O presente estudo teve como objetivo obter e caracterizar complexos binários e ternários de benznidazol (BNZ) com ciclodextrinas e polímeros hidrossolúveis com a finalidade de melhorar a solubilidade do fármaco. Efetuou-se a caracterização físico-química do fármaco avaliando-se solubilidade, calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TGA), investigação de novas formas cristalinas e a definição de parâmetros para o ensaio de dissolução intrínseca. Posteriormente, esses dados foram utilizados como referência nos estudos de caracterização dos complexos de inclusão. Os complexos binários utilizaram as ciclodextrinas naturais αCD, βCD e γCD, e os ternários a βCD e HPβCD e adição de 1,0% de polímeros hidrossolúveis (povidona e copovidona). Os complexos foram secos em estufa e adicionalmente dois métodos de preparo co-evaporação e liofilização foram empregados para comparação e escolha do mais adequado. O estudo de caracterização dos complexos foi realizado através do método de solubilidade de fases, DSC e TGA. A constante de estabilidade, a eficiência de complexação e solubilidade sugeriram maior interação do fármaco com a βCD. Nos complexos ternários, a utilização de copovidona foi mais efetiva que a povidona. Houve aumento da solubilidade quando os complexos foram preparados pelo método de liofilização. A melhor solubilidade foi alcançada pelos complexos BNZ:βCD (0,84 mg/mL) e BNZ:βCD:copovidona (0,86 mg/mL) preparados pelo método de liofilização. / The present study was aimed to obtain and characterize binary and ternary complexes of benznidazole (BNZ) with cyclodextrins and water-soluble polymers with the purpose to improve the solubility of drug. It was performed the physicochemical characterization of BNZ by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA), investigation of new crystalline forms and the definition of parameters for the intrinsic drug dissolution test of intrinsic dissolution. Subsequently, these informations were used as reference in the studies of characterization of the inclusion complexes. The binary complexes were prepared with the cyclodextrins αCD, βCD and γCD and the ternary with βDC and HPβCD and addition of 1.0% of water-soluble polymers (povidone and copovidone). The complexes were dried in tray drayer and additionally two methods of preparation coevaporation and lyophilization were employeed for comparison and the best was selected. The characterization of the complexes was carried out by phase-solubility method, DSC and TGA. The constant of stability, the efficiency of complexation and solubity suggested higher interaction of the drug with the βCD. In the ternary complexes, the use of copovidone was more effective in the solubility than to povidone. There was an increased of solubility when the complexes were prepared by lyophilization. To best solubility was achieved by the complexes BNZ:βCD (0.84 mg/ml) and BNZ:βCD:copovidone (0.86 mg/ml) prepared by lyophilization method.

<p>Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using co-precipitation method in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin (&beta / -CD). Such materials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA). The TEM shows that the surface morphology has no difference between nanoparticles prepared in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin (&beta / -CD), amorphous particles with high surface area and dimensions of about 100 nm by 500 nm. The amorphous states of nanoparticles are confirmed further by XRD. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirms inclusion complex between &beta / -CD and nanoparticles.</p>

<p>Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using co-precipitation method in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin (&beta / -CD). Such materials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA). The TEM shows that the surface morphology has no difference between nanoparticles prepared in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin (&beta / -CD), amorphous particles with high surface area and dimensions of about 100 nm by 500 nm. The amorphous states of nanoparticles are confirmed further by XRD. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirms inclusion complex between &beta / -CD and nanoparticles.</p>

Les sels d’imidazolium ont un rôle important dans certaines protéines et acides nucléiques et ont été utilisés à de nombreuses reprises dans des assemblages supramoléculaires en raison de leurs propriétés uniques. Les sels de diimidazolium dérivés sont toutefois moins connus. Ils ont pour l’instant uniquement été utilisés comme des précurseurs de carbènes N-hétérocycliques. Ils sont donc à la base de plusieurs catalyseurs utilisés pour des réactions de couplage croisés mais leurs propriétés sont toutefois méconnues dans le cadre de la chimie supramoléculaire. Cette classe de composés a nottament attiré notre attention en raison de la facilité de modification de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques par modification de leur structure chimique. L’objectif général des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est l’étude des propriétés supramoléculaires des sels de diimidazolium disubstitués en solution (aqueuse ou organique), ainsi qu’en phase solide ou cristal-liquide. L’influence de l’espaceur entre les deux noyaux imidazolium ainsi que l’influence des substituants latéraux et des contre-ions a été étudiée. Dans un premier temps, les propriétés de complexation des sels de diimidazolium à des macrocycles sont étudiées. Les sels bromure sont étudiés en solution aqueuse avec plusieurs cyclodextrines et le cucurbit[7]uril, et les sels hexafluorophosphate sont étudiés en solution organique pour leur complexation avec l’éther couronne DB24C8 et un calix[4]arène. Cette nouvelle classe de composés a montré de très bonnes propriétés de complexation à ces différents macrocycles en solution et a également permis de contrôler différents assemblages supramoléculaires à l’interface air-eau. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude des sels de phénylènediimidazolium a permis de modifier les propriétés de complexation en solution pour obtenir la formation de complexes multiples avec le cucurbit[7]util en solution aqueuse. Cette même famille de composés a également permis la formation de cristaux liquides ioniques lorsque les substituants sont des chaînes alkyles plus longues. La résolution de plusieurs structures cristallines de différents sels de diimidazolium a finalement permis de comprendre la nature des interactions intermoléculaires à l’état cristallin. La recherche présentée dans cette thèse a donc permis une étude détaillée des propriétés supramoléculaires des sels de diimidazolium dans tous les états de la matière qui leur sont accessibles. / Imidazolium salts play an important role in different proteins and nucleic acids and have been used many times in supramolecular assemblies due to their unique properties. Diimidazolium salts derived from imidazolium salts are less known. To date, they have only been used as precursors for N-heterocyclic carbenes, which are used to catalyze various cross-coupling reactions. Their properties are not well known in supramolecular chemistry. This class of compounds attracted our attention because of the ease of tuning their properties by modifying their chemical structure. The main goal of the research presented in this thesis was to study the supramolecular properties of disubstituted diimidazolium salts in solution (aqueous or organic solution), in the solid state and in the liquid-crystalline state. The role of the spacer between the two imidazolium moieties, of the sidechains and of the counterions was studied. Firstly, the complexation between diimidazolium salts and various macrocycles was studied. Bromide salts were studied in aqueous solution with cyclodextrins and cucurbit[7]uril, while hexafluorophosphate salts were studied in organic solution with a DB24C8 crown ether and a calix[4]arene. This novel class of compounds showed very promising complexation properties with these macrocycles in solution and also allowed us to control the formation of various supramolecular assemblies at the air-water interface. Secondly, phenylenediimidazolium salts were studied and allowed the modification of the complexation properties in aqueous solution. Multiple complexes can be formed simultaneously with cucurbit[7]uril in aqueous solution. The same class of compounds also has the ability to yield ionic liquid crystals when the alkyl sidechains are long. The resolution of the crystalline structures of some synthesized diimidazolium salts allowed us to understand the nature of the intermolecular interactions in the solid state. The research presented in this thesis is a complete study of the supramolecular properties of diimidazolium salts in every accessible state of matter.

Alzheimer’s disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder linked to the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, a 38-43 residue peptide. The detailed molecular disease mechanism(s) is (are) unknown, but oligomeric Aβ structures are proposed to be involved. In common for the papers in this thesis is interactions; interactions between Aβ(1-40) and selected molecules and metal ions. The purpose has been to find out more about the structural states that Aβ can adopt, in particular the β-sheet state, which probably is linked to the oligomeric structures. The methods used have been nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy using Thioflavin T (ThT). Upon addition of SDS/LiDS detergent or Congo red (CR) to Aβ(1-40), the initial random coil/PII-helix state was transformed into β-sheet and, in the case of detergent, a final α-helical state. In contrast to SDS/LiDS and CR, the dimeric Affibody molecule locks monomeric Aβ(1-40) in a β-hairpin state. It was found that by truncating the flexible N-terminal end of the Affibody molecule its affinity to Aβ was improved. The aggregation of Aβ(1-40) was further studied in the presence of a β-cyclodextrin dimer by a kinetic assay using ThT. Although having a weak dissociation constant in the millimolar range, the β-cyclodextrin dimer modified the aggregation pathways of Aβ. Finally Aβ(1-40) was studied in presence of Cu2+ and Zn2+ at physiological and low pH. Cu2+ was observed to maintain its specific binding to Aβ when decreasing the pH to 5.5 while Zn2+ behaved differently. This could be of importance in the Alzheimer’s disease brain in which the environment can become acidic due to inflammation.        In conclusion the results show that Aβ(1-40) is very sensitive to its environment, responding by adopting different conformations and aggregating in aqueous solutions. The β-sheet state is induced by varying molecules with different properties, properties that govern the final Aβ state. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using co-precipitation method in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin β-CD). Such materials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA). The TEM shows that the surface morphology has no difference between nanoparticles prepared in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin β-CD), amorphous particles with high surface area and dimensions of about 100 nm by 500 nm. The amorphous states of nanoparticles are confirmed further by XRD. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirms inclusion complex between β-CD and nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesized were used to develop an electrochemical sensor for phenolic endocrine disruptors by modifying the surface area of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical characterization of the iron oxide β-CD nano-composites, studied in 0.1 M potassium chloride (KCl) using chronoamperometry,showed that the surface concentration of the adsorbed composite material was 8.5 x 10-8 mol/cm2. Sensor analysis of bisphenol A (BPA) was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) based on amperometric techniques which gave a linear range of 0.50 × 10-6 M to 50 × 10-6 M; limit of detection of 0.156 x 10-6 M and order of magnitude of linearity of 2.03. Hence, the sensor was further used to study 4-tert-octylphenol (TOP); the results showed that the sensitivity and the limit of detection were 11.31 nA L/mol and 0.249 x 10-6 M, respectively and order of magnitude of linearity of 2.00. / South Africa

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work involved the preparation and characterization of an inclusion complex of Trimethoprim (TMP) a drug used in the treatment of infections and hydroxypropylgamma- cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD). Owing to the low aqueous solubility of this drug, high dosages are required to provide a satisfactory therapeutic effect, although this also brings severe side effects to some patients. Thus here we aimed to increase the TMP aqueous solubility in order to potentially reduce the side effects by complexation in a CD derivative. Prior to the inclusion study, some relevant physiochemical parameters of the drug such as pKa, solubility in several pH values as well as absorption coefficient were determined. The inclusion complex has been prepared by the suspension method and collected by lyophilization. Primary evidence of the inclusion of TMP in HP-γ-CD was provided by the increase of the solubility in presence of HP -γ - CD, from the phase-solubility diagram obtained at different temperatures and pH values. The apparent stability constants K 1:1 for the complex formed at different temperatures and pH values were found strongly depend on the conditions, being higher at low pH. A 1:1 stoichiometry was suggested for the complex both from the phase-solubility diagram and from the continuous variation method Additional evidences of the inclusion were provided by thermal analysis (DSC), which suggested that TMP is not present in the sample as an isolated crystalline solid. The XRD analysis evidenced the loss of the TMP crystalline character in the complex, which is commonly observed for CD complexes but may be also a consequence of the lyophilization process. The presence of bands characteristic of both species was observed in the infrared spectrum of the complex. Although differences observed in the relative intensities cannot directly evidence complex formation, they don t exclude this possibility. Direct evidence of TMP inclusion in the CD cavities were given from 1H-1H bidimensional ROESY spectrum, which also showed that the inclusion mode involves penetration of the trimethoxyphenyl group in HP-γ-CD. / Este trabalho envolveu a preparação e caracterização de complexo de inclusão entre Trimetoprim (TMP), substância utilizada no tratamento de infecções, em hidroxipropil- γ-ciclodextrina (HP-γ-CD), objetivando o aumento da solubilidade aquosa do convidado. A baixa solubilidade do TMP torna necessário o uso de altas dosagens, causando diversos efeitos colaterais, que em testes futuros poderão ser reduzidos pelo aumento da solubilidade do mesmo. Determinaram-se, inicialmente, alguns parâmetros físico-químicos do fármaco e, posteriormente, preparou-se o complexo do mesmo em HP-γ-CD pelo método da suspensão. A ocorrência de inclusão foi evidenciada através do aumento da solubilidade do convidado em presença de HP-γ-CD, nos estudos do diagrama de solubilidade de fases em diferentes temperaturas e pH. Obteve-se, ainda a partir destes estudos, valores de 220,7 M-1 a 20oC e 144,7M-1 a 25oC e 55410 M-1 para pH 4,0; 2188 M-1 para pH 7,0 e 123 M-1 para pH 9,0 para a constante de associação do complexo, demonstrando interações relativamente fortes. A estequiometria 1:1 para o complexo foi sugerida tanto a partir do diagrama de solubilidades quanto pelo método das variações contínuas. Evidências adicionais da inclusão foram propiciadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), que sugeriu que o TMP não se encontra como um sólido isolado. As análises dos difratogramas obtidos mostraram perda do padrão de ordenamento cristalino do TMP quando comparado ao difratograma do complexo, o que pode também ter resultado do processo de liofilização. A partir da análise por espectroscopia infravermelho, observou-se a presença de bandas de ambas as espécies (hospedeiro e convidado) no espectro da amostra HP-γ-CD/TMP coletada por liofilização. Contudo, diferenças observadas quanto a intensidades relativas e mascaramento de bandas não evidenciam diretamente a formação do complexo, porém não excluem tal possibilidade. De acordo com os resultados de espectroscopia de RMN 1H-1H bidimensional (ROESY), ficou evidenciada a inclusão do TMP na cavidade da HP-γ-CD, mostrando adicionalmente que a entrada na cavidade se dá através do grupo trimetoxifenila.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work involved the preparation and characterization of an inclusion complex of Trimethoprim (TMP) a drug used in the treatment of infections and hydroxypropylgamma- cyclodextrin (HP-γ-CD). Owing to the low aqueous solubility of this drug, high dosages are required to provide a satisfactory therapeutic effect, although this also brings severe side effects to some patients. Thus here we aimed to increase the TMP aqueous solubility in order to potentially reduce the side effects by complexation in a CD derivative. Prior to the inclusion study, some relevant physiochemical parameters of the drug such as pKa, solubility in several pH values as well as absorption coefficient were determined. The inclusion complex has been prepared by the suspension method and collected by lyophilization. Primary evidence of the inclusion of TMP in HP-γ-CD was provided by the increase of the solubility in presence of HP -γ - CD, from the phase-solubility diagram obtained at different temperatures and pH values. The apparent stability constants K 1:1 for the complex formed at different temperatures and pH values were found strongly depend on the conditions, being higher at low pH. A 1:1 stoichiometry was suggested for the complex both from the phase-solubility diagram and from the continuous variation method Additional evidences of the inclusion were provided by thermal analysis (DSC), which suggested that TMP is not present in the sample as an isolated crystalline solid. The XRD analysis evidenced the loss of the TMP crystalline character in the complex, which is commonly observed for CD complexes but may be also a consequence of the lyophilization process. The presence of bands characteristic of both species was observed in the infrared spectrum of the complex. Although differences observed in the relative intensities cannot directly evidence complex formation, they don t exclude this possibility. Direct evidence of TMP inclusion in the CD cavities were given from 1H-1H bidimensional ROESY spectrum, which also showed that the inclusion mode involves penetration of the trimethoxyphenyl group in HP-γ-CD. / Este trabalho envolveu a preparação e caracterização de complexo de inclusão entre Trimetoprim (TMP), substância utilizada no tratamento de infecções, em hidroxipropil- γ-ciclodextrina (HP-γ-CD), objetivando o aumento da solubilidade aquosa do convidado. A baixa solubilidade do TMP torna necessário o uso de altas dosagens, causando diversos efeitos colaterais, que em testes futuros poderão ser reduzidos pelo aumento da solubilidade do mesmo. Determinaram-se, inicialmente, alguns parâmetros físico-químicos do fármaco e, posteriormente, preparou-se o complexo do mesmo em HP-γ-CD pelo método da suspensão. A ocorrência de inclusão foi evidenciada através do aumento da solubilidade do convidado em presença de HP-γ-CD, nos estudos do diagrama de solubilidade de fases em diferentes temperaturas e pH. Obteve-se, ainda a partir destes estudos, valores de 220,7 M-1 a 20oC e 144,7M-1 a 25oC e 55410 M-1 para pH 4,0; 2188 M-1 para pH 7,0 e 123 M-1 para pH 9,0 para a constante de associação do complexo, demonstrando interações relativamente fortes. A estequiometria 1:1 para o complexo foi sugerida tanto a partir do diagrama de solubilidades quanto pelo método das variações contínuas. Evidências adicionais da inclusão foram propiciadas por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), que sugeriu que o TMP não se encontra como um sólido isolado. As análises dos difratogramas obtidos mostraram perda do padrão de ordenamento cristalino do TMP quando comparado ao difratograma do complexo, o que pode também ter resultado do processo de liofilização. A partir da análise por espectroscopia infravermelho, observou-se a presença de bandas de ambas as espécies (hospedeiro e convidado) no espectro da amostra HP-γ-CD/TMP coletada por liofilização. Contudo, diferenças observadas quanto a intensidades relativas e mascaramento de bandas não evidenciam diretamente a formação do complexo, porém não excluem tal possibilidade. De acordo com os resultados de espectroscopia de RMN 1H-1H bidimensional (ROESY), ficou evidenciada a inclusão do TMP na cavidade da HP-γ-CD, mostrando adicionalmente que a entrada na cavidade se dá através do grupo trimetoxifenila.

In terms of morbidity and mortality, dengue is considered the important human viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, caused by virus of the family Flaviridae, one of the main problems in public health in the world, due to the great potential for the development of several forma and lethal disease. Another problem about dengue control is the population of Aedes aegypti resistant to toxicity of chemical insecticides, such as temephos. This work involved the formulation and characterization of inclusion complex of essential of Lippia gracilis (LGEO), with potent larvicidal effect against Aedes Aegypti Linnaeus larvae in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), aiming to improve oil solubility in aqueous serving as a strategy for obtaining new products larvicides. Inclusion complexes were obtained by kneading and coevaporation. The complexes obtained by paste and co-evaporation was assessed the influence of the co-solvent used to preparation the complexes by paste with water (PMW), kneading with ethanol / water (PME) co-evaporation with water (COW) and co-evaporation of ethanol / water (COE) methods. The chemical LGEO constituents were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC / MS) where the complex (PMW) was superior in the inclusion of carvacrol with a content of 15.25% compared with the another techniques preparation. The complexes were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG / DTG), the moisture content by Karl-Fischer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), spectroscopy in the infrared with Fourier transform ( FTIR) and ultra violet (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and solubility tests. According to the results obtained by GC / MS the major constituent of OELG was carvacrol (46.7%). In TG / DTG and DSC revealed the complex displacement in the range of thermal degradation of the oil to higher temperature ranges indicating a gain of thermal stability. In the analyzes of (X-RD) of the complexes showed the loss of crystalline order compared to pure β-CD. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed changes in particle shapes and morphology of the complex when compared with pure β-CD. The larvicidal assay against Aedes aegypti larvae were carried out with the Rockefeller strain in the third stage (L3), and mortality was observed after 24 hs. The phase solubility diagram at different temperatures, the values of the stability complex of the constant (PMW), was demonstrates be stable and water soluble the interaction complex OELG / β-CD. Aedes aegypti larvae were susceptible to the composition of OELG, carvacrol and complex (PMW) using the method of Probit analysis. The larvicidal activity of the complex (PMW) LC50 was 33 ppm, close to that of pure oil LC50 39 ppm and may be a suitable alternative to biolarvicida dengue control programs. / Em termos de morbidade e mortalidade, a dengue é considerada atualmente a mais importante doença viral humana transmitida por mosquitos, causada por vírus da família Flaviridae, transmitida, no Brasil, através do mosquito Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, sendo um dos principais problemas de saúde pública no mundo, devido ao grande potencial para o desenvolvimento de formas graves e letais da doença. Outro problema enfrentado no controle da dengue é à existência de populações de Aedes aegypti resistentes a toxicidade de inseticidas químicos, como o temefós. Este trabalho envolveu a obtenção e caracterização do complexo de inclusão entre óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis (OELG), com atividade larvicida contra as larvas de Aedes aegypti em β-ciclodextrina (β-CD), objetivando melhorar a solubilidade do óleo em meio aquoso servindo de estratégia para obtenção de novos produtos larvicidas. Para os complexos obtidos por malaxagem e co-evaporação foi avaliada a influência do uso de um co-solvente na preparação dos complexos, pelos métodos malaxagem com água (MAH), malaxagem com etanol/água (MAE), co-evaporação com água (COH) e co-evaporação etanol/água (COE). A determinação do teor do OELG foi obtido por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massa (CG/EM), onde o complexo (MAH) mostrou-se superior na inclusão do carvacrol, com teor de 15,25 %, em relação as outras técnicas de preparação. Os complexos foram caracterizados por termogravimetria (TG/DTG), determinação do teor de umidade por Karl-Fischer, calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), difratometria de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e na região do ultra violeta (UV-vis), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e ensaios de solubilidade. Os ensaios larvicidas contra as larvas de Aedes aegypti foram realizados com as larvas da linhagem Rockefeller no terceiro estádio (L3), sendo verificado a mortalidade após 24 horas. De acordo com os resultados obtido por CG/EM o principal constituinte do OELG, foi o carvacrol (46,7%). Nas curvas TG/DTG e DSC dos complexos revelaram deslocamento no intervalo de degradação térmica do óleo para faixas de temperaturas mais elevadas indicando um ganho de estabilidade térmica. Nas análises de (DR-X) dos complexos demonstraram redução do grau de cristalinidade, quando comparado a β-CD pura. Através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) pode-se observar mudanças na morfologia do complexo, quando comparado com a β-CD pura. No estudo do diagrama de fases em diferentes temperaturas, os valores da constante de associação do complexo (MAH), demonstrou serem interações estáveis e que o complexo OELG/β-CD e solúvel em água. As larvas de Aedes Aegypti foram suscetíveis à composição do OELG, carvacrol e do complexo (MAH), utilizando o método de análise Probit. A atividade larvicida do complexo (MAH) foi de CL50 33 ppm, próxima ao do óleo puro de CL50 39 ppm, podendo ser uma alternativa biolarvicida adequada aos programas de controle da dengue.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Synthesis of ternary polyurethanes (PUs) from hexamethylenediisocyanate, β- cyclodextrin and β-glycerophosphate (acid and calcium salt) was studied varying synthesis parameters such as monomer proportion, heating method (reflux and microwave), and catalyst amount. Favorable conditions were provided by microwave irradiation and use of β-glycerophosphoric acid although the results suggest that it is possible to obtain ternary PUs with the calcium salt. FTIR data indicated the existence of secondary urea linkages. After characterization of ternary PUs by FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and thermal analysis, as well as evidences that the cyclodextrin cavities remained active toward inclusion of guest molecules, the possibility of inclusion of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin was evaluated. Absence of ciprofloxacin melting peak in DSC curves indicated that it is molecularly dispersed within the polymer, possibly included in the cyclodextrin. In vitro release experiments suggested additional non-inclusion interactions, showing also that the use of dialysis membranes may mask the actual release profile. / Nesta Tese foi estudada a síntese de poliuretanos ternários (PUs) à base de diisocianato de hexametileno, β-ciclodextrina e β -glicerofosfato (na forma de ácido e de sal de cálcio), sendo avaliados diferentes parâmetros de síntese, tais como proporção monômero, método de aquecimento (refluxo e microondas), bem como a quantidade de catalisador. As condições mais favoráveis foram fornecidas pela irradiação de microondas e a utilização de ácido β -glicerofosfórico, embora os resultados sugiram que é possível obter PU ternário com o sal de cálcio. Dados de FTIR indicaram a existência de ligações de uréia secundárias na estrutura dos poliuretanos. Após a caracterização dos PU’s ternários por espectroscopia de FTIR, XRD e análise térmica, obtiveram-se evidências de que as cavidades de β-ciclodextrina permaneceram ativas para a inclusão de moléculas hóspedes, usando-se fenolftaleína (FF) como sonda. Na seqüência, foi avaliada a possibilidade de inclusão do antibiótico ciprofloxacina. A ausência do pico de fusão ciprofloxacina em curvas de DSC indicou que este fármaco está molecularmente disperso dentro do polímero, com as moléculas possivelmente incluídas nas cavidades β-ciclodextrina. Experiências de liberação in vitro sugeriram interações não-inclusivas, mostrando também que a utilização de membranas de diálise pode mascarar o perfil de liberação efetiva.