019). The present study aims to address existing lacunae in the research literature by investigating the outcomes of dialect contact in Beirut between Palestinian Arabic (PA), the minority variety, and Lebanese Arabic (LA), the majority variety. Drawing on the framework of comparative variationist sociolinguistics (Poplack and Tagliamonte 2001) as well as research on dialect contact (Britain and Trudgill 2005), this study combines synchronic and diachronic data sources to compare three variables in LA and PA: a phonological variable, involving the word-medial raising of /a:/ to [e:] (e.g., [ka:n] alternating with [ke:n] 'he/it was'); and two morpho-syntactic variables: verbal negation and future temporal reference. The overarching aim of the research is to examine the extent to which PA shows evidence, as gauged from linguistic constraints on variant selection and variant repertoires, of becoming more structurally similar to LA in different linguistic components (Cheshire, Kerswill, and Williams 2005). The synchronic data come from 45 hours of spontaneous speech recorded in Beirut from 39 Palestinian and 27 Lebanese speakers stratified by age, sex, and level of education, generating 7,671 tokens representing the three targeted variables. A further 15,381 tokens of these three variables come from two diachronic datasets. The first is a sub-set of speech recordings from the Palestinian Oral History Archive, an online compendium of interviews with first-generation (older) Palestinians in Lebanon, recorded between the 1990s and early 2000s. The second diachronic dataset is the Lebanese Popular Theatre Corpus (LPTC), based on 34 televised plays dating from the 1960s and performed in colloquial LA. Results reveal that the [e:] variant, a stereotypical feature of LA, but not emblematic of PA spoken in Beirut (Hennessey 2011), is virtually absent from the speech of the older Palestinian generation in the synchronic and diachronic datasets, but it increases significantly in the speech of young (third-generation) Palestinian speakers, who replicate the linguistic conditioning of variant selection in LA. These results bolster the inference of contact-induced change in PA due to the influence of LA. With respect to verbal negation, the findings show that there is convergent change in terms of overall variant rates in this variable system in PA. Evidence suggests that this variable system is undergoing dialect levelling as a result of contact, with socially marked minority variants diminishing over time in the speech of educated Palestinians. The future temporal reference system, however, seems to be less amenable to contact-induced change, despite similarities in surface forms between LA and PA. Results indicate that this variable system is undergoing an internal change in PA independent of contact with LA, which is led by young, educated speakers, in line with what has been observed in PA spoken outside Lebanon (AbuAmsha 2016). Viewed in the aggregate, the results show that even though it is claimed that (morpho-) syntactic variables may be less susceptible to convergent change than phonological variables (Cheshire et al. 2005; Hinskens et al. 2005), we do not find a neat division between phonology and morpho-syntax. Word-medial imala is overtly commented on and explicitly identified by the targeted Palestinian speech community as a marker of Lebanese speech. Its iconic association with Lebanese speech patterns renders it particularly susceptible to long-term dialect accommodation for some Palestinians. Verbal negation is also subject to social evaluation, as gauged from explicit speaker meta-commentary, and socially marked exponents appear vulnerable to attrition over time. By contrast, the expression of the future temporal reference appears less socially indexical than the other variables and is not subject to normative commentary or overt correction. These differences implicate the social salience of the targeted variables as a key factor influencing their susceptibility to convergence. Situating the results in a wider perspective, the findings highlight the utility of the comparative variationist framework in elucidating the process of language change in spoken Arabic, especially in PA as spoken in Beirut, as well as in distinguishing contact-induced change from internally-motivated change. The results of this study indicate that the effects of dialect contact, and critically, the existence of contact-induced change cannot be fully understood without using a multi-faceted comparative approach incorporating horizontal and vertical comparisons. The results converge in demonstrating that an empirically accountable quantitative approach based on actual speech data is capable of transcending the limitations of alternative frameworks of analysis that have been used to investigate change in dialect contact scenarios in the Arabic-speaking world.

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Das Thema dieser Arbeit bearbeitet die Schwierigkeit der Übersetzung von Soziolekten, genauer mit der Übersetzung von African American Vernacular English in die deutsche Sprache. Der 1983 erschienene Roman „The Color Purple“ von Alice Walker, der als Briefroman aus der Sicht einer jungen Afroamerikanerin verfasst ist, wird mit Hinblick auf die Verwendung und Übersetzungen von Soziolekten im Mittelpunkt der Analyse stehen. Da Non-standardvarietäten individueller und sozial bzw. kulturell anders markiert sind, sind sie in ihrer linguistischen Gesamtheit, also auf der syntaktischen, semantischen sowie pragmatischen Ebene, schwieriger greifbar und eine adäquate und präzise Übersetzung ist komplizierter zu erreichen. Es wird untersucht in wie fern die Übersetzungen die gesellschaftliche Debatte und den Umgang mit nonstandardvarietäten (der sich sehr gewandelt hat) widerspiegeln. Dabei sollen aus dem Gesamtkorpus Passagen, die exemplarisch das African American Vernacular English aufzeigen, einander gegenübergestellt werden. Dadurch soll durch die Erarbeitung soziolektalen Markierung die Wirkung der Aussagen in dem Originaltext und den Übersetzungen miteinander verglichen werden. Zum einen mit Hinblick auf die Äquivalenz und zum anderen mit Hinblick auf die spezifische Geschichte der Nonstandardvarietät African American Vernacular English.:1. Einleitung und Anliegen…………………………………………………………………3
 2. Nonstandardvarietäten und Soziolekte in der Sprachwissenschaft……………………...6 2.1. Black (Vernacular) English und African American Vernacular English…………..….8 2.2. Soziolekte in der Übersetzungswissenschaft…………………………………………11
3. Rezeption von „The Color Purple“ in der Literaturwissenschaft………………………17
4. Analyseansatz…………………………………………………………………………..26
 4.1. Celies Sprache im Originaltext………………………………………………….……27 4.2. Charakteristika von AAVE im Originaltext………………………………….………28 5. Die deutschen Übersetzungen von „The Color Purple“…………………….………….35 5.1. Die deutsche Übersetzung von 1984…………………………………………………36 5.2. Die deutsche Übersetzung von 2021…………………………………………………38 6. Vergleichende Gegenüberstellung der drei Fassungen ………………………………..40 6.1. Fingierte Mündlichkeit……………………………………………………………….40 6.2. Systematik und Aufhebung der zeitlichen Trennung…………………………………42 6.3. Soziokulturelle Faktoren……………………………………………………………...45 7. Fazit……………………………………………………………………………………..50 / The topic of this thesis deals with the difficulty of translating sociolects, more precisely with the translation of African American Vernacular English into German. The novel 'The Color Purple' by Alice Walker, which was published in 1983 and is written as an epistolary novel from the perspective of a young African American woman, will be the focus of the analysis with regard to the use and translation of sociolects. Since non-standard varieties are more individual and socially or culturally marked differently, they are more difficult to grasp in their linguistic totality, i.e. on the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic level, and an adequate and precise translation is more complicated to achieve. The extent to which the translations reflect the social debate and the treatment of non-standard varieties (which has changed considerably) will be examined. Passages from the entire corpus that exemplify African American Vernacular English will be juxtaposed. The aim is to compare the effect of the statements in the original text and the translations by working out sociolectal markings. On the one hand with regard to equivalence and on the other hand with regard to the specific history of the non-standard variety of African American Vernacular English.:1. Einleitung und Anliegen…………………………………………………………………3
 2. Nonstandardvarietäten und Soziolekte in der Sprachwissenschaft……………………...6 2.1. Black (Vernacular) English und African American Vernacular English…………..….8 2.2. Soziolekte in der Übersetzungswissenschaft…………………………………………11
3. Rezeption von „The Color Purple“ in der Literaturwissenschaft………………………17
4. Analyseansatz…………………………………………………………………………..26
 4.1. Celies Sprache im Originaltext………………………………………………….……27 4.2. Charakteristika von AAVE im Originaltext………………………………….………28 5. Die deutschen Übersetzungen von „The Color Purple“…………………….………….35 5.1. Die deutsche Übersetzung von 1984…………………………………………………36 5.2. Die deutsche Übersetzung von 2021…………………………………………………38 6. Vergleichende Gegenüberstellung der drei Fassungen ………………………………..40 6.1. Fingierte Mündlichkeit……………………………………………………………….40 6.2. Systematik und Aufhebung der zeitlichen Trennung…………………………………42 6.3. Soziokulturelle Faktoren……………………………………………………………...45 7. Fazit……………………………………………………………………………………..50

Cette thèse a été financée par le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (numéro de référence 767-2010-1310) / Dans le cadre de la théorie de l’accommodation communicative, ce travail consiste à évaluer, avec la méthodologie de la sociolinguistique comparative, dans quelle mesure les immigrants hispanophones des Andes boliviennes qui se sont établis à San Pedro de Atacama (Chili) accommodent leur langage aux hispanophones de ce pays. Pour ce faire, quatre traits grammaticaux caractéristiques de l’espagnol andin ont été choisis pour être analysés : l’usage du double possessif (e. g., He ido a su casa de mi marido), l’utilisation des adverbes de lieu comme particule finale de la préposition en (e. g., Entonces he vivido en allá así como diez años), la préférence du passé composé sur le passé simple pour exprimer des actions qui ont été accomplies dans le passé (e. g., El año pasado he ido a visitar a mi madre) et l’usage exclusif de formes verbales standard pour exprimer la deuxième personne du singulier (e. g., Tú puedes estar comiendo tu hamburguesa). Les résultats obtenus après avoir analysé statistiquement la variation dans les données empiriques qui ont été recueillies au moyen d’entrevues révèlent que, tandis que ces immigrants conservent l’usage du double possessif et l’utilisation des adverbes de lieu comme particule finale de la préposition en de manière pratiquement inchangée par rapport à un groupe de contrôle de Boliviens non-immigrants (c’est ce que l’on entend par « divergence »), ils substituent graduellement la préférence du passé composé sur le passé simple pour exprimer des actions qui ont été accomplies dans le passé par une prédilection du passé simple sur le passé composé (e. g., Esta mañana fui a la playa) et intègrent progressivement l’alternance entre les formes verbales standard et les formes verbales vernaculaires du voseo pour exprimer la deuxième personne du singulier (e. g., Cuando tú flotái… y no te sumerges hacia adentro), à l’instar de ce qui se fait dans l’espagnol parlé au Chili (c’est ce que l’on entend par « convergence »). En d’autres termes, on peut affirmer qu’ils incorporent de nouvelles ressources linguistiques dans leur langage, en même temps qu’ils en conservent d’autres sans modifications significatives. On remarque donc que le contact dialectal provoqué par l’immigration bolivienne au Chili a des conséquences linguistiques indéniables qui font ressortir le dynamisme de la langue. En effet, le fait que ces immigrants adoptent de nouvelles ressources linguistiques tandis qu’ils en gardent d’autres sans changements notables met en évidence que les processus de convergence et divergence dialectales ne sont pas exclusifs, mais plutôt inclusifs, c’est-à-dire qu’ils peuvent avoir lieu simultanément au sein de la même communauté linguistique. Enfin, le fait que ces immigrants parlent désormais un dialecte qui n’est équivalent ni au dialecte d’origine ni au dialecte du lieu d’accueil permet d’avancer qu’ils parlent une sorte de dialecte nouveau. / Within the framework of the communication accommodation theory, the present study evaluates the extent to which Spanish-speaking migrants from the Bolivian Andes to San Pedro de Atacama (Chile) accommodate their speech to Chilean Spanish, using a comparative sociolinguistics methodology. Four distinctive grammatical features of Andean Spanish were selected for the analysis: the use of the double possessive adjectives (e.g. He ido a su casa de mi marido), the use of adverbs of place as adjuncts of the Spanish preposition en (e.g. Entonces he vivido en allá así como diez años), the preference for the present perfect over the simple past to express the perfective aspect (e.g. El año pasado he ido a visitar a mi madre), and the exclusive use of standard verbal forms to express the second person singular (e.g. Tú puedes estar comiendo tu hamburguesa). Results were obtained from a statistical analysis of variation in the empirical data, which were collected through interviews, and compared with a non-migrant Bolivian control group. The data reveal that, while these migrants maintain a practically unaltered use of both the double possessive adjectives and the adverbs of place as adjuncts of the Spanish preposition en (this is understood as “divergence”), they gradually develop a preference for the present perfect over the simple past to express the perfective aspect by a predilection for the simple past over the present perfect (e.g. Esta mañana fui a la playa), and they progressively adopt an alternation between standard forms and vernacular ones (i.e. voseo) to express the second person singular (e.g. Cuando tu flotái… y no te sumerges hacia adentro), as occurs in Chilean Spanish (this is understood as “convergence”). In other words, the migrants have incorporated new linguistic resources into their speech, while they have simultaneously maintained others without any significant change. The dialect contact situation caused by migrants from the Bolivian Andes to Chile, therefore, has undeniable linguistic consequences, which bring out the dynamic character of the language. Indeed, the fact that these migrants integrate new linguistic resources into their speech while simultaneously maintaining others without serious changes highlights that the processes of dialectal convergence and divergence are not exclusive, but rather inclusive. That is, they can occur simultaneously within the same linguistic community. In conclusion, the fact that these migrants henceforth speak a dialect that is equivalent neither to their original dialect nor to the host dialect supports the claim that they speak a kind of new dialect. / Dentro del marco de la teoría de la acomodación en la comunicación, este trabajo consiste en evaluar en qué medida los inmigrantes hispanohablantes de los Andes bolivianos establecidos en San Pedro de Atacama (Chile) acomodan su habla a la de los hispanohablantes de este país, recurriendo a la metodología de la sociolingüística comparativa. Para ello, se seleccionaron para análisis cuatro marcas gramaticales del español de los Andes: el uso del posesivo doblado (e. g., He ido a su casa de mi marido), la utilización de los adverbios demostrativos de lugar como términos de la preposición en (e. g., Entonces he vivido en allá así como diez años), la preferencia del pretérito perfecto sobre el pretérito indefinido para expresar el aspecto perfectivo (e. g., El año pasado he ido a visitar a mi madre) y el uso exclusivo de las formas verbales del tuteo para referir a la segunda persona del singular (e. g., Tú puedes estar comiendo tu hamburguesa). Los resultados, que se obtuvieron después de haber analizado estadísticamente la variación en los datos empíricos que se recogieron mediante entrevistas, revelan que mientras que estos inmigrantes mantienen el uso del posesivo doblado y la utilización de los adverbios demostrativos de lugar como términos de la preposición en sin cambios aparentes con respecto a un grupo de control constituido por bolivianos que no han emigrado de la zona andina (esto es lo que se entiende por “divergencia”), sustituyen gradualmente la preferencia por el pretérito perfecto frente al indefinido para expresar el aspecto perfectivo por una predilección del pretérito indefinido sobre el perfecto (e. g., Esta mañana fui a la playa), e integran progresivamente la alternancia entre las formas verbales tuteantes y las formas verbales del voseo para referir a la segunda persona del singular (e. g., Cuando tú flotái… y no te sumerges hacia adentro), a la manera de lo que se hace en el español chileno (esto es lo que se entiende por “convergencia”). En otras palabras, se puede afirmar que estos inmigrantes incorporan nuevos recursos lingüísticos en su habla al mismo tiempo que mantienen otros sin modificaciones significativas. Así, pues, se puede considerar que el contacto dialectal provocado por la inmigración boliviana en Chile tiene consecuencias lingüísticas innegables que resaltan el dinamismo de la lengua. Efectivamente, el hecho de que estos inmigrantes adopten nuevos recursos lingüísticos mientras que mantienen otros sin cambios notables pone de manifiesto que los procesos de convergencia y divergencia dialectales no son exclusivos, sino que son más bien inclusivos, es decir, pueden acaecer simultáneamente en el seno de una misma comunidad lingüística. Por último, el hecho de que estos inmigrantes hablen ahora un dialecto que no es equivalente ni al dialecto original ni al dialecto del lugar de acogida permite postular que utilizan una suerte de dialecto nuevo.

<p>U radu se analizira funkcionisanje determinativnih<br />padežnih sistema u romanijskim govorima Starog<br />Vlaha. Razmatraju se sintaksičko-semantičke<br />karakteristike padežnih konstrukcija koje su<br />sintaksički formalizatori semantičke kategorije<br />prostornosti, a zatim i one koje su sintaksički<br />formalizatori vi&scaron;e apstraktnih semantičkih kategorija,<br />a to su: temporalnost, kvalifikativnost (u okviru nje:<br />instrumentalnost, kvalifikativnost u užem smislu,<br />propratna okolnost, kriterijum / osnov<br />kvalifikativnog tipa, komparativnost,<br />kvantifikativnost), intencionalnost, kauzalnost,<br />kondicionalnost, koncesivnost i posesivnost.<br />Posebno se sagledavaju padežne konstrukcije s<br />primarno prostornim značenjem, kao izvornim<br />domenom, koje mehanizmom metaforizacije prostora<br />nalaze svoje mesto u sistemu formalizatora navedenih<br />apstraktnih semantičkih kategorija kao ciljnih<br />domena.</p> / <p>The thesis analyses the function of<br />determinative case systems in the Romanija<br />speech of the Stari Vlah region. It deals with<br />syntactic and semantic characteristics of case<br />constructions which act as syntactic formalisers<br />of the semantic category of spatiality as well as<br />those which are syntactic formalisers of more<br />abstract semantic categories, such as the<br />following: temporality, qualificability<br />(including instrumentality, qualificability in a<br />narrower sense, concomitancy, the criterion /<br />basis of the qualificative type, comparability<br />and quantifiability), intentionality, causality,<br />conditionality, concessionality and<br />possessiveness. A special attention is devoted to<br />the case constructions whose primary meaning<br />is that of spatiality, as their source domain,<br />which then by the mechanism of<br />metaphorisation of space find their place in the<br />system of formalisers of the aforementioned<br />abstract semantic categories as their target<br />domains.</p>