Die Bevölkerungsmigration ist ein wichtiger sozialwirtschaftlicher Prozeß. Sie beeinflußt den Bevölkerungsaufbau nach Geschlecht, Alter und anderen sozialdemografischen Merkmalen, macht eine Wirkung auf Änderung der Lebensweise und Reproduktionsprozesse der Bevölkerung. Eine wichtige Erscheinung im gesellschaftlichen Leben Litauens ist die innere Migration.

More than three quarters of the world’s economic activity is concentrated in cities. But what drives people and firms to agglomerate in urban areas? Clearly, some places may offer inherent benefits due to the location itself, such as a mild climate or the presence of natural harbours, but that does not tell the whole story. Rather urban areas also offer spaces for interaction among people and firms as well as the proximity to potential partners, customers, and competitors, which could have a significant impact on the appeal of a location for a firm. Using multiple novel methods based on a unique detailed geographical dataset, this dissertation explores how a location’s attractiveness is impacted by the presence of nearby firms in three studies. The first study explores the influence of the density of economic activity on wages at a given location and attempts to disentangle the separate mechanisms that could be at work. The second study is concerned with the locations of foreign-owned firms and more specifically whether foreign-owned firms are more influenced by agglomeration benefits than domestic firms. The final study switches from modelling the effects of location to modelling the location patterns themselves using economic theory-based spatial point processes. The results of these studies make significant contributions to empirical research both in economic geography and international business as a set of theoretical propositions are tested on a very detailed dataset using an advanced methodology. The results could also be of interest for practitioners as the importance of location decisions is further reinforced, as well as for policymakers as the analyses explore not only the benefits but also the detriments of agglomeration. Sergiy Protsiv is a researcher at the Center for Strategy and Competitiveness at the Stockholm School of Economics. He participated in several projects on clusters and regional development, most notably the European Cluster Observatory. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2012</p>

Landscape modification resulting in habitat loss, fragmentation and intensification of land use is a serious threat to the earth’s biological diversity and the primary cause of the current extinction crisis. Recent research suggests the human-modified area of the landscape (that is not ‘traditional’ habitat for native species but potentially once was), or the ‘matrix’ (as it is hereafter called) has a major influence on wildlife persistence in modified landscapes. However, the matrix is a poorly studied and inadequately understood element of a modified landscape. There are at least two reasons for this. Firstly, the predominance of island biogeography and metapopulation theories in ecological thinking ensured that the matrix has historically been ignored in ecological research. Secondly, it is difficult to analyse matrix effects without confounding effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and other aspects of landscape modification. As landscapes are modified attributes of the matrix co-vary with attributes of patches and landscapes, entangling their relative impacts on wildlife. Thus to investigate the independent influence of the matrix on mammals I selected 19 study landscapes by rigorous criteria to control for all potentially confounding patch and landscape attributes such as remnant forest patch size, shape, vegetation type, condition and position in the landscape, presence of any large (potential ‘source’) native forest patches within the landscape unit, as well as matrix land use composition and history. A study landscape was defined as the area within a 500 m radius of a remnant forest patch edge. Landscapes were selected along a gradient of rural-suburban residential development spanning the broadest achievable range of what I call ‘matrix development intensity’. This gradient was quantified by a novel weighted road-length metric that considered multiple road attributes to give significance to the ecological impact of different roads. Mammals and their habitat were sampled in three landscape elements within each landscape: remnant patch core, remnant patch edge and matrix to allow a landscape level inference. Mammals were sampled by a combination of Elliott traps, wire cage traps, hair funnels, scats and direct sightings. Thirty environmental variables were measured including habitat structure and disturbance and a full floristic survey was conducted. The matrix intensity gradient was characterised by increased anthropogenic disturbance such as increased housing density, closer proximity of sample sites to houses and higher human disturbance across the landscape mosaic, including in the core of remnant patches. However, matrix intensity was not the greatest source of overall variation in structural and floristic habitat attributes. Therefore the confounding of matrix effects with effects of remnant forest patch habitat attributes were successfully ruled out. Management actions of individual landholders can shape habitat attributes essential to mammals across the landscape mosaic. Mammal response to matrix intensity was species specific. Several native species declined in abundance, others were more resilient to moderate levels of matrix intensity, one species increased in abundance, and at least one species appeared unaffected by matrix intensity. Native species richness peaked at moderate levels, while exotic species richness and feral predators increased with matrix intensity and were negatively correlated with native species. Species response to matrix intensity appeared related to their use of edge or matrix habitat. However, an ability to use the matrix per se may not translate into an ability to persist in a landscape where development substantially reduces the habitat or movement value of the matrix. Seven a priori models of various remnant patch habitat, landscape and matrix influences on terrestrial mammal species richness were tested. Matrix attributes were the most important determinants of species richness. Matrix development intensity had a strong negative effect while matrix vegetation structural complexity had a strong positive effect on mammal species richness. Distance to the nearest remnant forest habitat was relatively unimportant. I hypothesised that thresholds of matrix intensity would exist where native species decline in abundance and exotic and native synanthropic species increase to dominate the mammal community. Thresholds were found for abundance of all native terrestrial species combined, macropod abundance and exotic rodent abundance. However, threshold models were only better than linear or cubic models for exotic rodent abundance. Matrix development intensity has a pervasive impact across the whole landscape mosaic that results in a complex range of environmental changes that individually and collectively impact the mammal community. Drawing on all results, I present a conceptual model of the overall impact of matrix development intensity on mammal community integrity. I conclude that a structurally complex matrix within a human-modified landscape can provide supplementary habitat resources and increase the probability of successful species movement across the landscape. Research needs to incorporate empirical data of specific matrix effects into models and theory of species distribution and abundance in human-modified landscapes. This can help guide application of management actions and landscape planning principles across different landscapes. Planning authorities and land managers need to explicitly acknowledge the importance of the matrix and the numerous factors that could be manipulated, such as retention or restoration of a structural vegetation layer that can assist mammal movement across the matrix, for greater landscape-wide conservation outcomes.

Landscape modification resulting in habitat loss, fragmentation and intensification of land use is a serious threat to the earth’s biological diversity and the primary cause of the current extinction crisis. Recent research suggests the human-modified area of the landscape (that is not ‘traditional’ habitat for native species but potentially once was), or the ‘matrix’ (as it is hereafter called) has a major influence on wildlife persistence in modified landscapes. However, the matrix is a poorly studied and inadequately understood element of a modified landscape. There are at least two reasons for this. Firstly, the predominance of island biogeography and metapopulation theories in ecological thinking ensured that the matrix has historically been ignored in ecological research. Secondly, it is difficult to analyse matrix effects without confounding effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and other aspects of landscape modification. As landscapes are modified attributes of the matrix co-vary with attributes of patches and landscapes, entangling their relative impacts on wildlife. Thus to investigate the independent influence of the matrix on mammals I selected 19 study landscapes by rigorous criteria to control for all potentially confounding patch and landscape attributes such as remnant forest patch size, shape, vegetation type, condition and position in the landscape, presence of any large (potential ‘source’) native forest patches within the landscape unit, as well as matrix land use composition and history. A study landscape was defined as the area within a 500 m radius of a remnant forest patch edge. Landscapes were selected along a gradient of rural-suburban residential development spanning the broadest achievable range of what I call ‘matrix development intensity’. This gradient was quantified by a novel weighted road-length metric that considered multiple road attributes to give significance to the ecological impact of different roads. Mammals and their habitat were sampled in three landscape elements within each landscape: remnant patch core, remnant patch edge and matrix to allow a landscape level inference. Mammals were sampled by a combination of Elliott traps, wire cage traps, hair funnels, scats and direct sightings. Thirty environmental variables were measured including habitat structure and disturbance and a full floristic survey was conducted. The matrix intensity gradient was characterised by increased anthropogenic disturbance such as increased housing density, closer proximity of sample sites to houses and higher human disturbance across the landscape mosaic, including in the core of remnant patches. However, matrix intensity was not the greatest source of overall variation in structural and floristic habitat attributes. Therefore the confounding of matrix effects with effects of remnant forest patch habitat attributes were successfully ruled out. Management actions of individual landholders can shape habitat attributes essential to mammals across the landscape mosaic. Mammal response to matrix intensity was species specific. Several native species declined in abundance, others were more resilient to moderate levels of matrix intensity, one species increased in abundance, and at least one species appeared unaffected by matrix intensity. Native species richness peaked at moderate levels, while exotic species richness and feral predators increased with matrix intensity and were negatively correlated with native species. Species response to matrix intensity appeared related to their use of edge or matrix habitat. However, an ability to use the matrix per se may not translate into an ability to persist in a landscape where development substantially reduces the habitat or movement value of the matrix. Seven a priori models of various remnant patch habitat, landscape and matrix influences on terrestrial mammal species richness were tested. Matrix attributes were the most important determinants of species richness. Matrix development intensity had a strong negative effect while matrix vegetation structural complexity had a strong positive effect on mammal species richness. Distance to the nearest remnant forest habitat was relatively unimportant. I hypothesised that thresholds of matrix intensity would exist where native species decline in abundance and exotic and native synanthropic species increase to dominate the mammal community. Thresholds were found for abundance of all native terrestrial species combined, macropod abundance and exotic rodent abundance. However, threshold models were only better than linear or cubic models for exotic rodent abundance. Matrix development intensity has a pervasive impact across the whole landscape mosaic that results in a complex range of environmental changes that individually and collectively impact the mammal community. Drawing on all results, I present a conceptual model of the overall impact of matrix development intensity on mammal community integrity. I conclude that a structurally complex matrix within a human-modified landscape can provide supplementary habitat resources and increase the probability of successful species movement across the landscape. Research needs to incorporate empirical data of specific matrix effects into models and theory of species distribution and abundance in human-modified landscapes. This can help guide application of management actions and landscape planning principles across different landscapes. Planning authorities and land managers need to explicitly acknowledge the importance of the matrix and the numerous factors that could be manipulated, such as retention or restoration of a structural vegetation layer that can assist mammal movement across the matrix, for greater landscape-wide conservation outcomes.

Cette thèse analyse les causes et les impacts de l'urbanisation et de la gentrification rurale dans trois municipalités de l'état de Morelos, au Mexique, ainsi que les stratégies de reproduction que mobilisent les habitants originaires dans ce contexte, Nous examinons deux types de causes de l'urbanisation et de la gentrification rurale, ceux qui, « du côté de la production », créent l'offre d'espaces gentrifiés, el ceux qui, « du côté de la consommation », encouragent la demande de ces espaces. Quant aux impacts de cette urbanisation et gentrification rurale sur les habitants originaires, ils sont, de façon générale, positifs en termes économiques, encourageant lU1 ancrage des habitants ù leurs localités d'origine à partir de la création d'emplois (notamment dans les services), mais négatifs en termes sociaux et environnement aux. D'autre part, nous analysons les stratégies de reproduction agricoles, foncières et non agricoles que mobilisent les habitants originaires dans ce contexte d'urbanisation et de gentrification rurale. Ainsi, nous montrons qu'il y a une expansion des stratégies non agricoles - notamment l'adoption d'emplois non agricoles et l'accroissement de la scolarisation - qui ont des impacts sur les stratégies agricoles, surtout en ce qui concerne la diminution de la participation de la main-d'œuvre familiale aux activités agricoles el l'augmentation du poids de la main-d'œuvre agricole salariée, ainsi que sur les stratégies foncières, encourageant la vente et la mise en location de parcelles. / This thesis analyses the causes and impacts of urbanization and rural gentrification in three municipalities of the state of Morelos, Mexico, and the reproduction strategies that native inhabitants draw on in this context. We examine two types of causes of this urbanisation and rural gentrification, those which, from the "production side", create the offer of gentritied spaces, and those which, from the "consumption si de", encourage the demand for these spaces. As for the impacts of this urbanisation and rural gentrification on the native inhabitants, they are, in general, positive in economic terms, encouraging the anchoring of these inhabitants to tbeir localities of origin through the creation of job opportunities (especially in the service sector), but negative in social and environmental terms, Moreover. we analyse the agricultural, agrarian and non agricultural reproduction strategies that the native inhabitants draw on in this context or urbanisation and rural gentrification. ln this way, we show that there is an expansion of non agricultural strategies - especiallv the adoption of non agricultural employrnent and the increase in schooling - !hat have impacts on agricultural strategies, notably concerning the reduction in the participation of family labour in agricultural activities and the increase in the weight of wage labour, and on land tenure strategies, encouraging the selling and renting out of plots.

Au début du XXe siècle, un modèle centralisé est adopté pour l’approvisionnement en eau dans de nombreuses villes, dont Carthagène (Colombie) et Khartoum (Soudan). Ainsi, le réseau hydrique devient une technologie politique et un marqueur de la spatialité et des modes de vie urbains pour différents acteurs (administrateurs, techniciens et citadins). L’analyse comparée des stratégies d’accès, des usages quotidiens et de l’imaginaire lié à l’eau de deux populations urbaines et insulaires – Caño de Loro (Carthagène) et Tuti (Khartoum) – permet d’aborder la complexité des villes contemporaines. Dans la première partie, le réseau hydrique est restitué dans l’histoire de chaque ville où sa mise en place repose sur le renforcement ou l’émergence de certains rapports de pouvoir et sur une transformation dans la conception de la nature. Ce caractère relationnel et politique du réseau ouvre la voie, dans une deuxième partie, à l’analyse de la matérialité de l’eau et ses échanges comme producteurs de « localités » particulières au sein de l’espace urbain. L’analyse des relations entre sphères publiques et privées par le biais de la distribution de l’eau amène à discuter la pertinence de la notion de « gestion collective » des ressources en ville. La troisième partie aborde les mécanismes mobilisés par différents acteurs dans les projets de planification urbaine pour négocier leur marge d’action sur l’eau et la terre. Elle met en lumière la dimension politique des catégories d’appartenance et le pouvoir transformateur des actions collectives et individuelles dans des situations où la gestion des ressources est traversée par de logiques individuelles, locales, nationales et globales. / At the turn of the twentieth century, numerous cities such as Cartagena (Colombia) and Khartoum (Sudan), adopted a centralized technical and administrative model for the management of drinking water. Associated since its construction to planned urban development projects, the water network constitutes a political technology and becomes a landmark of urban spatiality, for politicians as well as for technicians and urban dwellers. The compared analysis of access strategies, daily usage, and the role of water in the imagination of two populations with an ambiguous urban status – Caño de Loro (Cartagena) and Tuti (Khartoum) – allows us to approach the social complexity of contemporary cities in the South. The comparison supposes a reflexive orientation that leads us, over and beyond the socio-political dynamics of each context, to critically consider our categories of analysis. In the first part the water network is contextualized in the history of each city, where its recent apparition and setting up rests upon the reinforcement or creation of dense power relations, as well as a new conception of nature, particularly of water. Such relational and political features lead to, in the second part, an understanding of how the materiality of water and its sharing produces particular localities within the urban space. Therefore, the analysis of relations between public and private spheres through everyday water exchanges lets us discuss the relevance of the notion of “collective management” of resources in Cartagena and Khartoum. The third part considers the mechanisms draw on by different actors within the particular context of urban planning to negotiate their margin of action on land and water. It highlights the political dimension of identity categories as well as the transformative power of individual and collective actions in situations where resource management is crossed with individual, local, national, and global logics at the same time.

L’urbanisation est un phénomène qui modifie l’environnement et les conditions de vie sur tous les continents. Depuis 2007, plus de la moitié de la population mondiale habite en ville. Or, beaucoup de villes de taille petite ou moyenne notamment d’Afrique, connaissent une croissance non planifiée, avec pour conséquence d’exposer les populations à de nombreux dangers environnementaux aux conséquences sanitaires complexes et donc assez mal connues. En développant un programme de recherche sur la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso, seconde ville du Burkina Faso, où les relations entre l’urbanisation et la santé ont été très peu analysées, notamment par les géographes de la santé, nous avions l’ambition d’analyser la production des inégalités de santé au regard du processus de l’urbanisation par le biais d’une approche méthodologique originale. Plusieurs indicateurs de santé ont été utilisés, du paludisme aux états nutritionnels, à la fois sur des adultes de 35 à 59 ans et sur les enfants de 6 à 59 mois, issus de quartiers choisis pour illustrer la diversité urbaine et maximiser ainsi l’amplitude des différences de santé entre les quartiers, mais aussi au sein même des quartiers.Notre travail se pose en préalable d’analyses plus élaborées des relations entre les processus d’urbanisation et les inégalités de santé en vue d’en comprendre les constructions socio-territoriales. Il a permis des avancées méthodologiques importantes en matière d’échantillonnage de l’espace urbain et il pose les bases d’une typologie de la ville montrant que sa segmentation est au cœur de la production des inégalités de santé. / The urbanization is a phenomenon which modifies the living conditions and the environment on all the continents. Since 2007, more half of the world population lives in urban areas. However, much of cities of the developing countries are growing without control, exposing the populations to many environmental risks which have complex medical consequences, rather badly known. It is particularly the case of the small and medium-sized cities of Africa.By developing a research program on the town of Bobo-Dioulasso, the second city of Burkina Faso, where the relations between urbanization and health were sparsely analyzed, particularly by the medical geographers, we aim to analyze the production of the inequalities of health taking into account urbanization process according to an original methodological approach. Several health indicators were used, among them malaria and nutritional states, both on adults from 35 to 59 years and on children from 6 to 59 months, resulting from districts which have been chosen to illustrate urban diversity in order to thus maximize the amplitude of the differences in health between the districts but also within the districts. Our work constitutes the bases of more elaborate analyses of the relations between the processes of urbanization and the inequalities of health in order to understand socio-territorial constructions of them. It allowed important methodological projections as regards sampling of urban space and it introduces a typology of the city showing that its segmentation is implied in the production of the inequalities of health.

Si l’Inde est un pays majoritairement rural, sa population urbaine est plus grande que la population totale des États-Unis. Ainsi, à la fin du 20ème siècle, le phénomène urbain indien est déjà bien développé, d’autant plus qu’il possède une histoire plurimillénaire. La présence de deux perturbations ayant modifié les logiques urbaines au cours du 20ème siècle, nous a amené à nous questionner sur la résilience du système urbain indien. Afin d’en présenter les principaux mécanismes, nous avons retracé l’évolution du système urbain indien au cours du 20ème siècle. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé une approche géographique par la population, qu’une approche qualitative et davantage historique est venue compléter. Nous nous sommes ainsi intéressés à l’évolution de la hiérarchie urbaine et à celle des rythmes de croissance des villes. Après avoir mis en lumière l’existence de mécanismes de rééquilibrage de la trame urbaine au cours du 20ème siècle, nous nous sommes penchés sur la stabilité organisationnelle et structurelle du système urbain. Cela nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de classes dynamiques au sein de la hiérarchie urbaine. Leur évolution met en exergue le dynamisme du système urbain durant la seconde moitié du siècle dernier et nous présente les étapes de sa résilience. / If India is a predominantly rural country, its urban population is larger than the total population of the United States. Thus, at the end of the 20th century, the Indian urban phenomenon is already well developed, especially as it has a plurimillenary history. The presence of two disturbances have changed the urban logic in the 20th century and led us to question the resilience of the Indian urban system.To present the main mechanisms, we traced the evolution of the Indian urban system across the 20th century. To do this, we used a geographical approach by the population and a more historical one in complement. We emphasized the evolution of the urban hierarchy and that of the cities growth rates.After showing the existence of balancing mechanisms of the urban framework in the 20th century, we focused on the organizational and structural stability of the urban system. This allowed us to highlight the existence of dynamic classes in the urban hierarchy. Their evolution highlights the dynamism of the urban system in the second half of the last century and shows us the stages of its resilience.

Aujourd’hui, la division de l’espace du lac de Tunis entre trois zones d’interventions de trois experts, a favorisé la multiplication des processus de discontinuité urbaine et au lieu d’avoir un aménagement qui englobe tout l’espace des berges, il y a eu l’apparition de trois projets éparpillés. le problème de coordination et de contrôle s’est posé beaucoup plus qu'avant au sein du processus d’aménagement des berges Nord du lac en présence de deux architectes tunisiens à côte de l’architecte Danois H. Bareth, le principal concepteur.C'est ici que l'évaluation de cette opération est devenu un élément fondamental pour mesurer l’efficacité de ce projet en confrontant tout ce qui a été prévu au sein du programme avec tout ce qui a été réalisé à l’heure actuelle. / Today, the division of the space of the lake of Tunis between three zones of interventions of three experts, favoured the multiplication of the processes of urban discontinuity and instead of having a development which includes all space of banks, there was the appearance of three scattered plans. the problem of coordination and of control settled much more than before within the process of development of the North banks of the lake in the presence of two Tunisian architects with coast of the architect Dane H. Bareth, the principal concepteur.It is here that the evaluation of this operation a fundamental element became to measure the effectiveness of this plan by confronting all that was envisaged within the programme with all what was accomplished at present.

Une période de transition entre siècles marquée par des transformations. Cela a été une des caractéristiques qui a traversé les dernières décennies du XIX siècle et le début du XX. Dans cette époque-là, plusieurs changements se sont passés dans les cadres politique et social, la ville s’est convertie en scène où ont été matérialisées les transfigurations qui caractérisaient ce moment. Au Brésil, avec l’implantation de la république en 1889, les mots ordre et progrès étaient en hausse et il était nécessaire de conduire le pays aux idéaux modernes qu’autrefois étaient en vigueur en Europe, voilà pourquoi l’urbanisation des principales villes brésiliennes, surtout les capitales des états, ont été entreprises avec le but de vivre les aires cosmopolites et modernes si souhaités par le nouveau régime. Sergipe, le plus petit état de la Fédération, n’a pas eu dans l’immédiat les modifications entreprises dans le cadre urbain, car même en étant idéalisée dans sa genèse comme moderne, la capitale de Sergipe, Aracaju, n’a pas souffert de grosses transformations significatives dans le physique de la ville à partir de la deuxième décennie du XX siècle. Pour cela, le but de cette étude est de présenter le processus modernisateur d’Aracaju, au début de 1910, mais, intensifié à partir de 1918 à 1926. Pour ainsi dire, l’un des objectifs est d’analyser le processus d’insertion de la Belle Époque à Aracaju à travers son projet de modernisation et urbanisation, débuté dans la gestion du président de l’État José Joaquim Pereira Lobo (1918- 1922) et impulsé par son successeur Maurício Graccho Cardoso (1922-1926). Enfin il faut analyser les impacts que la réforme urbaine a causé dans la ville et comment elle a été appropriée par la population. Donc, je prendrai comme interlocuteurs des auteurs qui se sont penchés sur la thématique dans le cadre national et de l’état de Sergipe, ainsi que ceux qui font aux concepts de modernité, représentation, appropriation et quotidien, en facilitant, pour ainsi dire, la découverte de ces événements et tout en permettant la meilleure compréhension de l’objet étudié. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Um período entressecular marcado por transformações. Essa foi uma das características que permeou as últimas décadas do século XIX e as iniciais do XX. Nessa época, ocorreram diversas mudanças nos âmbitos político e social, a cidade se converteu no palco onde foram materializadas as transfigurações que caracterizavam esse momento. No Brasil, com a implantação da república em 1889, as palavras ordem e progresso estavam em alta e se fazia necessário conduzir o país aos ideais modernos que outrora vigoravam na Europa, por isso a urbanização das principais cidades brasileiras, principalmente as capitais dos estados, foram empreendidas com intuito de vivenciar os ares cosmopolitas e modernos tão almejados pelo novo regime. Sergipe, menor estado da federação, não sentiu de imediato as modificações empreendidas no âmbito urbano, pois mesmo sendo idealizada na sua gênese como moderna, a capital sergipana, Aracaju, não sofreu maiores modificações em sua estrutura urbana durante mais de meio século, ocorrendo transformações significativas no físico da cidade a partir da segunda década do século XX. Por isso, o propósito desse estudo é apresentar o processo modernizador de Aracaju, principiado em 1910, porém, intensificado a partir de 1918 a 1926. Sendo assim, um dos objetivos é analisar o processo de inserção da Belle Époque em Aracaju através do seu projeto de modernização e urbanização, iniciado na gestão do presidente do Estado José Joaquim Pereira Lobo (1918-1922) e impulsionado por seu sucessor Maurício Graccho Cardoso (1922-1926). Por fim é necessário analisar os impactos que a reforma urbana causou na cidade e como foi apropriada pela população. Logo, tomarei como interlocutores autores que se debruçaram sobre a temática no âmbito nacional e sergipano, juntamente com os que evidenciam os conceitos de modernidade, representação, apropriação e cotidiano, facilitando assim o descortinar desses eventos e possibilitando a melhor compreensão do objeto estudado.