Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T12:25:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3571018 bytes, checksum: ea42014b78fd55b04e7d38ae66e4c74a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-16 / The phenolic compounds are the major sources of antioxidants consumed in the human diet and are widely distributed in fruit, vegetables and beverages such as tea, beer, grape juice and wine. The moderate consumption of red wine is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This phenomenon is based on data from epidemiological observations known as the french paradox. The mechanism that involves the wine s protective effect in CVD is highly questionable, due to the effects of alcohol and the non-alcoholic components of wine. The phenolic compounds present in red wine, white wine and grape juice have differences in their composition and quantity. The cardioprotective effect of red wine is attributed to the resveratrol, which is found in higher numbers than in white wine and grape juice. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of daily intake of lyophilized red wine, lyophilized white wine and lyophilized grape juice, resveratrol and statins in aorta e liver in adult rabbits fed with hypercholesterolemic ration. 35 male albino rabbits from New Zealander race, the animals were divided at random into seven groups that received 10mg of simvastatin, 1mg of resveratrol, 4mL of lyophilized red wine , 4mL of lyophilized white wine and 7.8 ml of lyophilized whole grape juice. These were submitted to three blood samples collection; before starting the experimental study, with 25 days and 50 days, on this last day in addition to the blood, tissues were also collected. Blood analyzes were performed by a colorimetric method. It was assessed total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), tryacylglicerols, total protein, albumin, creatinine, aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), gamma-GT, alkaline phosphatase and lipase. Histological analyzes were performed in the arteries and liver. Immunofluorescence was performed to verify the expression of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the artery. The groups which received a cholesterol rich diet showed blood levels significantly increased of total cholesterol, indicating the efficiency of the addition of 1% of cholesterol in the habitt´s ration on induction of hypercholesterolemia. The red wine significantly increased the HDL in relation to the resveratrol in the period of 50 days. The resveratrol was more efficient than the grape juice in the reduction (p ≤ 0.05 ) of the triglyceride at 50 days of experimental study. The statin prevented the formation of foam cells in the artery, however failed to induce greater expression of eNOS. The red and white lyophilized wines presented better induction of eNOS compared to all treatments. The liver enzymes AST and ALT were significantly lower in the group treated with alcohol-free red wine than in the group treated with statins in the period of 25 days. Our results weren´t conclusive to affirm the effect of chronic intake of red wine, white wine and lyophilized grape juice, statin, resveratrol in the prevention of liver damages. Our work suggests that the mechanisms of protection for the coronary artery diseases are distinct for statin, resveratrol and the polyphenols in red wine, white and grape juice, without affecting the plasma levels of cholesterol and LDL-c levels. / Os compostos fenólicos são as maiores fontes de antioxidantes consumidos na dieta humana e estão distribuídos amplamente em frutas, hortaliças e bebidas como o chá, a cerveja, o suco de uva e o vinho. O consumo moderado de vinho tinto está associado com um risco reduzido de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Este fenômeno é baseado em dados de observações epidemiológicas conhecido como o paradoxo francês. O mecanismo que envolve a proteção do vinho nas DCV é bastante discutível, devido aos efeitos do álcool e dos componentes não álcoolicos do vinho. Os compostos fenólicos presentes no vinho tinto, vinho branco e suco de uva apresentam diferenças em sua composição e quantidade. O efeito cardioprotetor do vinho tinto é atribuido ao resveratrol, onde é encontrado em maior quantidade que no vinho branco e no suco de uva. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da ingestão diária de vinho tinto, vinho branco e suco de uva liofilizados, resveratrol e estatina na aorta e fígado de coelhos adultos alimentados com ração hipercolesterolêmica. Foram utilizados 35 coelhos machos albinos da raça Nova Zelândia, estes foram divididos ao acaso em sete grupos que receberam os respectivos tratamentos: Grupo I, 120 g de ração; Grupo II, 120 g de ração com 1% de colesterol; Grupo III, 120 g de ração com 1% de colesterol e 10mg de sinvastatina; Grupo IV, 120 g de ração com 1% de colesterol e 1mg de resveratrol; Grupo V , 120 g de ração com 1% de colesterol e 4mL de vinho tinto liofilizado; Grupo VI, 120 g de ração com 1% de colesterol, 4mL de vinho branco liofilizado; Grupo VII, 120 g de ração com 1% de colesterol, 7,8mL de suco de uva integral liofilizado. Esses foram submetidos a três coletas de sangue; antes de iniciar o estudo experimental, com 25 dias e 50 dias, neste último dia além do sangue foram coletados os tecidos. As análises sanguíneas foram realizadas por método colorimétrico, foi avaliado colesterol total (CT), hipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c), triacilgliceróis, proteínas totais, albumina, creatinina, aspartato transferase (AST), alanina transferase (ALT), gama-GT, fosfatase alcalina e lipase. Análises histológicas foram realizadas nas artérias e fígados. Imunofluorescencia foi realizada para verificar a expressão da enzima óxido nítrico sintase (eNOS) na artéria. Os grupos que receberam uma dieta rica em colesterol apresentaram níveis sanguíneos significativamente aumentados de colesterol total, indicando a eficiência do acréscimo de 1% de colesterol na ração dos coelhos na indução da hipercolesterolemia. O vinho tinto aumentou significativamente o HDL em relação ao resveratrol no período de 50 dias. O resveratrol foi mais eficiente do que o suco de uva na redução (P ≤ 0,05) do triglicerídeo aos 50 dias do estudo experimental. A estatina preveniu a formação de células espumosas na artéria, contudo não induziu maior expressão da eNOS. Os vinhos tinto e branco liofilizados apresentaram melhor indução da eNOS comparados a todos os tratamentos. As enzimas hepáticas AST e ALT foram significativamente menores no grupo tratado com vinho tinto liofilizado do que no grupo tratado com estatina no período de 25 dias. Nossos resultados não foram conclusivos para afirmar o efeito do uso crônico do vinho tinto, vinho branco e suco de uva liofilizados, estatina, resveratrol e na prevenção à danos hepáticos. Nosso trabalho sugere que os mecanismos de proteção para as doenças arterial coronariana são distintos para estatina, resveratrol e os polifenóis dos vinhos tinto, branco e suco de uva, sem afetar os níveis plasmáticos de colesterol e LDL-c.

Orientador: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Banca: Ricardo Kluge / Banca: Rogério Lopes Vieites / Banca: Massanori Takaki / Banca: João Domingos / Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou determinar o teor de substâncias com poder antioxidante (poliaminas, fenóis, flavonóides, ácido ascórbico, carotenóides, clorofila), além de potencial antioxidante do vegetal (DPPH) e nitrato em vegetais pós-colheita oriundos de cultivo orgânico. Folhas de chicória, polpa de berinjela e frutos de quiabeiro foram adquiridos de produtor orgânico certificado no município de Botucatu/SP. Os vegetais foram lavados, higienizados e armazenados em temperaturas de 25 ± 2°C ou 10 ± 2°C. As coletas foram realizadas em intervalos de três dias. A temperatura de 10 ± 2°C de armazenamento induziu maior longevidade para chicória, berinjela e quiabo. Os teores de poliaminas diferiram entre os vegetais estudados. A temperatura de 10 ± 2 °C não influenciou os níveis de poliaminas. Chicória e quiabo apresentaram teores baixos de nitrato. Os níveis de polifenóis não sofreram grandes alterações com o transcorrer do tempo pós-colheita nos três vegetais analisados, mas houve influência da temperatura principalmente nas antocianinas em berinjela. Aumentos nos teores de vitamina C e carotenóides foram observados em quiabo e chicória durante a pós-colheita / Abstract: This study aimed to determine the levels of substances presenting antioxidant capacity (polyamines, phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, chlorophyll), as well as the antioxidant potential (DPPH) and the nitrate level in organic plants during the postharvest. Chicory leaves, eggplant fruit pulp and okra fruits were obtained from an organic farmer certified in Botucatu Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. The plants were washed, sanitized and stored at 25 ± 2°C or 10 ± 2°C. Harvests were performed at three-day intervals. The storage temperature of 10 ± 2°C induced greater longevity for chicory, eggplant fruit and okra. Polyamine levels differed among the studied plants and were not affected by the temperature of 10 ± 2°C. Chicory and okra had low nitrate levels. Polyphenol levels did not have great changes over the postharvest period for all three analyzed plants but were influenced by the temperature, especially concerning anthocyanins of eggplants. Increased levels of vitamin C and carotenoids were noted for okra and chicory during the postharvest / Doutor

Esta tese foi dividida em duas pesquisas com o intuito de avaliar o fornecimento de extratos de orégano e chá verde para novilhas e vacas leiteiras. A primeira delas teve como objetivo verificar a inclusão de doses de extrato de orégano (EO) (Origanum vulgare) fornecido a novilhas da raça Holandês sobre a aceitabilidade do alimento, consumo, medidas fisiológicas e desenvolvimento corporal. Trinta e quatro novilhas em pastejo da raça Holandês foram agrupadas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: C = controle - sem adição de EO; 2,5 gramas (g); 5,0 g e 7,5 g de EO. Os tratamentos foram ofertados diariamente e individualmente durante 56 dias. O extrato de orégano adicionado em 7,5 g/dia ao concentrado exerce efeitos adversos de pequena magnitude sobre a aceitabilidade do concentrado e seu consumo e a inclusão de até 7,5 g/dia não melhora o consumo total de dieta, o desenvolvimento corporal e medidas fisiológicas. A segunda pesquisa objetivou avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de EO, chá verde (CV) (Camellia sinensis L.) e sua associação no concentrado fornecido a vacas das raças Holandês e mestiços Holandês e Gir sobre o comportamento, consumo, produção e composição do leite, perfil hematológico e enzimas de estresse oxidativo. Trinta e duas vacas das raças Holandês e mestiços Holandês e Gir foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: C = controle, EO = com adição de 10 g de extrato de orégano, CV = com adição de 5,0 g de extrato de chá verde e Mix = associação de ambos os tratamentos. Vacas recebendo chá verde apresentaram maior consumo e produziram mais leite em relação aos grupos controle e Mix. Animais do grupo orégano produziram leite com menor concentração de lactose enquanto do grupo Mix produziram leite com menor contagem de células somáticas que as vacas que receberam orégano. Menores valores das enzimas de oxidação da diclorofluoresceína nos eritrócitos (DCFER) e plasma (DCFPLA) e níveis mais elevados de Glutationa peroxidase reduzida (GSH) foram verificados nos animais suplementados com CV. Vacas suplementadas com extrato de chá verde apresentaram maior número de observações de ruminação total e menor número de observações deitada. Conclui-se que o fornecimento de extrato de orégano não alterou expressivamente o desenvolvimento corporal de novilhas, mas a dose mais elevada (7,5 g EO) alterou negativamente a aceitabilidade do alimento. O extrato de chá verde melhora a produção leiteira, altera a composição do leite, modifica o perfil hematológico e enzimas antioxidantes, constituindo-se como opção de aditivo para vacas em lactação. / Oregano and green tea extracts were supplied for heifers and dairy cows in two trials. The first study aimed to verify effect of the inclusion of doses of oregano extract (Origanum vulgare) fed to Holstein heifers on the acceptability of concentrate, physiological measurements and body development. Thirty-four heifers grazing of Holstein were distributed randomly into four treatments: C = control - without adding OE; OE2.5 = 2.5 grams (g); OE5.0 = 5.0 g and OE7.5 = 7.5 g of OE per day. The treatments were offered daily and individually for 56 days, after an adaptation period of 14 days, when heifers received just the basal diet. Heifers fed with 7.5 g of EO into the concentrate spent more time to eat the concentrate, reduced the latency to enter the trough and the concentrate intake. The inclusion of oregano extract did not alter the total dietary intake, body weight gain, body condition score (BCS), respiratory rate, rectal temperature and urinary pH. The second study aimed to evaluate the effects of addin OE, green tea - GT (Camellia sinensis L.) and both vegetal extracts into the concentrate fed to Holstein and Holstein and Gir crossbred cows on behavior, intake, milk yield and composition, blood profile and enzymes of oxidative stress. Thirty-two Holstein and Holstein and Gir crossbred cows were randomly distributed into four treatments: C = control, OE = with addition of 10 g of oregano extract, GT = with addition of 5.0 g of green tea extract and with Mix = combination of both treatments. Cows fed GT had higher total intake and produced more milk compared to control groups and Mix; cows receiving GT and control produced more milk, but the body weight or BCS did not differ between treatments. Animals fed with OE produced milk with lower concentration of lactose while the cows fed with the Mix produced milk with lower somatic cell count than cows fed with OE. Smaller values of dichlorofluorescein oxidation enzymes in the erythrocytes and plasma and higher levels of reduced glutathione peroxidase levels were observed in animals supplemented with GT. Cows receiving the control showed higher number of intake activities compared to the other treatments, total number of lying and lying in idleness observations, and, in contrast, fewer observations in standing position, both in idleness as ruminating. Cows supplemented with GT showed a higher number of total rumination observations and Oregano and green tea extracts change the ingestive, postural and social behavior, improves intake, milk yield, altering its composition, the hematological profile and antioxidant status and, thus, the use of oregano and green tea extracts may be use as an option of additive for dairy cows.

Os polifenois são normalmente considerados compostos que apresentam atividades biológicas promissoras, em especial pelos seus efeitos antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios. No entanto, estudos recentes têm demonstrado que o consumo materno de alimentos ricos em polifenois (ARP) durante a gestação interfere na dinâmica de fluxo do ductus arteriosus (DA) no coração fetal de humanos, provavelmente pelo efeito anti-inflamatório dos polifenois, e também tem sido demonstrado que a restrição da ingestão de ARP é capaz de reverter a constrição ductal. Neste trabalho, um estudo experimental foi desenvolvido com ovelhas prenhas, no qual os animais receberam suplementação oral de polifenois durante 14 dias. Realizou-se ecocardiografia fetal e a análise de amostras de sangue e urina para investigar biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo e inflamação além da excreção de polifenois totais na urina. Houve aumento nas velocidades sistólicas (VS) e diastólicas (VD) e uma diminuição no índice de pulsatilidade (IP), o que indica uma constrição prematura do DA após o consumo de polifenois. Houve diminuição da peroxidação lipídica, determinada pelos níveis de TBARS, e nos níveis de tióis reduzidos não proteicos após o tratamento. Houve um aumento das atividades das enzimas catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx) após o tratamento. Apesar do não envolvimento de dano lipídico na constrição ductal, observou-se um aumento no dano proteico através da dosagem de proteínas carboniladas (PCO). O efeito vasoconstritor e anti-inflamatório foi verificado pela diminuição nos níveis de nitritos/nitratos (NOx) após o consumo de polifenois. O estresse oxidativo estava associado com parâmetros de constrição ductal, através das correlações de dano protéico (PCO) com VS (r=0,629, p=0,028), VD (r=0,905, p=0,0001) e IP (r=-0,772, p= 0,003). Ainda, VS foi correlacionada com catalase (r=0,672, p=0,033) assim como IP com GPx (r=-0,629, p= 0,05). A constrição ductal estava ainda associada com o parâmetro inflamatório, sendo VS e VD correlacionadas com NOx (r=-0,853, p=0,0004 e r=-0,705, p=0,010, respectivamente) além da correlação entre IP e NOx (r=0,599, p=0,039). Além disso, ambos os mecanismos anti-inflamatórios e antioxidantes estavam correlacionados: NOx e GPx (r=-0,755, p=0,004) e entre NOx e catalase (r=-0,812, p=0,001), confirmando a ocorrência de ambos efeitos atribuíveis aos 10 polifenois. Neste estudo, foi possível perceber que um elevado consumo de polifenois induziu constrição ductal em ovelhas prenhas com uma excreção urinária aumentada de polifenois totais e alterações em biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo e inflamação. Estes resultados ressaltam a necessidade de uma orientação dietética ao final da gestação com relação ao consumo de alimentos ricos em polifenois devido à possibilidade de indução de constrição ductal através da ação anti-inflamatória em fetos expostos. / Polyphenols are often referred to as compounds with promising biological activities, especially antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, it has been recently reported that maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods (PRF) interferes with ductus arteriosus (DA) flow in human fetuses’ hearts, probably by an anti-inflammatory effect and it has also been shown that restriction of PRF ingestion reverses ductal constriction. In this work, an experimental study was carried out with pregnant sheep, in which the animals received oral polyphenol supplementation for 14 days. Fetal echocardiography was performed along with blood and urine analysis to investigate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biomarkers and total polyphenol (TP) urinary excretion. We found a decrease in lipid peroxidation by TBARS levels and a decrease in non-protein reduced thiols after treatment. In addition, an increase in enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was observed. Despite that lipid peroxidation was not involved in ductal constriction, protein damage by enhanced protein carbonyls (PCO) were found. Anti-inflammatory and vasoconstrictive effects were observed by a decrease in nitrites/nitrates (NOx) in pregnant sheep after polyphenol consumption. Oxidative stress was associated to ductal constriction parameters, according to the correlations.of protein damage marker PCO to SV (r=0.629, p=0.028), VD (r=0.905, p=0.0001) and IP (r=-0.772, p=0.003). Also, SV was positively correlated to CAT (r=0.672, p=0.033) and IP negatively correlated to GPx (r=-0.629, p=0.05). Ductal constriction was also associated to the inflammatory parameter, due to the correlations of SV and DV to NOx (r=-0.853, p=0.0004 and r=-0.705, p=0.010, respectively) as well as the correlation between IP and NOx (r=0.599, p=0.039). Besides, association of both inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms were found: NOx vs. GPx (r=-0.755, p=0.004) and NOx vs. CAT (r=-0.812, p=0.001), confirming the presence of both effects attributed to polyphenols. We report that high polyphenol intake induced fetal DA constriction in pregnant sheep followed by an increased TP excretion and alterations in inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers. These results highlight the need for a dietary orientation in late-pregnancy regarding maternal intake of foods with high polyphenol contents in light of the possible induction of ductal constriction through an anti-inflammatory action of polyphenols in exposed fetuses.

O Brasil possui diversas frutas nativas, algumas consideradas potentes fontes de compostos bioativos fenólicos (CBF) como, por exemplo, a cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC) que é um fruto nativo do bioma cerrado pertencente à família das Mirtáceas. Alguns CBF presentes nos frutos desta família são capazes de inibir as enzimas envolvidas na digestão dos carboidratos &#945;-amilase e &#945;-glicosidase in vitro. A inibição destas enzimas retarda a absorção de glicose sanguínea reduzindo, assim, a glicemia e insulinemia pós-prandial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sucos de cagaita, clarificado e não clarificado, ricos em elagitaninos e proantocianidinas, sobre a glicemia e insulinemia pós-prandial de indivíduos pré-diabéticos sem uso de fármacos capazes de influenciar o metabolismo de glicose e insulina, após o consumo de 50 g de pão francês. Três diferentes refeições foram consumidas pelos voluntários (n=14). A primeira foi composta por pão branco (50 g) mais água (300 mL) como controle; a segunda, pão branco (50 g) mais suco cagaita clarificado (300 mL), e a última refeição consistia em pão branco (50 g) mais suco de fruta cagaita não clarificado (300 mL). Os resultados mostraram que ambos os sucos reduziram quantidade total de glicose absorvida (AUC) em 56% (suco clarificado) e 71% (não clarificado) e insulina liberada em 59% (suco clarificado) e 69% (não clarificado), após a ingestão do pão branco. Embora a velocidade de incremento da glicose (VIG) não tenha apresentado diferenças significativas, o incremento absoluto de glucose (IAG), incremento percentual de glicose (IPG) e valores de pico de glicose (VPG) e insulina (VPI) foram significativamente menores do que os de controle (p < 0,05). Além disso, após a ingestão de sucos cagaita observou-se um aumento da capacidade antioxidante do plasma em indivíduos que consumiram as refeições (p < 0,05). / Brazil has several native fruits, some of them are considered potential sources of phenolic compounds. Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC) is a native fruit from Cerrado region belonging to the Myrtaceae family. Some polyphenols presents in fruits of this family may be able to act on inhibition of enzymes related to carbohydrates such as &#945;-amylase and &#945;- glucosidase in vitro. The inhibition of those enzymes activities delays blood glucose absorption, thereby reducing postprandial glycemia and insulinemia. This study aimed to assess the effect of cagaita fruit juices, clarified and non-clarified, rich in phenolic compounds including ellagitannins and proanthocyanidins, on the postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses from a bread meal (50 g), in prediabetic humans who were not taking medications known to influence glucose or insulin metabolism. Three different meals were consumed by volunteers (n=14). The first one consisted of white bread (50 g) plus water (300 mL) as a control; the second one, white bread (50 g) plus clarified cagaita fruit juice (300 mL), and the last one white bread (50 g) plus non-clarified cagaita fruit juice (300 mL). The results showed that both cagaita fruit juices reduced the total amount of glucose absorbed (AUC) by 56% (clarified juice) and 71% (non-clarified) and insulin released by 59% (clarified juice) and 69% (non-clarified), after the ingestion of white bread. Although glucose incremental velocity (GIV) did not show significant differences, absolute increase of glucose (AIg), glucose incremental percentage (GIP) and peak values of glucose (GPV) and insulin (IPV) were significantly lower than those of control (p < 0.05). Also, after ingestion of cagaita juices it was observed an increased antioxidant capacity of plasma in subjects that consumed the meals (p < 0.05).

Os teleósteos submetidos a estresse ocorre aumento dos níveis de glicocorticoides, desencadeando uma reorganização metabólica, que resulta na imunossupressão dos animais, deixando-os mais suscetível a potenciais patógenos. Os antibióticos são comumente utilizados no controle das enfermidades bacterianas, porém, o uso indiscriminado pode provocar a seleção de cepas resistentes. Uma alternativa é a prevenção, através do uso de aditivos dietários imunoestimulantes. Os flavonoides e o ácido ascórbico (AA) são conhecidos por suas atividades anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e antiestresse. Assim, o estudo em questão visou avaliar a sua influência no desempenho; no intestino e nos parâmetros de imunidade inata de trutas arco-íris, em condições ideais e após aplicação de glicocorticoide exógeno (dexametasona). Foram realizados dois experimentos: 1 - grupos controle (GC) e o aditivo (GA), tratados por noventa dias; 2 - grupos controle (GC), aditivo (GA), dexametasona (GD) e aditivo + dexametasona (GAD), por trinta dias. No primeiro experimento o aditivo proporcionou o aumento da altura do epitélio no início do intestino, além da diminuição da densidade de células de muco nos cecos pilóricos, e o aumento no início do intestino. No segundo experimento, o aditivo causou a diminuição da altura do epitélio nos cecos pilóricos e início do intestino. O glicocorticoide exógeno causou perda de peso dos animais e a diminuição da altura do epitélio em todas as porções intestinais. Ainda, resultados positivos foram vistos em relação ao numero de leucócitos, do GAD, assim o aditivo foi diferencial e pareceu compensar as ações do glicocorticoide. Os resultados indicam que o uso de ácido ascórbico e flavonoides apresenta vantagens em situações de estresse. / Teleosts subjected to stress show increase in glucocorticoids levels, this triggers a metabolic reorganization, resulting in the animal immunosuppression, this let animals susceptible to potential pathogens. The antibiotics are commonly used to control bacterial diseases, but their indiscriminate use can lead to selection of resistant pathogenic strains. A viable alternative is to work on prevention, through the use of immunostimulant dietary additives. Flavonoids and ascorbic acid (AA) are known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-stress activity. For this reason, the present study aimed to evaluate their influence in the growth performance; the gut; the innate immunity parameters of rainbow trouts in ideal conditions and after an exogenous glucocorticoid application (dexamethasone). For this, two experiments were performed: 1- groups control (GC) and the additive (GA) for ninety days. 2 - with four groups control (GC), additive (GA), dexamethasone (GD) and additive + dexamethasone (GAD) lasting thirty ninety days. In the first experiment, the additive increased epithelial height at the initial intestine, in addition to decreased mucus cell density of the pyloric caeca, and the increase in the initial intestine. In the second experiment, the additive decreased epithelial height in pyloric caeca and initial intestine. The exogenous glucocorticoid caused animal weight loss, and epithelial height decrease in all intestinal portions. Positive results was observed on GAD leukocytes number, so the additive was differential and seemed to compensate the glucocorticoids actions. The results indicate that the use of ascorbic acid and flavonoids has advantages in stress situations.

O hibisco (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) além de possuir propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, é utilizado como planta medicinal e alimento funcional nos países tropicais. Através de Testes de Diluição em Sistema de Tubos Múltiplos determinou-se a Intensidade de Atividade de Inibição Bacteriana (IINIB/Bacteriostasia) e a Intensidade de Atividade de Inativação Bacteriana (IINAB/Bactericidia) de extrato alcoólico de dois acessos de hibisco, a saber: Palmares do Sul/RS e Porto Alegre/RS sobre inóculos padronizados de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Paralelamente, o teor de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas nos cálices e nos frutos com sementes do hibisco foi determinado. A atividade antimicrobiana do extrato alcoólico de cálices, em ambos os acessos, apresentou diferença positiva significativa quando relacionada ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes. Salmonella Enteritidis foi a bactéria mais sensível ao extrato alcoólico de cálices do hibisco enquanto a mais resistente foi Staphylococcus aureus, independente da variável acesso, considerando somente a estrutura vegetal. Em relação ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes, Escherichia coli demonstrou a maior sensibilidade e Staphylococcus aureus a maior resistência. Os valores de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas do extrato alcoólico de cálices apresentaram diferença significativa entre si e foram superiores ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes. Possivelmente existe uma relação direta entre a concentração de antocianina e a atividade antibacteriana em diferentes estruturas vegetais do hibisco. / The hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and it is utilized as functional food and medicinal plant in tropical countries. Through of Dilution Testing in Multiple Tubes System, it were determined the intensity of bacterial inhibition activity (IINIB/ Bacteriostasy) and the intensity of bacterial inactivation activity (IINAB/ Bactericidie) of alcoholic extracts of two accesses of hibiscus, known as: Palmares do Sul/RS and Porto Alegre/RS on standardized inoculum of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). At the same time, the total content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in the calyxes and fruits with seeds hibiscus was determined. The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extract of the calyxes in both accesses showed a significant positive difference when related to the alcoholic extract of the fruits with seeds. Salmonella enteritidis was the most sensitive bacteria to the alcoholic extract of calyxes of the hibiscus while the most resistant was Staphylococcus aureus, independent of the variable access, considering only the plant structure. In relation to the alcoholic extract of the fruits with seeds, Escherichia coli showed the highest sensitivity and Staphylococcus aureus the highest resistence. Total polyphenols and anthocyanins of alcoholic extract of calyxes‟s values showed a significant difference and they were superior to alcohol extract of fruits with seeds. Possibly there is a direct relationship between the concentration of anthocyanin and antibacterial activity in different structures of the hibiscus plant.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-26T12:47:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Rodrigues de Araujo.pdf: 1357200 bytes, checksum: e679be2445ef965c1948578b245819fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-26T12:47:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Rodrigues de Araujo.pdf: 1357200 bytes, checksum: e679be2445ef965c1948578b245819fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work had as objective to characterize of freeze-dried bark of mango Tommy Atkins, come from organic farming, and defining the conditions of the polyphenols extraction process. The peels were crushed and the flour was submitted to the determination of proximate composition, minerals and bioactive phytochemicals and antioxidant potential employing techniques titrimetric, spectrophotometric and chromatographic. To define the optimal conditions of the process was applied the of factorial design 2² as independent variables: temperature 25-50° C and time stirring 30 to 90 min), and as response the total phenolics concentration in the extract. This experimental design was applied in the following process types: a) Extraction sequentially- hydroacetonic solution (80%), followed by hydromethanolic solution (80%); b) Extraction sequentially- hydromethanolic solution (80%), followed by hydroacetonic solution (80% ); c) Extraction non-sequential-hydroacetonic solution (80%) and d) extraction non-sequential- hydromethanolic solution (80%). The extracts were submitted to antioxidant assays, capture radicals in model system (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC) and antioxidant assays in lipid systems (coupled oxidation of β -carotene-linoleic acid, peroxidation of linoleic acid - ferric thiocyanate method, and accelerated storage test in an oven) and high performance liquid chromatography analyses for identification of polyphenols. The mango flour showed high levels of carbohydrates, potassium, sodium, calcium and phosphorus, total phenolics, ascorbic acid and β-carotene. The factorial design defined as the ideal sequential extraction (80% methanol, followed by 80% acetone) and the following process conditions: temperature 37.5°C and 25ºC; time stirring of 30 and 60 min, whose extracts showed, respectively, higher total phenolic content (2407.16μg. mL-1) (Ext-5), and increased sequestration capacity DPPH (95%) (Ext-7). Both extracts exhibited significant antioxidant capacity against free radicals ABTS, DPPH and ORAC, and in lipid system. The chromatographic analysis revealed the presence in both extracts of the phenolic acids (benzoic acid and cinnamic acid derivatives), flavonoids and a xanthone, but with quantitative and qualitative differences between the profiles of the extracts. Synaptic acid, syringic acid, taxofoline, isoquercetine and mangiferin were the major constituents of these extracts. Thus, considering the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity, the agro-industrial waste of Tommy Atkins mango emerges as a potential source of natural antioxidant. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar cascas liofilizadas de manga Tommy Atkins, provenientes de um cultivo orgânico, quanto à composição centesimal, de minerais, de fitoquímicos bioativos, e o potencial antioxidante além de definir as condições ideais para obtenção de extratos com elevado teor de polifenóis. As cascas liofilizadas foram trituradas, e a farinha submetida às determinações analíticas empregando-se técnicas titulométricas, espectrofotométricas e cromatográficas. Para definição das condições ideais de processo (tempo de agitação; temperatura e tipo de processo) aplicou-se o planejamento fatorial 2² , tendo como variáveis independentes: temperatura de 25 a 50°C e tempo de agitação de 30 a 90 min; e como resposta o teor de fenólicos e a capacidade de sequestrar o radical DPPH. O planejamento foi aplicado aos seguintes tipos de processo: a) Extração sequencial-solução hidroacetônica (80%), seguida da solução hidrometanólica (80%); b) Extração sequencial-solução hidrometanólica (80%), seguida da solução hidroacetônica (80%); c) Extração não sequencial-solução hidroacetônica (80%); d) Extração não sequencial-solução hidrometanólica (80%). Os extratos obtidos utilizando as condições ideais foram submetidos aos ensaios antioxidantes, de captura de radicais, em sistema modelo (DPPH; ABTS; ORAC) e aos ensaios antioxidantes em sistemas lipídicos (oxidação acoplada do B-caroteno/ácido linoléico; da peroxidação do acido linoleico – método tiocianato férrico; e do teste acelerado em estufa), e a cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) para identificação dos polifenóis. A farinha de manga apresentou elevados teores de carboidratos, potássio, sódio, cálcio e fósforo, fenólicos totais, ácido ascórbico e β-caroteno. O planejamento fatorial definiu como ideal a extração sequencial (metanol 80%, seguido por acetona 80%) e as seguintes condições de processo: temperatura de 37,5ºC e 25ºC e tempo de extração de 30 e 60min; cujos extratos apresentaram, respectivamente, maior teor de fenólicos totais (2407,16μg. mL-1) (Ext-5), e maior capacidade de sequestro do radical DPPH (95%) (Ext-7). Os dois extratos exibiram expressiva capacidade antioxidante frente aos radicais livres ABTS, DPPH e ORAC; bem como em meio lipídico. A análise cromatográfica revelou a presença, nos dois extratos, de ácidos fenólicos (derivados do ácido benzóicos e cinâmicos), flavonóides e uma xantona, porém com diferenças quantitativas e qualitativas entre os perfis dos extratos. O ácido siríngico, ácido sináptico, a taxofolina, a isoquercetina e a mangiferina foram os constituintes majoritários nestes extratos. Assim, considerando a composição química e a ação antioxidante, o resíduo agroindustrial de manga Tommy Atkins surge como uma fonte potencial de antioxidante natural.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-19T17:16:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO REBEKA ficha cat .pdf: 2747898 bytes, checksum: 601dada8e27662383a54596248273582 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T17:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO REBEKA ficha cat .pdf: 2747898 bytes, checksum: 601dada8e27662383a54596248273582 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Capes / Anacardium occidentale L., espécie frutífera conhecida como cajueiro, destaca-se por suas propriedades farmacológicas entre as quais antimicrobiana, antiparasitária e anticancerígena. Em razão de sua importância a espécie foi incluída na Relação Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse ao SUS (RENISUS). Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo de desenvolver metodologias analíticas para serem utilizadas como ferramentas na padronização de polifenois das folhas e cascas de Anacardium occidentale L.. Para tanto, quatro amostras foram coletadas em diferentes cidades de Pernambuco (Recife, Limoeiro, Vitória e Bezerros) e uma amostra no Piauí (Floriano). Após coleta e confirmação da identidade, as amostras foram secas em estufa (40 °C), trituradas e submetidas a caracterização físico-química conforme preconizado pela Farmacopeia Brasileira. Os extratos fluidos a 20% das diferentes amostras dos farmacógenos foram submetidos a uma prospecção fitoquímica por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) para análise dos compostos fenólicos. A avaliação do método espectrofotométrico para o doseamento de polifenois totais investigo or CCD indicou a presença de polifenois do tipo taninos condensados e hidrolisáveis (para todas as u a influência de diferentes solventes (água, etanol e acetona) e respectivas proporções, assim como os métodos extrativos (refluxo, maceração e ultrassom). Os métodos desenvolvidos por espectrofotometria de absorção no visível (UV-Vis) e por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foram validados aos parâmetros preconizados pela RE 899/2003 da ANVISA. Em seguida, os métodos foram aplicados para análise das diversas amostras. A caracterização físico-química das matérias primas indica que todas atendem as exigências estabelecidas pela Farmacopeia Brasileira. A análise p amostras de ambos os farmacógenos), e flavonoides (para todas as amostras de folhas e apenas para as cascas oriundas do município de Limoeiro). As melhores condições extrativas para o doseamento de polifenois totais nas folhas foram com etanol 30% e ultrassom; enquanto que para as cascas o melhor desempenho foi observado com etanol 30% e sob-refluxo. Os métodos analíticos validados foram considerados específicos, sensíveis, precisos, exatos e robustos. As análises quantitativas das amostras de diferentes localidades por UV-VIS e CLAE, mostraram que houve influência da localização geográfica na composição química para cada farmacógeno. Isso ocorre devido aos fatores ambientais peculiares de cada região, os quais afetam nessas variações. Além disso, os dados qualitativos por CCD e CLAE permitiram identificar perfis cromatográficos típicos para os farmacógenos. Desta forma, os resultados obtidos serão utéis no controle de qualidade da espécie vegetal estudada caso seja desenvolvido um medicamento fitoterápico da mesma. / Anacardium occidentale L., fruit species known as cashew, stands out because of its pharmacological properties, including: antimicrobial, antiparasitic and anticancer. Due to its importance the species was included in the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to the SUS. In this context, this study aimed at developing analytical methodologies as tools for use in standardization of polyphenols from the leaves and bark of Anacardium occidentale L.. For this purpose, four samples were collected in different cities of Pernambuco (Recife, Limoeiro, Vitória and Bezerros) and a sample in Piauí (Floriano). After collection and confirmation of their identities, the samples were dried in an oven (40 ° C), crushed and subjected to physical and chemical characterization as recommended by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The fluid extracts 20% from the different samples of pharmacogens were subjected to a phytochemical prospection via chromatography in thin layer (TLC) for analysis of phenolic compounds. The evaluation of the spectrophotometric method for the determination of total polyphenols investigated the influence of different solvents (water, ethanol and acetone) and their proportions, as well as extractive methods (reflux, maceration and ultrasound). The methods developed by the visible absorption spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were validated in the parameters recommended by the RE 899/2003 of ANVISA. Following this further, the methods were applied for the analysis of multiple samples. The physicochemical characterization of the starting material indicates that all of them meet the requirements established by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. TLC analysis indicated the presence of polyphenols like condensed tannins and hydrolysable (for all samples of both pharmacogens), and flavonoids (for all leaves samples and only in barks from the city of Limoeiro). The best extraction conditions for the determination of total polyphenols in the leaves were those with 30% ethanol and ultrasound; while for the barks it was observed better extraction conditions with 30% ethanol and under reflux. The validated analytical methods were considered to be specific, sensitive, accurate, precise and robust. Quantitative analysis of samples from different locations by UV-VIS and HPLC showed the influence of geographical location on chemical composition for each pharmacogens. This is due to the peculiar environmental factors in each region, which affect these variations. In addition, qualitative data by TLC and HPLC possible to identify typical chromatographic profile for pharmacogens. Thus, the results obtained will be useful in quality control of plant species studied if a herbal medicine is developed from it.

Orientador: Alba Regina Monteiro Souza Brito / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T09:46:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MariaSileneda_D.pdf: 4656721 bytes, checksum: 56e7845f0f3f5782cd1555e890bb08cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Abstract: Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & Grimes, which belongs the Mimosaceae family, is popularly known as "barbatimao" by the tradicional communities in Northeastern Brazil that use its bark in the treatment of gastric ulcer and inflammation, among other uses. In this work, the antiulcerogenic activity of its extracts and fractions was screened, using the gastric ulcer model induced by absolute ethanol in rats and selecting of the butanolic fraction of the methanolic extracts at dosis of 150 mg/kg as being in the most effective one. The action mechanisms of this fraction were studied based on the mucus gastric content and gastric secretion models. We have also decided to test it in anti-inflammatory intestinal activity model. Acute toxicity of AC150 was evaluated in Swiss mice, and no symptoms or visible toxicity signs were observed. Wistar rats were used in the others experiments. The intraduodenal pathway was utilized only in the pylorus ligature model; in the other models the oral pathway was employed. The AC 150 was able to significantly increased the mucus production, as well as to change the biochemical parameters of the acid gastric secretion, reducing the gastric volume and increasing the pH, suggesting a cytoprotection and anti-secretory activity. AC150 showed healing activity in the chronic model of gastric ulcer induced by 30 % acetic acid. This was demonstrated by the reduction of lesion area, in agreement with HE histological analysis. The induction of cellular proliferation was indicated by the PCNA results. The immunolocation of HSP-70, COX-2 and VEGF in the gastric tissue suggested that the ulcer cicatrization activity was induced by the increased of the expression of these factors, as well as the increase of the mucus production highlightened in the PAS results. In the acute ulcerative colitis model induced by intra-colonic administration of trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) (10 mg/animal) AC 100 and 150 mg/kg were able to significantly decrease the lesion and the mieloperoxidase (MPO) levels in the colonic mucosa. However, only AC150 decreased the levels of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). The western blot analysis showed that AC 150 mg/kg induced the down-regulation of both cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and the involvement of signaling also demonstrated a reduction in the JNK activation in this dosis. In the chronic colitis model (TNBS, 30 mg/animal) AC 150 showed the same inhibition profile of the inflammatory parameters; nevertheless, the increase of the antiinflammatory cytokine production IL-10 was highlightened only in this model. These data suggested a significant protective effect of the chronic administration of AC during the chronic phase of the inflammatory response associated with TNBS induced colitis. Phytochemical studies by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) revealed that catechins were a major component into condensate class of tannins. Taken as a whole, these data allow us to conclude that the AC150 of Abarema cochliacarpos has chemical compounds that present antiulcerogenic gastric and anti-inflammatory activities, which may be attributed to the tannins and (+)-catechins of this fraction. / Abstract: Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & Grimes, which belongs the Mimosaceae family, is popularly known as "barbatimao" by the tradicional communities in Northeastern Brazil that use its bark in the treatment of gastric ulcer and inflammation, among other uses. In this work, the antiulcerogenic activity of its extracts and fractions was screened, using the gastric ulcer model induced by absolute ethanol in rats and selecting of the butanolic fraction of the methanolic extracts at dosis of 150 mg/kg as being in the most effective one. The action mechanisms of this fraction were studied based on the mucus gastric content and gastric secretion models. We have also decided to test it in anti-inflammatory intestinal activity model. Acute toxicity of AC150 was evaluated in Swiss mice, and no symptoms or visible toxicity signs were observed. Wistar rats were used in the others experiments. The intraduodenal pathway was utilized only in the pylorus ligature model; in the other models the oral pathway was employed. The AC 150 was able to significantly increased the mucus production, as well as to change the biochemical parameters of the acid gastric secretion, reducing the gastric volume and increasing the pH, suggesting a cytoprotection and anti-secretory activity. AC150 showed healing activity in the chronic model of gastric ulcer induced by 30 % acetic acid. This was demonstrated by the reduction of lesion area, in agreement with HE histological analysis. The induction of cellular proliferation was indicated by the PCNA results. The immunolocation of HSP-70, COX-2 and VEGF in the gastric tissue suggested that the ulcer cicatrization activity was induced by the increased of the expression of these factors, as well as the increase of the mucus production highlightened in the PAS results. In the acute ulcerative colitis model induced by intra-colonic administration of trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) (10 mg/animal) AC 100 and 150 mg/kg were able to significantly decrease the lesion and the mieloperoxidase (MPO) levels in the colonic mucosa. However, only AC150 decreased the levels of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). The western blot analysis showed that AC 150 mg/kg induced the down-regulation of both cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and the involvement of signaling also demonstrated a reduction in the JNK activation in this dosis. In the chronic colitis model (TNBS, 30 mg/animal) AC 150 showed the same inhibition profile of the inflammatory parameters; nevertheless, the increase of the antiinflammatory cytokine production IL-10 was highlightened only in this model. These data suggested a significant protective effect of the chronic administration of AC during the chronic phase of the inflammatory response associated with TNBS induced colitis. Phytochemical studies by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) revealed that catechins were a major component into condensate class of tannins. Taken as a whole, these data allow us to conclude that the AC150 of Abarema cochliacarpos has chemical compounds that present antiulcerogenic gastric and anti-inflammatory activities, which may be attributed to the tannins and (+)-catechins of this fraction. / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular