As we all know urbanization is happening all around the globe whether we like it or not and India is no exception. During our visit to India and Ahmedabad we got to see this up close, one thing I saw that stuck in my head was that of a small child covered in dirt playing  beside a busy road where the family was living under a makeshift tent made of tarp and scavenged materials . This together with all the pollution and dust from the traffic made the whole scene feel like something out of Mad max movie. My project aims to deal with these families of rural immigrants and the issues and challenges they face when moving from the rural to the city and their initial time in the city before finding their place.  The issues I have chosen to focus on is dwelling, networking and finding a job.

La présente thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'impact des dynamiques urbaines sur le niveau de contamination de l'environnement aquatique par les micropolluants. Le cas de la ville de Yaoundé (Cameroun) a été abordé à travers l'étude de la contamination du lac Municipal, situé à l'aval d'un petit bassin versant, et à proximité des centres administratif et commercial où se concentre une part importante de l'activité urbaine. L'approche basée sur l'analyse de contaminants persistants (ETM - Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, PCB, HAP, nonylphenol - NP, parabènes - MeP, triclosan - TCS) dans des carottes datées de sédiments a été utilisée. Les ETM ont été extraits des sédiments par minéralisation partielle en milieu acide et à chaud, et analysés par ICP AES. Les micropolluants organiques ont été analysés par GC/MS (HAP, PCB, NP), et par LC/MSMS (parabènes, TCS) après extraction assistée par microondes et purification sur colonne de silice ou sur cartouche OASIS® HLB. L'analyse des parabènes et du TCS, des micropolluants émergeants, a conduit à la mise au point d'un protocole analytique. Les informations sur le fonctionnement urbain du bassin versant ont été obtenues grâce à une recherche documentaire depuis la création du lac en 1952 à 2010, et à des enquêtes effectuées auprès des ménages et des commerces. L'analyse des carottes a permis de retracer les apports en micropolluants organiques et métalliques depuis la création du lac Municipal en 1952. Trois périodes ont été définies en fonction de l'évolution des concentrations :• 1952 – 1964 - les concentrations en micropolluants varient peu, et sont généralement inférieures ou de l'ordre des limites de quantification. • 1964 – 1991 - les concentrations en micropolluants augmentent. • 1991 – 2010 – les concentrations de Cd, de Zn et de PCB cessent d'augmenter après 1991, et restent stables jusqu'en 2010. Les concentrations de Cu et de Pb augmentent jusqu'en 2010. La concentration des HAP est stable de 1991 à 2000, et augmente de nouveau jusqu'en 2010. Les concentrations les plus élevées de NP et de MeP sont mesurées à partir de 2000. En termes de flux, les pics ont été mesurés en 1991 pour les PCB, le Cd, le Pb et le Zn, en 2003 pour le NP et en 2010 pour les HAP, le Cu et le MeP. La période couvrant la crise économique de 1991 à 2000 est visible sur les profils de flux de tous les micropolluants. Ils sont stables pendant cette période et repartent à la hausse à partir de 2000 à l'exception des flux de PCB et de Cd. L'étude des concentrations et des flux de contaminants dans les sédiments du lac Municipal fait apparaître trois catégories de contaminants : le premier groupe formé par les PCB, le Cd, et le Zn est lié à la construction. Le second groupe formé par le Cu, le Pb et les HAP est lié au transport automobile. Le dernier groupe comprenant le NP et le MeP est lié aux nouveaux modes de consommation des populations. Contrairement au premier groupe de contaminants, les deux derniers groupes illustrent une contamination à l'échelle de la ville. De faibles concentrations ne présentant pas de risques écotoxicologiques ont été mesurées par rapport à d'autres régions du monde, à cause de la fonction principalement résidentielle du bassin versant et de son occupation par une population peu aisée. La présence du marécage situé en amont du lac a également un impact sur les niveaux de concentration. Des concentrations plus élevées que dans le lac y ont été mesurées, ce qui indique son rôle de rétention des contaminants / The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of urban dynamics on the receiving aquatic environment in tropical African conditions to better understand African environmental problems, often left aside by the research. As study site was chosen the upper part of the Mingoa watershed, one of the small and highly urbanized watersheds of Yaoundé city (Cameroon). The history of the impact was studied through the analysis of persistent and emerging pollutants in dated sediment cores (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, PCB, PAH, nonylphenol, parabens and triclosan), and the evolution of the watershed urban development. For trace elements analysis, sediment samples were digested with repeated additions of nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and analysed ICPAES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission). Organic contaminats were analysed by GC/MS (HAP, PCB, NP), and by LC/MSMS (parabens, TCS) after microwave extraction and purification on silica gel or OASIS HLB cartridges. A new method was developed for parabens and triclosan analysis in sediments. Informations about the Mingoa river watershed urban development from 1952 when the Municipal Lake was created to 2010 were obtained after a documentary research and local surveys (population and small businesses).The input of pollutants was traced from 1950 to 2010. Three periods were identified in sediment cores according to contaminants levels:• 1952-1964: contaminants concentrations were constant, and usually smaller than quantification limits. The watershed was not very urbanised during the last decade of the colonisation. The country independence was obtained in 1960.• 1964-1991: contaminants concentrations increased. The post colonial period is characterised by population growth and infrastructures development.• 1991-2010: concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn and PCB stopped to increase after 1991 and remained constant until 2010. This period is characterized by the economic crisis (from the end of 80's to the end of 90's) with no investment in infrastructures. Sources analysis indicated that these contaminants were emitted by building activities. Cu and Pb concentration increased until 2010. PAH concentration remained constant between 1991 and 2000, and increased until 2010. A correlation was observed between Cu, Pb and PAH levels and traffic development in Yaoundé city. Cu and Pb were linked to the car fleet. Pb was also liked to gasoline use while PAH were linked to diesel use. Officially, Pb is no more used in gasoline since 2005. But that stop was not identified in our study. After 2005, we suggested that either it was too early to observe that stop, or another source of Pb could be the recycling of car batteries. Concerning PAH, ratios analyses indicated diesel as a possible source. The highest concentrations of nonylphenol and methylparaben were observed after 2000 due to an increase of the house and personal care products market. Contaminants fluxes were also analysed. Maxima were measured in 1991 for PCB, Cd, Pb and Zn, in 2003 for NP and in 2010 for PAH, Cu and MeP. Between 1991 and 2000, during the economic crisis, fluxes were constants. After 2000, fluxes increased again except for PCB and Cd.Contaminants levels observed in the Municipal Lake sediments were lower than in Western countries, and did not attain the limits set by Environmental protection agencies. This is mainly due to the residential function of the watershed, and the poor economic level of its population. We observed that the presence of a marsh upstream the lake also tempers the impact of the watershed on the lake ecosystem, because higher concentrations were mesasured in general

The aim of this Diploma thesis is to characterize Hong Kong real estate bubble which reached its peak in 1988 and to analyze housing shortage in Hong Kong. The secondary objective is economic development of Hong Kong and urbanisation trends in 21st century. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first chapter introduces main theoretical urbanisation concepts. The second part deals Hong Kong economic development from 1842 till 2014. The third part analyzes formation and evolution of real estate bubble and housing shortage in Hong Kong.

This study focuses on African male refugees and asylum seekers in Pretoria/Tshwane, the capital city of South Africa. Beyond the motives for their displacements, refugees, carrying different kinds of disturbances into their ‘new home’, seek health and therapy, because the very condition of being refugees can be understood as a health-seeking condition. An ethnographic study was conducted to investigate the different means, therapies and cures used by refugees from other African countries in order to correct the fractions of their lives that have been disrupted on their journey to becoming refugees. The study found that these male refugees associated health with self-fulfilment or well-being and this couldn’t be achieved without removing the stumbling blocks that were in their ways. Being in a foreign country and having been through humiliation and other disturbances, the need to consult certain institutions became a necessity, thus challenging the ‘classic’ constructions of masculinity. Being far from home increased the level of vulnerability and the need thereof to seek help. Belief in a magico-religious system being part of African healing systems and part of the corollaries of globalisation, modernity and urbanism; explanations for various causes of misfortune and cures were found in consulting pastors, healers, diviners, astrologists. Some of those healers and religious leaders from other African countries, being refugees were also in search of well-being, thus triggering the creation of their new professions in the land of refuge. Copyright / Dissertation (Master of Arts)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

Cette thèse porte sur un espace oasien (une terre agricole encore en état de production) qui tend à s’urbaniser de manière informelle : l’oasis de Zrig, dans le Sud-est de Gabès, en Tunisie. L’habitat qui s’y développe prolifère sans permis de construire depuis 1980. Dans ce nouvel espace urbain se développe une double marginalisation sociale touchant aussi bien les paysans qui ont perdu leurs terres que les nouveaux venus aux ressources souvent précaires. L’environnement et le patrimoine agricole local en pâtissent également. Zrig est un détail (au sens pictural) du devenir de l’oasis de Gabès. Un travail de recherche sur l’espace de Zrig et ses transformations se rapproche de la chronique d’une dégradation annoncée. Il y a, en effet, dégradation à deux niveaux : la transformation d’un espace oasien en un espace urbain difforme et le développement de pratiques socio-économiques informelles liées aux stratégies des nouveaux arrivants et aux rapports qu'ils entretiennent avec les autorités locales.Ce travail s’appuie sur les résultats d’une enquête de longue haleine que j'ai effectuée de 2010 au 2016 auprès des habitants de Zrig, ceux d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, afin de recueillir leurs représentations des transformations spatiales et sociales qui ont affecté l’oasis. Il constitue également une étude des modes de construction de logements informels et une analyse des stratégies perpétuant cette pratique mise en œuvre par les nouveaux venus. / This dissertation relates to an oasis area (a still productive agricultural land) which is being informally urbanized: in the Zrig oasis, south-east of Gabes, the habitat has proliferated without building permit since 1980.In this new urban space, a double social marginalization affects farmers who lost their land as well as newcomers with often precarious resources. The environment and the local agricultural heritage are also impacted.Zrig is a detail (in apictorial sense) of the future of the Gabes oasis. A research work on the space of Zrig and its transformations resembles the chronicle of an announced degradation. Indeed, the degradation can be identified at two levels: the transformation of an oasis area into a deformed urban space, and the development of informal socio-economic practices related to the strategies of space occupants and to their relations with local authorities. In addition to the data provided by official and academic surveys, this work is based on the results of a long-term survey that I conducted from 2010 to 2016 Zrig, those of yesterday and those of today, in order to collect their representations of the spatial and social transformations that affected the oasis. But also to study the building practices of informal settlement sand the strategies of newcomers for this purpose.

The need for more inclusive and integrated cities has resulted in a paradigm shift in the South African transport and land use policy environment where transport and land use planning are viewed as a continuum as opposed to isolated planning aspects. Issues such as residential segregation, social exclusion, spatial inefficiencies, inequality, residential informality, marginalisation of the low-income cohort continue to form part of the current planning discourse. While policy acknowledges the need to redress these issues, the urban spatial patterns in South African cities continue to trace the historical planning trajectory. Recently, congestion has become an issue in some of South Africa’s cities with Johannesburg and Cape Town appearing in the list of the top hundred most congested cities in the world. It is thus essential to understand how South African cities can address urban accessibility and mobility issues along with redressing apartheid spatial planning to attain sustainable cities that allow for inclusivity of all population groups. Like most South African cities, Cape Town is a relic of apartheid planning where the urban spatial patterns reinforce social exclusion among other issues. Urban and transport planning in Cape Town focuses on addressing issues of spatial inefficiencies, social exclusion, congestion due to rapid motorisation and the proliferation of informal settlements. It is against this backdrop that the central concern of this research is to understand urban dynamics linked to the spatiotemporal interaction of transport and land use in Cape Town to aid in the formulation of proactive urban policies. There is compelling evidence in the literature that dynamic integrated land use transport models provide an avenue through which the urban change process can be understood to aid in the development of adaptive land use and transport strategies. METRONAMICA, a dynamic land use transport model, is applied in this research to simulate and understand land use and transport change in Cape Town. A sequential stage-wise procedure was implemented to calibrate the model for the period 1995- 2005 and an independent validation was carried out from 2005 to 2010 to evaluate the model. Kappa statistic and its associated variants were applied to assess the ability of the land use model block to reproduce land use patterns while the EMME model and previous transport studies for Cape Town were used to evaluate the transport model. The results from the calibration and validation exercise show that the model can reproduce historical land use and transport patterns. The integration of the transport and land use model through accessibility improved the Kappa Simulation and Fuzzy Kappa Simulation. This showed that the model explained urban change better when land use and transport interacted compared to an independent land use model. This shows that accessibility can be employed in the Cape Town context to enhance the understanding of the urban change process. In addition to the Kappa statistics, the fractal dimension which measures the landscape complexity was used to assess the predictive accuracy of the model. The model performance revealed that the landscape patterns simulated by the model resemble observed land use patterns signifying a good calibration of the model. The calibrated land use transport model for the Cape Town Metropolitan region (CTMRLUT) was applied for policy scenarios. Three scenarios were simulated, specifically the business as usual (BAU), redressing social exclusion and the potential for in situ upgrading of informal settlements. The study found that intensive land use development along the Metro South East Integration Zone (MSEIZ) was linked to a reduction in commuting distances to economic activities which is in contrast to the BAU scenario. While these scenarios looked at the urban spatial patterns, the effect of land use patterns on congestion was also explored. The findings from the scenario simulations suggest that despite the reduction in distance to economic centres, the congestion condition in Cape Town will continue to deteriorate. Further, the findings indicate that interventions that only target land use developments are not sufficient to address congestion issues in Cape Town. Instead, to address the congestion problem in Cape Town, mixed land use and compact growth strategies need to be complemented with travel demand management strategies that target private car usage and intensive investment in transport infrastructure, especially rail, to facilitate the use of alternative modes. With regards to informal settlements, the study found that in situ upgrading could be a viable option to tackle some informal settlements. However, for proper inclusionary informal settlement policy, an approach that resonates with contextual realities would be more suitable to assess the viability of in situ upgrading based on the location of informal settlements relative to centres of economic activities. Additionally, the study revealed that instead of informal settlements locating as stand-alone settlements, some of them located adjacent to low-income housing which might be indicative of a growth in backyard shacks which is an existing housing trend in some lowincome suburbs in Cape Town. While this research has shown that integrating land use and transport in policy is potentially useful in solving urban issues, it has also revealed the value of urban modelling as a platform on which to assess the potential impacts of policies before their implementation. This is a strong case for the utilisation of decision support tools in land use and transport planning in contemporary South African cities.

Les enjeux alimentaires liés aux mutations de l’aménagement du territoire sont une question d’actualité, mais aussi source de polémique. C’est notamment le cas du bassin versant du fleuve Gianh, situé dans la Région Centre au Vietnam. En effet, depuis 1986, ce delta de zone littorale connait des mutations. La riziculture, qui emploie une grande partie de la population, constitue une soupape de sécurité contre la pénurie alimentaire. Cette région connait une croissance démographique, urbaine et économique rapides. Cela entraîne une augmentation de la demande alimentaire, alors que les zones agricoles ont tendance à disparaître. Une autre conséquence de ce changement est l’accentuation des conséquences des typhons avec la conjonction entre tempêtes, marées et crues du fleuve. Le risque s’accroît à cause de la concentration démographique dans des zones fragiles, et de la bétonisation liée à l’extension de la ville. Un problème d’insécurité alimentaire est susceptible d’apparaître dans le bassin si des densités trop fortes sont combinées avec la réduction des surfaces rizicoles et le risque. C’est pourquoi des solutions sur la gestion, la prévention et protection de l’inondation sont proposés afin d’aider les aménageurs au Vietnam pour la réduction les risques. / Food shortage related to the changes in land which is used for planning are a current issue, but also a source of controversy. This, particularly, is the case of the Gianh River watershed, located in the Central Region of Vietnam. Indeed, since 1986, this delta of littoral zone has been known for mutations. Rice farming helps to bring job to a large number of the population, is a safety valve against the food shortage because the more farmers, the more food would be produced.This region, on the other hand, is experiencing rapid demographic, urban and economic growth, as a result, it leads to an increase in the demand for food while the agricultural areas tend to be reduced and disappeared. Another effect of this change is the accentuation of the consequences of typhoons with the conjunction of storms, tides and floods of the river. The risk increases because of the demographic concentration in fragile areas, and the concreteization linked to the extension of the city. A problem of food insecurity is likely to appear in the basin if too high densities are combined with the reduction of farming areas and risks. That's why flood management, prevention and protection solutions are proposed to help developers in Vietnam to reduce mentioned risks.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第23308号 / 地博第289号 / 新制||地||111(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科グローバル地域研究専攻 / (主査)准教授 D'SOUZA Rohan Ignatious, 教授 中溝 和弥, 教授 藤田 幸一, 准教授 中村 沙絵 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

L'expansion des surfaces urbaines a de fortes conséquences sur la composition des communautés de plantes et de pollinisateurs. Néanmoins, les effets de l'urbanisation sur l’interdépendance entre ces deux communautés et leurs conséquences évolutives restent peu étudiés. Premièrement, nous avons cherché à identifier le long d'un gradient d'urbanisation les facteurs affectant les communautés de plantes et de pollinisateurs. Deuxièmement, nous avons testé l'existence de divergences évolutives intra-spécifiques pour les caractéristiques reproductives de plantes d'origine urbaine et rurale. Dans ce but, nous avons combiné l'analyse de données issues de programmes de sciences participatives en région de l'Ile-de-France et nous avons également mis en place une expérience de transplantation réciproque impliquant quatre espèces végétales fréquentes dans cette région. Nos résultats révèlent que la morphologie florale est le facteur le plus souvent impliqué dans l'observation des familles d'insectes sur les fleurs le long du gradient. Les familles d'insectes ayant une affinité positive aux surfaces imperméables préfèrent les corolles tubulaires, tandis que les familles ayant une affinité négative préfèrent les corolles évasées. L'urbanisation modifie la composition des communautés végétales, en sélectionnant notamment des espèces autogames et non-entomophiles. Nos résultats indiquent une perte fonctionnelle de pollinisateurs en milieu urbain. Une analyse détaillée de l’espèce Cymbalaria muralis suggère que les plantes auraient un plus grand bénéfice reproductif à allouer plus de ressources à la production de fleurs sur les sites de plantation urbain. En conséquence, les plantes d'origine urbaine ont tendance à produire plus de fleurs que celles d’origine rurale, au détriment de la production d'ovules par fleur et de la coloration des corolles. Cette divergence évolutive pourrait s'expliquer par des changements dans le comportement des pollinisateurs induits par une fragmentation accrue de l'habitat dans les zones urbaines. Cette thèse révèle que les changements induits par l'urbanisation dans l'abondance, le comportement ou les affinités florales fonctionnelles des pollinisateurs peuvent servir d'agents de sélection sur les espèces végétales spontanées. / The expansion of urban areas is known to impact the composition of plant and pollinator communities. However, the effects of urbanization on the interdependency between both communities, and the subsequent evolutionary consequences, are still poorly studied. First, we tried to identify along an urbanization gradient which factors shape plant and pollinator communities. Second, we tested the existence of intra-specific evolutionary divergences of plant reproductive characteristics between populations from urban and rural origins. For these purposes, we combined the analysis of data collected in the Ile-de-France region originating from citizen science projects, and we set up a reciprocal transplantation experiment involving four plant species commonly found in this region. We found that floral morphology was the most frequently implicated factor in the observation of insect families along the gradient. Insect families with positive affinity to impervious areas prefer tubular corollas, while families with negative affinity prefer non-tubular (open) corollas. Urbanization modifies the composition of plant communities, by selecting in particular autogamous and non-entomophilous species. Altogether, our results point towards a functional loss of pollinators along with urbanization. A detailed analysis of the species Cymbalaria muralis suggests a greater reproductive benefit in allocating more resources to flower production in urban plantation sites. As a consequence, plants from urban origin tend to produce more flowers compared to plants from rural origin, at the expense of ovule production per flower and flower coloration. This evolutionary divergence could be explained by shifts in pollinator behaviour induced by higher habitat fragmentation in urban areas. This thesis reveals that shifts in the abundance, in the behaviour or in the functional floral affinities of pollinators, induced by urbanization, could act as selection agents on spontaneous plant species.

« L’urbanisation ruralisée », présente dès les premiers écrits d’Ildefonso Cerdá (1815-1876), occupe dans son oeuvre une place grandissante, au point de faire l’objet d’un traité qui ne nous est malheureusement pas parvenu. A travers ce concept, l’ingénieur catalan, connu pour son plan d’extension de Barcelone, entend d’une part, dans une perspective hygiéniste, assainir la ville en y systématisant les espaces verts, d’autre part penser l’extension urbaine et désenclaver le territoire espagnol par le biais d’une urbanisation totale où la frontière entre villes et campagnes disparaîtrait. La présente thèse retrace la genèse de cette notion en revenant sur le parcours de Cerdá, sur l’émergence de ce qu’il appelle lui-même « l’idée urbanisatrice » et sur la manière dont elle fut mise en oeuvre à Barcelone, sous la forme si caractéristique du quartier de l’Eixample. En voulant adapter la ville contemporaine aux exigences de la société industrielle, dont l’essence est le mouvement, Cerdá emprunte la « voie romaine » en puisant son inspiration dans l’Antiquité : l’organisation territoriale qu’il préconise, basée sur l’étalement urbain, l’habitat dispersé, l’orthogonalité et l’homogénéité de l’espace – ce que recouvre précisément la notion d’« urbanisation ruralisée » – réactualise en effet les modèles antiques d’occupation et de colonisation de l’espace. L’analyse de ce concept invite donc à porter un nouveau regard sur Barcelone et sur son extension, certes synonyme de modernité voire de modernisme, mais dont les principes viennent paradoxalement de la campagne et du passé. L’évolution de « l’idée urbanisatrice » vers « l’urbanisation ruralisée » étant particulièrement perceptible dans les deux premiers livres de la Théorie générale de l’urbanisation (1867), une traduction en est proposée en annexe, afin de permettre au lecteur francophone d’éprouver par lui-même la richesse d’une pensée encore largement méconnue. / The notion of “ruralized urbanization”, present in Ildefonso Cerdá’s (1815-1876) first writings, plays a more and more important role in his work. At the end of his life, it also was the subject of a treaty that never reached us. With this concept, the Catalan Engineer, known for his plan of the extension of Barcelona, aims, in a hygienist perspective, to improve health conditions in the city by the introduction of a green system. He also wants to think the urban development and the opening up of Spanish territory by a total urbanization that would transcend boundaries between rural and urban spaces. This thesis attempts to trace the genesis of this concept by exploring Cerda’s life, the advent of the “urbanization idea” and the manner in which it was achieved in Barcelona, in the so typical form of the Eixample area. Whilst intending to adapt the contemporary city, based on the movement, to the industrial society needs, Cerdá takes the roman road, inspired by the Antiquity. The territorial organization he recommends, based on urban spreading, orthogonal structure and space uniformity – what “ruralized urbanization” really means – gives an up-to-date dimension to the ancient models of space occupation and colonisation. This analysis of this concept encourages a new view on Barcelona and on its extension, surely synonymous of modernity and modernism, but which principles come ironically from the countryside and from the past. Considering the evolution of the “ruralized urbanization” is the very subject of the two first parts of the General theory of urbanization (1867), a translation into French is given in the appendix, what could allow to a francophone reader to experiment the depth of a still unrecognized thinking by himself.