Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancersjukdom bland kvinnor i Sverige och i världen. Mellan 15 och 20 kvinnor insjuknar varje dag. Att få beskedet bröstcancer skapar förde flesta förvirring, ångest och chock såväl hos den som är sjuk som hos de som står den drabbade kvinnan nära. De förändringar som uppstår i samband med sjukdomen och de olika behandlingarna har stor inverkan på kvinnornas självkänsla och upplevelse av hälsa. Syftet: Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av att leva med bröstcancer. Metod: Kvalitativ metod har används för att få en djupare förståelse i människors upplevelse och erfarenheter. Två själbiografiska böcker valdes ut för analys. Resultat: I resultatet redovisas ett tema; Kvinnors upplevelse av att leva med sjukdomen bröstcancer och fyra kategorier; Att få besked, att få behandling, efter diagnos och uppleva stöd, samt niounderkategorier; tankar och känslor kring beskedet, förnekande av sjukdom, oro och rädsla,ångest och lidande, fysiska förändringar, psykiska förändringar, av familjen, omgivningen ochandra i samma situation samt sjukvårdpersonalen. Resultatet beskriver bland annat kvinnornas känslomässiga upplevelse samt vad det innebär att leva med bröstcancer. Slutsats: För att en bröstcancer patient ska få den ultimata omvårdnaden så är det av stor betydelse att ta vara påpatientens individuella upplevelse och behov. / Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women not only in Sweden but worldwide. Somewhere between 15 to 20 women are diagnosed with this type of cancer each day. Being told that you have breast cancer usually results in confusion, anxiety and shock for the one who is ill as well as for those closely related to the affected women. Symptoms of the sickness and side effects of the various treatments have a major impact on women's self-esteem and health experience. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe women's experience of living with breast cancer. Method: Qualitative methodology is used to understand and penetrate deeper into people's perception and experience of the disease. Two autobiographical books were selected to analyze. Results: The result is presented in one theme; Women’s experience of living with the sickness breast cancer and four categories;Receiving the diagnose, getting treatment, after the diagnose and to experience support, as well as nine sub-categories, thoughts and feelings about diagnose, denial of illness, anxiety and fear, anguish and suffering, physical changes, mental changes, the family, surroundings and others in the same situation and finally medical personnel. The results describe among other things women's emotional experience and what it means to live with breast cancer. Conclusions: For a breast cancer patient to receive the best possible care, it is of the greatest importance to be aware of the patient's individual experience and needs.

Att drabbas av en reumatisk sjukdom kan ge fysiska symtom som inflammation, funktionsinskränkning och immunreaktioner. Sjukdomen ger konsekvenser i vardagslivet som kan påverka aktivitetsutförandet i roller. Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur personer med reumatisk sjukdom kan uppleva påverkan på sina roller i vardagslivet. Integrerad metod användes med lämplighetssampling på tio personer med reumatisk sjukdom. Instrumentet Rollchecklistan och semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att få en täckande och tillförlitlig bild av upplevd påverkan av roller. Resultatet beskrevs genom en tabell, en schematisk bild samt beskrivande text med citat. Studien visade att reumatisk sjukdom upplevdes påverka roller i vardagslivet genom bland annat funktionsinskränkning och minskad uthållighet. Rollen som yrkesarbetande och hemarbetande upplevdes påverkade genom att de minskade eller försvann helt. Personer som hade utvecklat strategier upplevde inte lika stor påverkan på sina roller. Författarna anser att strategier kan hjälpa personer med reumatisk sjukdom att bevara sina roller trots insjuknandet. Arbetsterapeuter spelar en viktig och avgörande roll där de genom att lära ut strategier gör det möjligt för människor att engagera sig i aktiviteter som skapar mening och tillfredställelse. Detta främjar fysiskt och emotionellt välbefinnande för personen. / To suffer from a rheumatic disease may cause physical symptoms such as inflammation, functional impairment and immune reactions. The disease results in consequences in the everyday life that may affect activity performance in roles. The purpose of this study was to describe how people with rheumatic disease can experience impact on their roles in everyday life. Integral method was used with match sampling on ten people with rheumatic disease. The instrument Role Checklist and semi-structured interviews were used to obtain a comprehensive and reliable picture of experiences impact in roles. The result was described in a table, a schematic figure and descriptive text with quotations. The study showed that a rheumatic disease had an experienced impact on roles in everyday life through functional impairments and reduced endurance. The worker-role and home maintainer influenced, since they were decreased or completely missing. People who had developed strategies did not experience as much influence on their roles. The authors believe that strategies can help people with rheumatic disease to maintain their roles despite sickness. Occupational therapists plays an important and crucial role by teaching strategies enabling people to engage in activities which can cause meaning and satisfaction. This promotes physical and emotional wellbeing for the person.

Nowadays most companies are now being faced with the reality that Corporate Social Responsibility is more than merely a fad. Drawing upon CSR, HR and stakeholder related theories this research aims to substantiate empirically by exploring HR¡¦s contribution to responsible leadership within corporations with the endeavor to explore to what extent Taiwanese companies have integrated CSR practices in their Human Resource Management policies and practices. Relying on the quantitative analysis of 82 questionnaires and qualitative analysis of interviews with CSR and HR executives from 3 corporations in Taiwan, an analysis of whether HR supporting functions towards employee training and development (CSR and General), employee wellbeing, employee engagement and CSR communication to employees contributed to the success of CSR programs. Findings of this research uncovered that companies pay due attention to employee training and development, employee wellbeing as well as employee engagement. The study also helped explain the existence of implicit CSR practices in Taiwanese firms suggesting that an inside-out approach to CSR communication exists in Taiwanese firms; most firms do not engage in philanthropic activities but are more akin to ensuring that they maintain a high level of employee work-life balance. The thesis concludes that the HR has the potential to dig deeper into the company levels and structures and identifying underlying definitional issues that may prevent or facilitate the success of CSR programs.

<p>Att drabbas av en reumatisk sjukdom kan ge fysiska symtom som inflammation, funktionsinskränkning och immunreaktioner. Sjukdomen ger konsekvenser i vardagslivet som kan påverka aktivitetsutförandet i roller.</p><p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur personer med reumatisk sjukdom kan uppleva påverkan på sina roller i vardagslivet.</p><p>Integrerad metod användes med lämplighetssampling på tio personer med reumatisk sjukdom. Instrumentet Rollchecklistan och semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att få en täckande och tillförlitlig bild av upplevd påverkan av roller.</p><p>Resultatet beskrevs genom en tabell, en schematisk bild samt beskrivande text med citat. Studien visade att reumatisk sjukdom upplevdes påverka roller i vardagslivet genom bland annat funktionsinskränkning och minskad uthållighet. Rollen som yrkesarbetande och hemarbetande upplevdes påverkade genom att de minskade eller försvann helt. Personer som hade utvecklat strategier upplevde inte lika stor påverkan på sina roller.</p><p>Författarna anser att strategier kan hjälpa personer med reumatisk sjukdom att bevara sina roller trots insjuknandet. Arbetsterapeuter spelar en viktig och avgörande roll där de genom att lära ut strategier gör det möjligt för människor att engagera sig i aktiviteter som skapar mening och tillfredställelse. Detta främjar fysiskt och emotionellt välbefinnande för personen.</p> / <p>To suffer from a rheumatic disease may cause physical symptoms such as inflammation, functional impairment and immune reactions. The disease results in consequences in the everyday life that may affect activity performance in roles.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to describe how people with rheumatic disease can experience impact on their roles in everyday life.</p><p>Integral method was used with match sampling on ten people with rheumatic disease. The instrument Role Checklist and semi-structured interviews were used to obtain a comprehensive and reliable picture of experiences impact in roles.</p><p>The result was described in a table, a schematic figure and descriptive text with quotations. The study showed that a rheumatic disease had an experienced impact on roles in everyday life through functional impairments and reduced endurance. The worker-role and home maintainer influenced, since they were decreased or completely missing. People who had developed strategies did not experience as much influence on their roles.</p><p>The authors believe that strategies can help people with rheumatic disease to maintain their roles despite sickness. Occupational therapists plays an important and crucial role by teaching strategies enabling people to engage in activities which can cause meaning and satisfaction. This promotes physical and emotional wellbeing for the person.</p>

During the latest decade Somali-born women with experiences of long-lasting war followed by migration have increasingly encountered Swedish maternity care, where antenatal care midwives are assigned to ask questions about exposure to violence. The overall aim in this thesis was to gain deeper understanding of Somali-born women’s wellbeing and needs during the parallel transitions of migration to Sweden and childbearing, focusing on maternity healthcare encounters and violence. Data were obtained from medical records (paper I), qualitative interviews with Somali-born women (II, III) and Swedish antenatal care midwives (IV). Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used. Compared to pregnancies of Swedish-born women, Somali-born women’s pregnancies demonstrated later booking and less visits to antenatal care, more maternal morbidity but less psychiatric treatment, less medical pain relief during delivery and more emergency caesarean sections and small-for-gestational-age infants (I). Political violence with broken societal structures before migration contributed to up-rootedness, limited healthcare and absent state-based support to women subjected to violence, which reinforced reliance on social networks, own endurance and faith in Somalia (II). After migration, sources of wellbeing were a pragmatic “moving-on” approach including faith and motherhood, combined with social coherence. Lawful rights for women were appreciated but could concurrently risk creating power tensions in partner relationships. Generally, the Somali-born women associated the midwife more with providing medical care than with overall wellbeing or concerns about violence, but new societal resources were parallel incorporated with known resources (III). Midwives strived for woman-centered approaches beyond ethnicity and culture in care encounters, with language, social gaps and divergent views on violence as potential barriers in violence inquiry. Somali-born women’s strength and contentment were highlighted, and ongoing violence seldom encountered according to the midwives experiences (IV). Pragmatism including “moving on” combined with support from family and social networks, indicate capability to cope with violence and migration-related stress. However, this must be balanced against potential unspoken needs at individual level in care encounters.With trustful relationships, optimized interaction and networking with local Somali communities and across professions, the antenatal midwife can have a “bridging-function” in balancing between dual societies and contribute to healthy transitions in the new society.

This thesis is the first step in a research project which aims to develop an accurate and robust theory of global justice. The thesis concerns the content of our duties of global justice, under strict compliance theory. It begins by discussing the basic framework of my theory of global justice, which consists in two aspects: duties of minimal wellbeing, which are universal, and duties of fairness and equality, which are associative and not universal. With that in place, it briefly discusses the nature of duties of fairness and equality. I shall argue that they are associative, because they are derived from the form of cooperation at hand; and that there are three kinds of them in our contemporary world: states, local cooperation and trans-state cooperation. It is from their forms of cooperation that these duties are derived. After that, the thesis focuses exclusively on duties of minimal wellbeing. Against the usual account of these duties - the human-flourishing account - I argue for my human-life account. This account argues that the function of these duties is to secure a human life for individuals; and it begins with a Razian conception of wellbeing, which states that the wellbeing of an individual is fundamentally constituted by: (a) the satisfaction of his biological needs, and (b) his success in whole-heartedly pursuing socially defined and determined goals and activities which are in fact valuable. An account of what constitutes a human life is then derived from this conception of wellbeing – it is a life that consists in having a level of wellbeing that is higher than the satisfaction of biological needs, where this is constituted by the pursuit of goals and activities with a sense of what is worth doing; and this in turn consists in: (a) being able to forms ideas of what is worth doing, (b) being able to revise them in light of further reasons, and (c) being able to coordinate one's actions according to them. I then determine the specific objects of duties of minimal wellbeing (means for the satisfaction of biological needs, education, physical security, freedom of belief, association and expression, freedom of non-harmful conduct, and minimal resources), by determining what is involved in securing such a human life for individuals.

In drylands, it is essential to maximize the coupling of social and ecological systems in order to achieve sustainability, particularly in human dominated landscapes such as cities. The enhanced use of greenspace in cities in drylands provides unique opportunities to maximize the coupling of social and ecological systems. It maintains the functioning of ecological systems while involving civil society in the conservation of biodiversity and improving human wellbeing in urban settings. The provision and access to greenspace in cities is determined by neighborhood design. The access for the human use of greenspace can be enhanced through walkability, or the characteristics of the built environment that influence physical activity. Walkable neighborhoods that provide access to greenspace can be catalysts for activity and health and have the potential to increase the level of conservation support in urban residents. The purpose of this research is to look for wellbeing and conservation synergies between walkable neighborhoods and the enhanced use of greenspace. To accomplish this research, first we assess walkability in the built environment through an interdisciplinary literature review that integrates the findings on walkability from several research domains. We create a conceptual framework that organizes the neighborhood design elements that influence physical activity into nine walkability categories: connectivity, land-use, density, traffic safety, surveillance, parking, experience, greenspace, and community. We call this the Walkability Framework. This analysis allows us to identify gaps and strengths of walkability in the Leadership for Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) certification system. After a quantitative and qualitative analysis, we propose an enhanced version for walkability that we call LEED-NDW+ (walkability plus). The next step is to test if the Walkability Framework can be used as a model to measure the interactions between the built environment and physical activity. We accomplish this through the use of a questionnaire (N=486) that captures the perceptions, attitudes and behaviors of residents in Tucson, Arizona. Significant correlations between all the walkability categories and physical activity support the use of the framework as a model. We call this the Walkability Model. The final stage of this research uses the Walkability Model to evaluate walkability in four neighborhood design types in Tucson that include traditional development, suburban development, enclosed community, and cluster housing. We then look for wellbeing and conservation synergies between walkable neighborhoods and the enhanced use of greenspace. Results from this study suggest that neighborhoods with a high level of walkability have the potential to enhance the use of greenspace, which in turn provide important wellbeing and conservation synergies that can contribute to healthier communities and increase the support for conservation of biodiversity within and beyond cities. The enhanced use of greenspace maximizes the coupling of social and ecological systems in cities in drylands, which increases resilience in the face of climate change.

The current dissertation tested a model based on a systems perspective, where inflammation was hypothesized to mediate the influence of diet and physical condition on quality of life (base model) in a nationally representative U.S. dataset (NHANES). Three additional hypotheses, regarding social support (The Buffering Hypothesis), early microbial exposure (The Hygiene Hypothesis) and life history theory (The Tradeoff Hypothesis) were tested utilizing the base model. All analysis utilized a structural equation model. This study focused on objective measurements for dietary behavior and physical activity utilizing blood serum values of nutrients and metabolic markers and anthropometric data as well as blood serum concentrations of CRP and white blood cell count. Quality of life was assessed with the number of limitations in daily living, the number of days that were affected by mental, emotional and physical limitations and the self-reported general health condition. The hypothesized model fit well to the data and the results revealed that lower intake of healthy nutrients and reduced physical condition both predicted decreased quality of life, as mediated by inflammation and explained 31.9 % of the variation in quality of life (R² = .319, p<.001). Social support further predicted quality of life directly (β = .417, p<.001) and indirectly through dietary behavior and inflammation (β = -.106, p<.001), microbial exposure significantly moderated the relation between inflammation and quality of life (β = -.127, p<.001) and higher reproductive effort predicted lower intake of vital nutrients (β = .316, p<.001), physical condition (β = .352, p<.001) and subsequent inflammation. Reproductive effort also directly predicted reduced quality of life (β = .278, p<.001). These analyses indicated that inflammation can be considered a strong mediator between lifestyle factors and resulting quality of life and that social support, microbial exposure and reproductive effort each added unique predictive value to this model.

SAMMANFATTNING Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen var att utvärdera effekterna av behandlingen i projektet ”Rehabilitering med samtalsterapi och yoga” med avseende på upplevt fysiskt, socialt, känslomässigt och funktionellt välbefinnande, samt undersöka deltagarnas tillfredsställelse med rehabiliteringen. Metod: Utvärderingen gjordes våren 2010 med kvantitativ metod och deskriptiv, longitudinell design. Alla som skulle börja i nybörjarkursen ombads att delta. Enkäter delades ut före och efter deltagande i max tre rehabiliteringskurser. Deltagarantalet i utvärderingen var 22. Svaren analyserades med hjälp av beskrivande statistik och beroende T-test. Resultat: Det kunde inte påvisas några signifikanta skillnader över tid mellan skalorna Fysiskt välbefinnande (p=,507), Socialt välbefinnande (p=,936), Känslomässigt välbefinnande (p=,493) och Funktionellt välbefinnande (p=,388). Vid analys av de enskilda frågorna i skalorna fanns heller inga signifikanta skillnader. Enligt patientutvärderingen ansåg alla deltagare att yoga- och samtalsterapin, i olika grad, har hjälpt dem att hantera sin situation och 95,5% (n=21) säger att de skulle kunna rekommendera denna kurs till en vän i liknande situation. Slutsats: Rehabiliteringsprojektet skulle kunna utvecklas ytterligare, men bör fortsätta ges som ett komplement till traditionell onkologisk behandling då den anses vara betydelsefull för deltagarna. P.g.a. brister skulle en ny utvärdering behöva göras. / ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the treatment in the project “Rehabilitation with psychotherapy and yoga”, regarding physical, emotional, functional and social wellbeing, and to examine the participant’s satisfaction with the rehabilitation. Method: The evaluation was done during the spring in 2010 with a quantitative method and descriptive, longitudinal design. Everyone who was to begin the new beginners’ class was asked about participation. Questionnaires were given to the participants, before and after participation in maximum three rehabilitation courses. The number of participants was 22. The answers were analyzed with descriptive statistics and dependent T-test. Result: There are no significant differences over time regarding the physical (p=,507), social (p=,936), emotional (p=,493) and functional (p=,388) wellbeing of the participants. When analyzing the unique questions in the wellbeing-scales, no significant differences were found. According to the satisfaction questionnaires, every participants thought that the rehabilitationgroup, in different ways, helped them to cope with their situation and 95,5% (n=21) would recommend this psychotherapy and yoga group to a friend in a similar situation. Conclusion: The rehabilitationproject can be improved, but should continue to be provided as a complement to traditional oncological treatment, since it´s considered being of great value for its participants. Because of shortages a new evaluation is motivated.

This paper seeks to review the national disaster plans of Jamaica from the perspective of child protection and wellbeing in emergencies. The focus of the review is on needs associated with education, psychosocial support and family reunification (including care of unaccompanied and separated children) as these needs are often given less priority in an emergency. These are referred to collectively as the non-material needs of children in emergencies. Providing for the non-material needs of children in emergencies is an important part of preventing children from experiencing physical or sexual abuse, psychological distress, neglect and harm and it is therefore vital that these are not an afterthought but an integral part of planning for an emergency. In order to review these plans a tool in the form of a checklist of measures of international standards was compiled and applied to the plans. This paper finds that the national disaster plans of Jamaica fail to meet every measure on the compiled checklist. Children are not even mentioned as a vulnerable group in need of special attention nor are measures defined to prevent them from long-term or short term harm. The limited or non-existent extent to which children are considered is furthermore found to be an issue in national disaster planning of other states. This paper therefore recommends that the national disaster plans of Jamaica, as well as other states, be revised in partnership with local stakeholders (including children, the ultimate stakeholders) taking into consideration the findings presented.