The study deals with roots of (a) rise of political tensions and (b) roots of rise of political Islam (from Muslim Brotherhood and Turkish AKP up to militant Islamic organizations) in the Middle East in the second half of the 20th century. So it deals with conflict between corrupt and highly unpopular political and economical elite and its challengers recruiting from Islamic movements. The basic roots of this conflict and rise of political Islam are seen in highly uneven modernization process: (1) very rapid social and demographic change (urbanization, media expansion, demographic transition, and educational system expansion), (2) slow going and unstable economic development and (3) unchanging political subsystem. This uneven and deformed Middle Eastern modernization pattern is in detail documented by empirical macro-indicators. It is systematically compared with the modernization process in other post-colonial world macro-regions as well as with early European modernization which was accompanied by sharp social conflict, however dominated by rival secular ideologies. The Middle Eastern highly uneven pattern of modernization is under way in the context of discredited secular ideologies and in the context of Islamic religion with its political relevant imaginary, concepts and symbolism as well as...

This diploma thesis deals with the veiling issue in Turkey. The first theoretical part is trying to map out the issues with an emphasis on the diverse interpretations and perceptions of the scarf / hijab. The work perceives the scarf as a symbol which represents more than just the Islamic religion. These multiple interpretations were caused primarily by the historical development of the country, especially the specific modernization process of Turkey which has been linked to the process of westernization. Mainly because of this the headscarf was for many years regarded as something obsolete, unfashionable. Many people perceived the scarf as something that does not belong in modern Turkey. This situation had affect the veilling issue a lot. Women were prohibited by law to wear a scarf in public areas. For this reason the work shows this issue also in the historical context which goes back to the 19th century - to the Ottoman Empire. The second part comprises the empirical part is devoted to qualitative research. For the purpose of this work interviews with Turkish university students were carried out which focused on their motivation of covering or not covering and other phenomena associated with this topic. Interviews were conducted both with veiled, and with unveiled girls because of the...

Most Sub-Saharan African countries are not yet considered democracies, but it is worth noting that almost all of them are fighting for democracy, and some countries have successfully crossed the threshold of democracy. However, the pace of democratization across the African region is uneven. In some countries it seems that the commitment to democratic norms and practices has deepened, but in other countries, whether it is the political elite or the general public, this commitment has proved to be weak. Although citizens now have greater opportunities to participate in the political process than before, in some countries only one party remains in power and there is no peaceful and successful transfer of power to the opposition. In this research I intend to find answers to the following question: Why are the levels of democratic development among these African countries in the Sub-Saharan region very different, even though their democratic transitions take place almost simultaneously. The three main approaches that explain democratization - modernization, social capital, and party systems are tested by empirically analyzing data related to political development among countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The results of the analysis indicate that social capital (trust) is most important for democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa, which may be due to the fact that the party system (including the proportion of women, etc.) has not yet stabilized in many places and therefore can not be a "decisive" factor. The lack of suitable and alternative operationalisations in the form of the lack of valid values regarding party system variables has also affected the result for this particular theoretical area. There was a connection between modernization factors and democracy in the bivariate analyzes, but the corruption index / social trust had a much stronger connection in the multivariate analyzes.

This thesis addresses identity issues of the Ukrainian elites using two parallel Ukrainian narratives. In search for conflict lines, we look at 20th ct. milestones which played a major part in the formation of the Ukrainian elites. An emphasis is placed on the modernization of Ukrainian society in 1920s and 1930s. We also analyze the impact of these two Ukrainian narratives on the formation of the Soviet nation using strong historical ties between the Ukrainian and the Russian nation. These ties still have an impact on the formation of Ukrainian identities; however, the conclusion of this thesis suggests that it will be possible to assess the definite shape of the Ukrainian identity only after a new supranational identity - similar to the Soviet one - has been shaped. KEY WORDS: ELITES MODERNIZATION NARRATIVE IDENTITY RUSSIAN UKRAINIAN SOVIET

Young white men with a working background are described as the losers of the postindustrial society: as being in a marginalized position in which they are at risk of being rejected in the educational system, in the labour market and in social relations. This study examines to which degree the descriptions, provided by the Swedish political parties Socialdemokraterna and Moderaterna through semi-structured interviews, of a marginalization among young white men with a working class background in Sweden coincides with ideas of the postindustrial knowledge society as an explanatory model. Further, the study examines the solutions presented by the parties as a response to a marginalization among young white men with a working background in Sweden. The result shows that the problematization of a marginalization among these young men largely coincides with the postindustrial knowledge society as an explanatory model. Furthermore, it is possible to identify ideological dividing lines in the solutions that are launched: where collectivist views of society are most evident in the solutions presented by Socialdemokraterna, and individualistic views of society in the solutions presented by Moderaterna. An optimistic view of man is further identified in the solutions presented by both parties.

Studien undersöker om behovsstyrning av inomhusbelysning, ventilationssystem och värmesy- stem är ett effektivt sätt att modernisera kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader. Moderniseringen ska vidare kunna ske utan att förändringen inskränker på byggnadernas individuella bevaran- dekrav. Undersökningen har genomförts på tre byggnader i Lunds kommuns fastighetsbestånd. Byggnaderna som ingår i studien är Ekska huset som uppfördes år 1823, Lunds konsthall som uppfördes år 1956 och Vårfruskolan som byggdes år 1868. Samtliga byggnader innehar ett kul- turhistoriskt värde.Intervjuer med specialister inom byggnadsbevarande, el, ventilation och värme har genomförts för att skapa en förståelse för respektive ämne. Insamlat teoretiskt material har legat till grund för de frågeställningar vi tagit med till intervjuerna. Specialisternas djupgående kunskap och mångåriga erfarenheter har varit nyckeln i analysen av det teoretiska materialet. De förslag på moderniseringar som är framtagna genom studien grundas sammantaget såväl i tidigare forsk- ning som verkliga erfarenheter.Den teknik som används för att behovsstyra olika installationer är fysiskt liten och kan ofta installeras på befintliga installationer. Detta innebär att energieffektiviseringar kan uppnås utan större synliga ingrepp på byggnaderna. Behovsstyrning av installationerna kan därför imple- menteras utan att inskränka på kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnaders bevarandekrav.En större mängd styrteknik kan medföra stora energibesparingar. Samtidigt kan modernisering- arna resultera i ökade investerings-, drift- och underhållskostnader. Individuella bedömningar avgör därför hur mycket teknik som är ekonomiskt lönsamt att installera för varje specifik byggnad. / This thesis explores whether, demand-controlled lighting, ventilation and heating is an effective way of modernizing buildings with cultural heritage values. Furthermore, the possibility of modernizing the buildings should not interfere with the individual conservation requirements.A survey has been carried out on three buildings of cultural importance in Lund. The buildings included in the study are Ekska huset built in 1823, Lunds konsthall built in 1956 and Vårfrus- kolan built in 1868.Specialists within the building conservation, electricity, ventilation and heating sectors have been interviewed for the purpose of creating an understanding of the respective subjects. Gath- ered theoretical material has provided the basis for the questions during the interviews. The in- depth knowledge and multiple years of professional experience of the interviewees has been the key in analyzing the theoretical material. The proposals for modernization that have been brought forward through the study is founded in prior research as well as real experiences.The technology used to control the different installations on demand, are physically small and can often be implemented on existing systems. This means that energy efficiency can be achieved without greater visible intervention to the buildings. Demand controlled installations can therefore be implemented without interfering with the conservation requirements of build- ings with a cultural heritage value.A greater amount of control technology can contribute to greater energy savings. However, modernizations can result in increased investment, operating and maintenance costs. Individual assessments therefore determine how much technology is financially beneficial to install for each specific building.

This thesis examines the international movement of Ideals about sustainable urban development and design through a focus on planning, private sector architecture and engineering experts. These experts, who are referred to in the literature as the global intelligence corps (GIC), package-up their know-how in urban sustainability as a moneymaking product, and serve it as urban mega- projects around the world. In doing so, the global intelligence corps (GIC) construct norms about what represents ‘good’ ecological urban planning, and subsidize to the expansion of an interna- tionalized mobile model of sustainable urbanism. This thesis aims at building on a wide-ranging literature of the business of (GIC) in design and sustainable urban development, and an in-depth case study of the top 11 of European and American global intelligence corps firms working in Mo- rocco’s Eco-megaprojects. Analysis of this substantial projects explains how the (GIC’s) work shapes a spreading model of sustainable urbanism, and how this, in turn, produces and reinforces particular canons in urban development practice. This thesis however, demonstrated that the (GIC) firms might be at the same time advisors and settlers of sustainable-urbanism canons, but only in the presence of a positive financial and political will, while socio-environmental and ethical issues are not necessarily always involved in their calculus to make a decision.

Utilizing survey data collected in four communities in the State of Utah, this study examined the extent to which rural resident perceptions and attitudes toward local community circumstances influence their own expectations and attitudes subjectively toward future community development alternatives. Understanding perceptions of community and community development, as well as the patterns of localized community development, is crucial and needs to consider residents' opinions and attitudes toward unique rural economic, environmental, and social conditions in order to help preserve the unique characteristics of the way of life while continuing economic improvement and social betterment in rural areas. Three conceptual frameworks of development (economic, environmental, and social) are applied in this study to explore the relationship between local residents' general attitudes toward the current conditions in their community and their attitudes toward development alternatives. I examine how these three development frameworks guide rural scholars to understand whether the pattern of community development is consistent across the region or localized from community to community. Four different types of rural communities were selected in a Utah-wide community survey in the summer of 2008. These communities are facing four different change patterns: an increasing senior community, an energy-development community, a recreational community, and a constant community that has remained stable over the last five decades. Each type of community has its unique economy, lifestyle, culture, and environment, in which local residents have developed a way of life in response to these changes in social and economic structures. Research findings indicate that the local residents' self-perceptions of community economic situation are not significant indictors to support the arguments of the economic development framework. However, indexes of environmental and social development frameworks are found to have strong associations with locals' environmental and social development alternatives. Also, different types of rural community show different demands for community development strategies, implying that a single development framework would not be sufficient to explain the complex of local residents' perceptions and attitudes toward community development unless the researchers integrate other perspectives into the model.

Diploma project “Chronicle House” is representing the creation of fictional historiographical interpretation of “the spirit of the place”. Rotunda is the columbarium The existence of object inside of the object, in this context, automatically creates a feeling of layeringness. The columbarium is oval shaped and the base level all the way by the perimeter consists of old windows from the panel houses, which were going through the process of modernization, particularly – change of windows. It serves now as a commemoration space. On the inside of the rotunda has been placed a museum of the ceased houses, where in the columbarium niches are placed models of these houses with the dates of birth and death, as well as with short epiphanies.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第19877号 / 地環博第151号 / 新制||地環||30(附属図書館) / 32913 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 深町 加津枝, 教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 星野 敏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM