Thesis (J.C.L.)--Catholic University of America, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-83).

Gathering evidence from young and vulnerable witnesses requires special care, and subjecting them to the traditional adversarial form of examination and cross-examination – often characterized by overly leading, complex, and confusing questioning – has come under increased scrutiny. The present program of research was designed to investigate: 1) four features of lawyers’ questioning techniques (question type [Chapter 1], linguistic complexity [Chapter 2], question repetition [Chapter 3], and question content [Chapter 4]), 2) how these parameters affected children’s responses (including an in-depth analysis of children’s propensity to express uncertainty [Chapter 5]), and 3) whether the children’s ages affected the ways they were questioned or how they responded. The sample of court transcripts was drawn from 36 trials involving 56 children aged 5 to 17 years old who testified about alleged sexual abuse in Scotland between 2009 and 2014. Analyses showed that a large proportion of the questions posed to children by lawyers were suggestive questions that implied expected responses or introduced undisclosed information. Questions were overly complex linguistically, heavily repetitious, and focused to a large extent on peripheral elements of the allegations. In response, children acquiesced to suggestions most of the time and expressed uncertainty less than might be expected, given the nature of the questioning. Overall, both prosecutors and defense lawyers were insensitive to the capacities of children of different ages. The way children are questioned in court can have negative influences on the quality of the evidence obtained, regardless of the lawyers’ roles or the children’s ages. It is suggested that, in order for trials to be fair, evidence needs to be elicited in accordance with research-informed best-practice guidelines. More advanced training, the use of intermediaries, and the Barnahus model are discussed as potential ways to support the implementation of best-practice questioning strategies.

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Orientador: Ronaldo Romulo Machado de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T14:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_GleicyMaillyda_M.pdf: 5323275 bytes, checksum: 8a4cc046fc778acfa53d9ada7240009a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: As Testemunhas de Jeová, representadas juridicamente pela Sociedade Torre de Vigia, se formaram nos Estados Unidos, em 1870, à luz de movimentos protestantes fundamentalistas que emergiram no mesmo período, e se consolidaram a partir de uma doutrina rigorosa, fortemente restritiva. Esta pesquisa busca compreender, considerando a dinâmica interna deste grupo, o que faz com que ele se mantenha coeso numa comunidade aparentemente tão restritiva no contexto do campo religioso brasileiro, cuja característica, como inúmeras análises vêm demonstrando, é a intensa flexibilidade entre doutrinas e práticas religiosas. Ao analisar e dar visibilidade aos meios dos quais lançaram mão para crescerem, se organizarem, se expandirem e se manterem no campo religioso, fica evidente a tensão entre mobilidade e radicalidade. Desse modo, termos redutores como "fundamentalismo" e "proselitismo" são colocados em perspectiva, considerando importantes dimensões de conflito que, por fim, inserem as Testemunhas de Jeová nesta dinâmica. É a capacidade de conviverem, rivalizarem, cooptarem, reinventando suas crenças e práticas quando necessário, que torna o grupo flexível de um modo bastante particular, ainda que pareça rígido, onde as mudanças tornam-se recursos importantes para manterem suas crenças e distinção em meio às transformações pelas quais tem passado o campo religioso / Abstract: The Jehovah's Witnesses, legally represented by the Watch Tower Bible Society, were formed in the United States, in 1870, in the light of fundamentalists protestants movements which had emerged at the same period, and solidified themselves through a rigorous doctrine, strongly restrictive. This research investigates, considering its internal dynamics, what sustains group cohesion in a community apparently so restrictive in Brazilian religious field context, whose characteristic, as many analyses hás demonstrated, is its intense flexibility between several doctrines and religious practices. By analyzing and giving visibility to the means from which they had resorted for develop, organize, expand and support themselves in the religious field, it is evident the tension between mobility and radicalism. Thereby, limited terms as "fundamentalism" and "proselytism" are placed in perspective, considering important conflict dimensions that, finally, insert the Jehovah's Witnesses in this dynamics.It is the capacity of live together, contend, coopt, reinventing their beliefs and practices whenever necessary, that turns the group flexible in a very particular way, even if it seems strict, where changes become important resources to sustain their beliefs and distinctiveness amid the modifications by which the religious field has been crossing over / Mestrado / Mestre em Antropologia Social

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a ação das Testemunhas de Jeová, seita religiosa milenarista norte-americana, em São Paulo, entre os anos de 1930 e 1954. Em meio aos governos de Vargas e Dutra, à Segunda Guerra Mundial e ao início da Guerra Fria, a \"Sociedade Torre de Vigia de Bíblias e Tratados\" - nome jurídico adotado pelas Testemunhas de Jeová no Brasil - teve suas publicações confiscadas, membros presos e seu registro de atividades proscrito no país entre 1940 e 1947. Sob alegações diversas e contraditórias, as Testemunhas de Jeová foram acusadas de propagandear o nazismo, o fascismo, o anarquismo e o comunismo, em vista de proclames como a não prestação de serviço militar obrigatório, não saudação de símbolos nacionais, não transfusão de sangue e de seu proselitismo anticlerical, feito de porta em porta pelas ruas da cidade. Acreditando-se \"missionários pioneiros\" em meio a uma realidade supersticiosa católica, as Testemunhas de Jeová reeditaram no Brasil, a partir da década de 20, o mesmo discurso utilizado pelos puritanos ingleses que colonizaram a América no século XVII: tratavam-se do \"povo eleito\" de Deus na Terra que se dizia em combate com organizações \"satânicas\" e \"obscurantistas\", como a Igreja Católica. A despeito do estreitamento das relações entre Brasil e Estados Unidos no final dos anos 30, de nossa definitiva entrada na Segunda Guerra Mundial ao lado dos Aliados, e da cooperação verificada entre os dois países no período pós-guerra na luta contra o comunismo, as Testemunhas de Jeová, uma organização religiosa norteamericana, foram perseguidas no país, talvez por também reeditarem no Brasil a retórica mítica de construção dos Estados Unidos, de sua defesa de liberdade de culto e do sistema democrático de governo - em oposição ao Catolicismo e ao subdesenvolvimento brasileiros. Neste sentido, buscamos perceber até que ponto a perseguição policial e judicial empreendida contra essa organização religiosa, que contava com menos de 1000 adeptos até 1947, encontrava eco no estreitamento de interesses entre a Igreja Católica e o Estado brasileiros. / This study focuses on the action of the Jehovah\'s Witnesses, a North American millenary religious sect, in São Paulo, between 1930 and 1954. During Vargas and Dutra\'s governments, the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War, the Watchtower Society (\"Sociedade Torre de Vigia de Bíblias e Tratados\") - juridical name adopted in Brazil by the Jehovah\'s Witnesses - publications had been confiscated, its members had been arrested and the registry of activities had been exiled from the country between 1940 and 1947. Under various and contradictory claims, the Jehovah\'s Witnesses had been charged with advertising the nazism, fascism, anarchism and communism, based on the lack of rendering obligatory military service, lack of salutation of the national symbols, lack of blood transfusion and anticlergy proselytism, made everywhere in the city. Believing that they were the \"first missionaries\" on a superstitious Catholic reality, the Jehovah\'s Witnesses reissued in Brazil, from the twenties on, the same speech that was used by the English Puritan who settled America on the 17th century: they were the \"elected people\" by God on Earth and told they were here to struggle with the \"devilish\" and \"obscurantist\" organizations, such as the Catholic Church. Despite the narrowing between Brazilian and American relationship at the end of the thirties, our real entrance at the Second World War with the Allied and the checked help between both countries at the post-war period against the Communism, the Jehovah\'s Witnesses, a North American organization, had been chased in the country, maybe because they also reissued in Brazil the mythical rhetorical of the USA construction, in the defense of cult freedom and democratic system - different from the Brazilian Catholicism and undergrown. Based on these, we intend to see at which extent the judicial and political chasing against this religious organization, which had less than followers until 1947, found the echo on the benefits narrowing between the Catholic Church and the Brazilian states.

Several researchers have investigated the effects of alcohol on memory. Few researchers have studied the effects of alcohol on an eyewitness's recall and recognition of crime events. This study proposed to examine the effects of alcohol and viewing conditions on subjects' ability to recall information regarding a videotaped bank robbery. Thirty male and 22 female subjects participated in a 2 (consumption: alcohol v. no alcohol) x 2 (lighting: good v. poor) factorial experiment with Average Accuracy and Total Amount of Information recalled as the primary dependent measures. There was no significant difference between the Intoxicated and Sober subjects regarding the amount of information recalled or their average accuracy. The main effect for lighting conditions and gender differences were also not significant.

The South African Constitution provides that a child’s best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child. This principle emanates from the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC). Accordingly the State and its various departments have adopted and are enforcing legislation and policies in defence of the child’s best interest. The principle of the best interest of the child is seldom observed in most of our schools. Incidents of child abuse are on the increase, especially by educators. This unfortunate situation prevails against the backdrop of legislation which condemns these atrocities. Section 17 of the Employment of Educators Act1 provides that educators must be discharged if they are found guilty of, inter alia, sexual abuse, intimate relationship with a learner and assault with grievous bodily harm. These measures have been taken to combat the vicious cycle of child abuse in schools and to advance children’s-rights agenda and the universal principle of the child’s best interests. For the department to successfully prosecute educator cases against child abuse, the testimony of a child witness is crucial. However, it is shocking to discover that the interests of the child witness are not always served in these disciplinary hearings. Officials are prone to be biased towards their fellow professionals at the expense of the interest of the child witness. This situation normally arises probably as a result of a lack of professional capacity because most of these officials tasked with disciplining educators have a teaching, human-resource or legal qualification. Others may have been recruited from the ranks of the trade-union movement without any formal qualification. Secondly, they may be specialists in the field of labour law which is essentially concerned with the regulating the employer and employee relationship. Thirdly, the disciplinary code and procedures that are used during educator-disciplinary processes are premised on the principles and values of the Labour 1 Act 76 of 1998. Relations Act Code of Good Practice: Dismissal2 and Schedule 2 of the Employment of Educators Act3 which addresses the interest of the child witness to a very limited extend. Finally, the policies regulating workplace discipline are generally biased towards employee rights as espoused in the Labour Relations Act4 and CCMA guidelines on misconduct arbitrations. This study has identified a number of challenges confronting the child witness and also areas of capacity improvement on the side of officials officiating over the disciplinary cases of educators. These challenges form the basis for a comprehensive and consolidated list of aspects in which officials need to be trained to effectively promote and defend the interest of the child witness in a professional manner. The role of the departmental representative in becoming the champions of the democratic Constitution and the vanguard of the child’s best interest cannot be over-emphasised. The question of how best to serve the best interest of the child witness has been addressed. The child witness can be a credible witness provided officials win over his or her confidence to speak out against abuse. The 16 days of activism against women and children abuse has to resonate consciously with departmental officials.

This study aims to examine power, control, resistance, and the relationalconsequences of leaving Jehovah’s Witnesses. The analysis focused on eightnarratives from the internet forum reddit.com, /r/exjw, where authors describeprocesses in which they challenge their belonging to the organization. The materialhas been analysed using qualitative content analysis, Bromley’s theory of thedisaffiliation process and Raven and French’s theory of power/interaction andinterpersonal influence. The findings point to four tendencies about how certainmembers Jehovah’s Witnesses tried to exert control over (former) members whowant to leave the organization; by controlling resources and social relationships,inflicting harm, engaging in emotional manipulation, and surveillance. None ofthese activities led to increased engagement among those who were the target, butthese actions could slow down the exit process. The study also show thatindividual's resistance was expressed in different ways, through protest, reducedcommitment, intellectual exploration, engagement in new social networks, selfassertion and by disaffiliation. Acts of resistance that were openly expressed tendedto lead to increased control by members of the religious community. The socialconsequences for individuals who (wanted to) leave the organization weredescribed as conflicts, neglect, and rejection.

abstract: Scholars have extensively researched citizens’ preferences regarding the actions, language, and demeanors displayed by officers during citizen-police interactions. Specifically, there are a multitude of factors that can influence a citizens’ perception of such interactions as either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. What appears to be missing from the literature, however, is police officers’ understanding of citizens’ preferences for regarding factors. In other words, it is unclear if and how officers are actively attempting to interact with victims and witnesses based on actual citizen preferences or if officers do not consider these preferences during citizen interactions. This gap has important implications for officer training on citizen’s preferences due to the influence such interactions can have on citizens, specifically citizens’ physical and psychological well-being, as well as citizens’ perceptions of - and reaction to - the criminal justice system. This project examines original data collection of citizen and officer surveys regarding officers’ actions, language, and demeanors. Additionally, observations during ride-alongs are presented to expand on the current literature regarding citizen preferences during interactions with the police and to assess officers’ understanding and application of this knowledge. Results indicate that, while officers seem to understand what actions, language, and demeanors will increase citizen satisfaction, officers may believe that there exist situational factors that are more important in affecting citizen satisfaction with officers. Observations revealed that the vast majority of citizen-police interactions were positive and productive. Even so, results from the surveys and observations point to several important policy implications for improvement between officers and citizens. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2020

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of intensive play therapy as a method of intervention for child witnesses of domestic violence. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of intensive play therapy in: (a) improving the self-concept of child witnesses of domestic violence; (b) reducing internalizing behavior problems, such as withdrawal, somatic complaints, anxiety, and depression, of child witnesses of domestic violence; (c) reducing externalizing behavior problems, such as aggression and delinquency, of child witnesses of domestic violence; (d) reducing overall behavior problems, including internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and social problems, thought problems, and attention problems, of child witnesses of domestic violence; and (e) improving play behaviors in the areas of affection, contact, physical proximity, self-direction, aggression, mood, play themes, and food nurturing themes.