Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roseli Regina Rambo Bremm.pdf: 856845 bytes, checksum: 116b2a4bd1fa4adc294e2b393d19bebd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-20 / The sewage sludge is a by-product resulting of the sewage treatment that contains high organic matter concentration and that, properly applied, it can to supply improvements in the soil fertility. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sewage sludge agricultural potential. The experiment was accomplished in field, in the year of 2004, with randomized blocks, utilizing sewage sludge with neutralization to 50% generated in the SANEPAR Wastewater Treatment Plant, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil, with 6 treatments: a) mineral fertilizer, b) Control (without fertilization and without sewage sludge), c) 2,5, d) 5, e) 10 and f) 15 Mg.ha-1 of dry sludge, applied to the corn culture in a dystrophic red latossol typical (LVd). Soil samples were collected before installation of experiment for chemical and heavy metal analysis. To the 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after the planting were appraised the parameters of the culture development in the field: stature and diameter of plants and number of leaves. After harvesting the production components were evaluated: length and diameter of spikes, number of useful plants and mass of grains. The soil samples were collected for evaluation of the heavy metals: copper and zinc and chemical analysis. The results were appraised for the software SISVAR.LNK version 13.0 and Minitab being accomplished with Tukey test for comparison of averages with 5% level significance. It was observed that the addition of Copper and Zinc through biossolid contributed with small increment in the tenors of x these in the soil in function of the concentration of the elements in the residue as well as the low amounts applied , and for the parameters of the culture development, the best answers were obtained in the treatments that used the sludge, when compared with the control and fertilizer mineral. For the length and diameter of spikes and mass of grains the largest averages were obtained in the 15 Mg.ha-1 of sludge treatment. / O lodo de esgoto é um subproduto resultante do tratamento de esgotos que contém elevado teor de matéria orgânica e se, devidamente aplicado, pode conferir ao solo melhorias em relação a sua fertilidade. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial agrícola do lodo de esgoto como fertilizante na cultura do milho. O experimento foi realizado em campo, no ano de 2004, com delineamento experimental em bloco inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se lodo de esgoto calado a 50% proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da SANEPAR Cascavel PR, com 6 tratamentos: a) Adubação convencional, b) Testemunha (sem adição de biossólido e sem adubação convencional), c) 2,5 Mg.ha-1, d) 5 Mg.ha-1, e) 10 Mg.ha-1 e f) 15 Mg.ha-1 base seca do biossólido, aplicado à cultura do milho em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico. Foram coletadas amostras para análise química e teores totais de metais pesados no solo antes da instalação do experimento. Aos 20, 40, 60 e 80 dias após o plantio, foram avaliados os parâmetros de desenvolvimento da cultura no campo: estatura da planta, diâmetro do colmo e número de folhas. Após a colheita, foram avaliados os parâmetros: comprimento e diâmetro das espigas, número de plantas úteis por parcela e massa de grãos. Na data da colheita, foi coletada amostra de solo na camada de 0-20cm para avaliação do teor de Zinco e Cobre e análise química. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo software SISVAR.LNK versão 13.0 e Minitab, ix sendo realizado o teste de Tukey para comparação de médias ao nível de 5% de significância. Observou-se que a adição de Cobre e Zinco via biossólido contribuiu com pequeno incremento nos teores destes no solo em função da concentração dos elementos no resíduo, bem como as baixas dosagens aplicadas, sendo que para os parâmetros de desenvolvimento da cultura, as melhores respostas foram obtidas nos tratamentos que empregaram o biossólido nas diferentes dosagens, quando comparados com a testemunha e adubação convencional. Para o diâmetro e comprimento das espigas e massa de grãos, a maior média foi obtida no tratamento que empregou 15 Mg.ha-1 de biossólido.

Os endoscópios são equipamentos aprovados para serem reutilizados, apesar de apresentarem estrutura interna complexa, composta por canais longos com lúmens estreitos, o que permite a aderência de matéria orgânica e microrganismos, favorecendo assim a formação de biofilmes. Estes dificultam o processamento eficaz, representando um desafio no reuso desses equipamentos. A formação do biofilme é inevitável ao longo do processamento dos endoscópios e há grande dificuldade em removê-lo completamente. Em razão disso, pesquisas atuais apontam-no como possível responsável pela transmissão de infecções exógenas e efeitos adversos que se manifestam em pacientes submetidos a endoscopias gastrointestinais. Essa realidade tem trazido à tona a preocupação em erradicá-lo. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a ação da desinfecção de alto nível na remoção de biofilme após limpeza prévia com escovação em corpos amostrais, simulando os canais de endoscópios flexíveis e comparar os produtos comercialmente disponíveis no mercado nacional para a remoção do biofilme dos endoscópios. Trata-se de uma pesquisa experimental, laboratorial e comparativa. Foram utilizados tubos de revestimento interno de politetrafluoretileno (Teflon®) e a Pseudomonas aeruginosa como microrganismo teste, formadora de biofilme. Foi montado um modelo validado para o desenvolvimento do biofilme. Os corpos amostrais contaminados foram submetidos inicialmente ao processo manual de limpeza com detergente enzimático e escovação. Em seguida, os corpos amostrais foram submetidos a cinco métodos de desinfecção de alto nível, quais sejam: o ácido peracético com concentração de 0,09% a 0,15%, o sistema Steris®, o glutaraldeído a 2%, e a água eletrolítica ácida. Foram extraídos três segmentos, de aproximadamente três milímetros representando o início, meio e fim de cada corpo amostral e analisados com o auxílio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura quanto a presença de biofilme. Conclui-se que nenhum método testado removeu 100% dos biofilmes e que essa remoção depende da interação entre o método de limpeza e a desinfecção posterior. Verificou-se que o método que mais removeu fisicamente o biofilme foi o glutaraldeído a 2% em reprocessadora automática, provavelmente justificado pelo double brushing, uma vez que o equipamento tem uma fase de limpeza no início de seu ciclo. O método que se mostrou mais eficaz na remoção de biofilme e outros resíduos constituídos de bactérias isoladas e da matriz de exopolissacarídeos, foi sistema Steris®. O método que se mostrou menos eficaz na remoção do biofilme e outros resíduos foi a água eletrolítica ácida. Considerando que a água é uma fonte de biofilme, sugeri-se utilizar filtros para a água do enxágüe e a rinsagem final dos canais com álcool. A despeito de tecnologias atualmente disponíveis para o processamento de canais dos endoscópios, nenhum dos métodos testados na presente investigação foi completamente eficaz para remover os biofilmes frente ao desafio imposto. Resta, portanto, recomendar que práticas baseadas em protocolos das sociedades sejam rigorosamente seguidas, apesar do tempo requerido para as boas práticas e optar, preferencialmente pelo processo automatizado, a fim de diminuir o erro humano / Endoscope is equipment approved to be reused in spite of its complex internal structure, consisting of long channels with narrowed lumens, allowing adherence of organic material and microorganisms, favoring formation of biofilm, making difficult an effective procedure, which is a challenge in the reuse of this equipment. The biofilm formation during endoscopic procedures is inevitable and it is very difficult to entirely remove it. Consequently, recent researches report it as the probable factor responsible by transmissions of exogenous infections and for the side effects found in patients submitted to gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures. This picture brought the concern to eradicate it. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the action of high level disinfection to remove biofilm after prior cleaning and brushing in body samples, simulating flexible endoscopic channels and to compare products commercially available in the national market to remove the biofilm from endoscopes. This is an experimental, laboratory and comparative research. Tubes of internal politetrafluorethylen (Teflon) and the Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a test microorganism to form the biofilm. A validated model was designed to develop the biofilm. The contaminated body samples were initially submitted to manual cleaning process with enzymatic cleansing and brushing. Next, these bodies were submitted to five high-level disinfection methods, as follows: peracetic acid at 0.09% and 0.15% of concentration, Steris System, 2% glutaraldehyde and acid electrolytic water. Three segments were removed, measuring approximately three millimeters, representing the beginning, the middle and the end of each body sample. These segments were analyzed by means of screening electronic microscopy in relation to biofilm presence. It was concluded that no tested method removed 100% of biofilm and that this removal depends on the interaction between the cleaning method and later disinfection. It was observed that the most effective procedure to physically remove the biofilm was the 2% glutaraldehyde, in automatic reprocessing method, probably due to double brushing since the equipment had a cleaning phase at the beginning of the cycle. The most effective method to remove the biofilm and other residues of isolated bacteria and of exopolysaccaride matrix was the SterisSystem method. The less effective method to remove biofilm and other residues was the acid electrolic water. Considering that water is the biofilm source, it was suggested to use filters for the water when cleansing and to rinse the channels with alcohol at the end. Regarding new technologies available for processing endoscope channels, none of the tested methods in the present investigation was totally effective to remove biofilm in face of the challenge presented. So, we may suggest that the good practices recommended by the several existing societies be strictly followed, in spite of the time needed for this process. Automated process is suggested as the best option to decrease human error

Orientador: Frederico Canato Martinho / Banca: Aletéia Massula de Melo Fernandes / Banca: Ana Paula Martins Gomes / Resumo: Sabe-se que as endotoxinas provenientes das bactérias grã-negativas desempenham um importante papel nas infecções endodônticas se relacionando à sinais e sintomas clínicos/radiográficos. Sendo assim, a redução ou eliminação de endotoxinas é fundamental para a resolução da inflamação periapical. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: Artigo 1 - realizar uma revisão sistemática com metanálise com o intuito de avaliar a relação entre níveis de endotoxinas e a presença de sinais e sintomas clínicos, bem como de sinais radiográficos em pacientes com infecção endodôntica primária; Artigo 2 - fazer um ensaio clínico randomizado para avaliarmos estratégias clínicas para otimizar a eliminação microbianana e de lipopolissacarídeos (LPS) utilizando a Terapia Fotodinâmica (PDT) como tratamento suplementar ao PQM nas modalidades de terapia endodôntica em única e múltiplas sessões. Métodos: Artigo 1 - para a revisão sistemática uma busca eletrônica foi realizada por dois autores, no idioma inglês, nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scielo, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge e Scopus. Após seleção dos artigos foi realizado uma metanálise com análises de sinais e sintomas clínicos/radiográficos. Artigo 2 - Selecionou-se 24 casos de dentes com infecção endodôntica primária que foram aleatoriamente divididos em 2 grupos (n=12): SU - sessão única e SM - sessão múltipla. Foram realizadas coletas microbiológica e de endotoxinas dos canais radiculares utilizando cone de pap... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract : Endotoxins originating from gram negatives bacterias are related to signals and clinical/radiographic symptoms. Therefore, reduction or elimination of endotoxins is essential to solve periapical inflammation. The aim of this dissertation was: Article 1 - To relate endotoxin levels and presence of clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic features in endodontic infection. Article 2 - To evaluate the effectiveness of supplemental photodynamic therapy (PDT) in optimizing the removal of bacteria and endotoxins from primarily infected root canals after one-visit and twovisit treatments. Methodology: Article 1 - Electronic searches were performed on Medline/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scielo, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge and Scopus databases for identification of relevant studies published up to July 2016. Only reports in English were included. The selected literature was reviewed by two authors and classified as either suitable or unsuitable for inclusion in this review. The relationship between endotoxin levels and presence of clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic features were determined. Additionally, a metaanalysis was performed. Article 2 - 24 primarily infected root canals with apical periodontitis were selected and randomly divided into one-visit (n=12) and two-visit (n=12). Samples were collected before and after root canal procedures. Endotoxins were quantified by chromogenic limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Culture techniques were used to determine bacterial colony-forming unit counts. The systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between endotoxin levels and presence of clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic features in patients with endodontic infection. Results: Article 1 - Among the 285 articles identified in the initial search, 29 were included for full-text appraisal and only eight studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review.... / Mestre

A utilização de soluções químicas para desinfecção de próteses totais constitui atualmente uma das opções para a manutenção da limpeza e saúde na cavidade oral de pacientes portadores de dentaduras. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de duas soluções desinfetantes (Hipoclorito de sódio 1% e Gluconato de clorexidina 4%), na hidrofobicidade superficial e adesão de Candida albicans ATTC 90028 sobre resina acrílica termopolimerizável, inicialmente e após 1, 7, 15 e 30 ciclos de desinfecção química, além de verificar o efeito da formação da película adquirida salivar sobre as duas variáveis avaliadas através de mensuração de ângulo de contato e microscopia de fluorescência. Para a mensuração da hidrofobicidade superficial 18 espécimes (10 x 25 x 2 mm) foram confeccionados em resina acrílica termopolimerizável e desinfetados, simulando a implementação de um protocolo de desinfecção diária durante 30 dias. Após completar o número de desinfecções de cada um dos períodos avaliados, mensurações de ângulo de contato foram feitas antes e depois da formação da película adquirida salivar. Para os testes de adesão de C. albicans à resina acrílica termopolimerizável, 180 espécimes (5 x 5 x 1 mm) foram confeccionados em resina acrílica termopolimerizável e desinfetados e divididos em vários períodos (Inicial-1-7-15-30 ciclos de desinfecção). Após completar o número de desinfecções de cada um dos períodos avaliados, foram feitos ensaios de adesão de C. albicans utilizando o fluorocromo laranja de acridina para posterior visualização mediante o uso de microscópio de fluorescência. Os dados de hidrofobicidade superficial foram analisados através do teste paramétrico ANOVA medidas repetidas e T-Student. Para os resultados de adesão de C. albicans foi utilizado o teste não paramétrico Kruskall Wallis e teste de Dunn. Para correlacionar as variáveis foi utilizado o teste de Pearson. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a imersão da resina acrílica em soluções desinfetantes diminui a adesão de C. albicans e os valores de hidrofobicidade superficial em todos os grupos após 30 desinfecções químicas. A formação da película adquirida salivar diminui a adesão de C. albicans e hidrofobicidade Resumo superficial, em todos os grupos após 30 desinfecções químicas. Não existe correlação entre os valores de adesão de C. albicans e hidrofobicidade superficial da resina acrílica termopolimerizável após desinfecção química, exceto para os grupos controle e Gluconato de clorexidina 4% prévio a formação da película adquirida salivar. / The use of chemical solutions for dentures disinfection currently constitutes one of the options for the maintenance of the cleanness and oral health of dentures users. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two disinfecting solutions (Sodium Hypochlorite 1% and Gluconate chlorhexidine 4%), on the acrylic resin surface hydrophobicity and adhesion of Candida albicans ATTC 90028 on the heat-cure acrylic resin before and after 1, 7, 15 and 30 chemical disinfectant cycles. Furthermore to verify the effect of the formation of the acquired salivary pellicle on the variables, evaluated through contact angle measurements and fluorescence microscopy. For the surface hydrophobicity assay, 18 specimens (10 x 25 x 2 mm) had been confectioned in heat cure acrylic resin and disinfected, simulating the implementation of a daily dentures chemical disinfection protocol, during 30 days. After each disinfection period, contact angle measurements were made before and after the acquired salivary pellicle formation. For C. albicans adhesion assay, 180 specimens (5 x 5 x 1 mm) had been confectioned in heat cure acrylic resin, chemically disinfected and divided in: Initial, 1, 7, 15 and 30 disinfection cycles. After completed each period of chemical disinfection C. albicans adhesion analysis had been made using, fluorocrome acridine orange for posterior visualization by the use of fluorescence microscope. The data of acrylic resin surface hydrophobicity had been analyzed through parametric test ANOVA repeated measures and T-Student. For the C. albicans adherence results, Kruskall Wallis no parametric test and Dunns test were used. To correlate the variables Pearson test were used. The results had demonstrated that the immersion of the heat cure acrylic resin in disinfecting solutions diminishes the adhesion of C. albicans and the values of acrylic resin surface hydrophobicity, in all the groups, in a period of 30 cycles. The formation of the acquired salivary pellicle diminishes the adhesion of C. albicans and acrylic surface hydrophobicity in all the groups in a period of 30 cycles. Correlation does not exist Abstract between the values of C. albicans adhesion and acrylic surface hydrophobicity after chemical disinfection, except for the Control group and Gluconate chlorhexidine 4% group before the formation of the acquired salivary pellicle.

acase@tulane.edu

Nanomaterials (materials which have at least one dimensional feature with length less than 100 nanometers), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) specifically, have exhibited great potential in water treatment. CNTs are cylindrical structures comprising single or multiple concentric graphene sheets and have diameters from less than 1 nanometer (nm) up to 50 nm (one nm is one millionth of a millimeter). Due to their unique and tunable structural, physical, and chemical properties, CNTs are used in environmental remediation as absorbents, catalysts or catalyst supports, membranes, and electrodes. However, a poorly understood determinant of the role of CNTs in water treatment is their interaction with chemical disinfectants (e.g., chlorine, chloramine, and ozone). To address these existing gaps in the environmental fate and reactivity of CNTs, this work establishes whether CNTs represent precursors for halogen and nitrogen containing disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which are products that form during a reaction of a disinfectant with organic matter in the water. In addition, we seek to understand how reaction with disinfectants alters CNT surface chemistry, and in turn impacts their environmental mobility and cytotoxicity. Finally, we determine how NOM and other aquatic variables known to impact DBP formation (e.g., Br−, NOM, and pH) influence the rate and products of CNT reaction with disinfectants. Outcomes of this work contribute to the current understanding of the role of carbon-based species as DBP precursors in disinfection and provide new context as to the environmental significance and implications of CNTs in natural and engineered aquatic systems.

Nanofiltration (NF) membrane technology is effective for removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and Disinfection By-Product (DBP) precursors from treated surface water (Allgeier et al., 1995, Chellam et al., 2000, Smith et al., 2002). However, there is a need to control other micropollutants, such as compounds released from algal blooms. In this research, the feasibility of using NF for removal of cyanobacterial exudates was evaluated as a polishing process for conventionally treated surface water. Screening tests were conducted to compare the performance of four NF membranes, Filmtec's NF90 and NF270, and Hydranautics's LFC1 and NTR7450, for removal of NOM and cyanobacterial exudates. The source water for the experiments was derived from Lake Manatee (FL) following full scale treatment by enhanced coagulation and dual media filtration. Water samples were amended with low levels of three cyanobacterial exudates: microcystin-LR, geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB). The rapid bench scale membrane test (RBSMT) protocol was used to test NF at four recoveries of 50%, 70%, 85% and 95%. Bulk organics (TOC and UV254) and inorganics (conductivity, total and calcium hardness) were monitored along with other operating parameters during the setting and recovery tests. Spike tests were performed by spiking microcystin-LR (9.5 to 12.0 micro g/L), geosmin (45 to 220 ng/L) and MIB (45 to 225 ng/L). Three NF membranes (NF90, NF270 and LFC1) were effective for over 90% rejection of TOC and associated disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP). Due to NF treatment, the bromide:TOC ratio increased resulting in a shift towards higher levels of brominated DBPFPs. Similarly, these three NF membranes (NF90, NF270 and LFC1) were effective for removal of microcystin-LR to below the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 1 micro g/L. Only two of the NF membranes tested (NF90 and LFC1), were capable of removing geosmin and MIB to levels below the taste and odor threshold. These membranes removed greater than 92% of the geosmin and MIB. Based on these bench scale tests, further testing of NF on a pilot scale is warranted.

O uso de dispositivos para infusões intravasculares representa um desafio, principalmente, pela possibilidade da dispersão microbiana do local de inserção até a ponta do cateter. O procedimento de desinfecção poderá reduzir a colonização no sítio de inserção desses dispositivos, entretanto instiga uma série de questionamentos acerca da possibilidade de dispersão para o interior do lúmen, espectro de ação do antimicrobiano, e a técnica do procedimento de desinfecção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro o procedimento de desinfecção das dânulas/torneiras de três vias contaminadas propositalmente com Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bem como a dispersão de soluções para o interior dos lúmens. Trata-se de um experimento laboratorial in vitro, controlado e desenvolvido em duas etapas: avaliação da dispersão bacteriana por meio da contaminação intencional com cepas padrão: S. aureus (ATCC 25923) e P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), e a dispersão de líquidos para o interior do conector por meio do corante cristal violeta a 1%, após a fricção com solução fisiológica ou álcool etílico a 70%, visando simular o processo de desinfecção. Todos os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata por três pesquisadores distintos. A fricção dos conectores com solução fisiológica demonstrou crescimento bacteriano (P. aeruginosa e S. aureus) no interior de 41,7% dos lúmens, no entanto não houve crescimento bacteriano nas amostras após a desinfecção com solução alcoólica a 70% (p<0,001). Com relação aos percentuais das ausências de dispersão de soluções para o interior dos lúmens das dânulas, observou-se que a fricção com as soluções fisiológica e alcoólica foram de 81,5% e 66,7%, respectivamente (p=0,079). Assim, a ausência do crescimento bacteriano no lúmen das dânulas após a fricção com solução alcoólica a 70% está associada a uma série de variáveis controladas as quais remetem a preocupação, principalmente, na possibilidade de dispersão de soluções desinfetantes para o seu interior. Nesse sentido, infere-se sobre os riscos que ameaçam a segurança das pessoas submetidas a infusões intravenosas, especialmente, no que concerne a execução do procedimento de desinfecção das dânulas / The use of intravascular infusion devices presents a challenge, mainly, due to the possibility of microbial dispersion of insertion site up to catheter tip. Disinfection procedure can reduce colonization at insertion site of these devices, but it instigates a series of questions about the possibility of dispersion into the lumen, antimicrobial action spectrum, and the technique of the disinfection procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro disinfection procedure of three-way taps purposely contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as the dispersion of solutions into the lumens. This is an in vitro laboratory experiment, it was controlled and developed in two steps: evaluation of bacterial dispersion by intentional contamination with standard strains: S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and liquid dispersion into the connector through 1% violet crystal dye, after friction with physiological solution or 70% ethyl alcohol, in order to simulate disinfection process. All experiments were performed in triplicate by three distinct researchers. The friction of connectors with physiological solution showed bacterial growth (P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) within 41.7% of the lumens, but there was no bacterial growth in the samples after disinfection with 70% alcoholic solution (p<0.001). Regarding the absence of dispersion percentages of solutions into the lumens from three-way taps, it was observed that the friction with physiological and alcoholic solutions were 81.5% and 66.7%, respectively (p=0.079). Thus, the absence of bacterial growth in the lumen from three-way taps after the friction with 70% alcoholic solution is associated to a series of controlled variables which refer, mainly, to the possibility of dispersion of disinfectant solutions to its interior. In that sense, it is inferred about risks that threaten the safety of people undergoing intravenous infusion, especially, concerning the disinfecting procedure execution for three-way taps

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is the process of treating microbiologically contaminated water in clear plastic bottles through exposure to sunlight. One of the major limiting factors of this treatment is source water quality. This work investigates the impact of organic matter and turbidity on SODIS efficiency. Organic matter was found to decrease bacterial inactivation to a much greater extent than the presence of inorganic particles. The ability of moringa oleifera seed emulsion to clarify source waters was investigated as a coagulation pretreatment. This coagulant is most effective in highly turbid, high humic content waters, and achieves up to 1-log bacterial removal. The combined moringa oleifera coagulation-SODIS treatment sequence was tested in highly coloured natural source water and was found to reduce the sunlight exposure time required by up to 2 hours. Treated water should be consumed immediately following the individual or combined treatments due to the potential for bacterial regrowth.

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is the process of treating microbiologically contaminated water in clear plastic bottles through exposure to sunlight. One of the major limiting factors of this treatment is source water quality. This work investigates the impact of organic matter and turbidity on SODIS efficiency. Organic matter was found to decrease bacterial inactivation to a much greater extent than the presence of inorganic particles. The ability of moringa oleifera seed emulsion to clarify source waters was investigated as a coagulation pretreatment. This coagulant is most effective in highly turbid, high humic content waters, and achieves up to 1-log bacterial removal. The combined moringa oleifera coagulation-SODIS treatment sequence was tested in highly coloured natural source water and was found to reduce the sunlight exposure time required by up to 2 hours. Treated water should be consumed immediately following the individual or combined treatments due to the potential for bacterial regrowth.