O FBST (Full Bayesian Significance Test) é um instrumento desenvolvido por Pereira e Stern (1999) com o objetivo de apresentar uma alternativa bayesiana aos testes de hipóteses precisas. Desde sua introdução, o FBST se mostrou uma ferramenta muito útil para a solução de problemas para os quais não havia soluções freqüentistas. Esse teste, contudo, depende de que a amostra seja coletada uma única vez, após o que a distribuição a posteriori dos parâmetros é obtida e a medida de evidência, calculada. Ensejadas por esse aspecto, são apresentadas abordagens analíticas e computacionais para a extensão do FBST ao contexto de decisão seqüencial (DeGroot, 2004). É apresentado e analisado um algoritmo para a execução do FBST Seqüencial, bem como o código-fonte de um software baseado nesse algoritmo. / FBST (Full Bayesian Significance Test) is a tool developed by Pereira and Stern (1999), to show a bayesian alternative to the tests of precise hypotheses. Since its introduction, FBST has shown to be a very useful tool to solve problems to which there were no frequentist solutions. This test, however, needs that the sample be collected just one time and, after this, the parameters posterior distribution is obtained and the evidence measure, computed. Suggested by this feature, there are presented analytic and computational approaches to the extension of the FBST to the sequential decision context (DeGroot, 2004). It is presented and analyzed an algorithm to execute the Sequential FBST, as well as the source code of a software based on this algorithm.

Um eletrodo de carbono vítreo foi modificado pela deposição de uma camada de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas, funcionalizados e decorados com nanopartículas de ouro. Este eletrodo foi caracterizado por microscopia ótica, mostrando uma superfície homogeneamente recoberta. Além disto, a sua morfologia foi investigada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, onde observou-se a distribuição e o tamanho médio aproximado de 20 nm das nanopartículas de ouro. Estas nanopartículas metálicas também foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia de absorção na região do UV-vis, mostrando um máximo de absorção em aproximadamente 525nm, o que confirma o seu tamanho médio de 20 nm. Os eletrodos modificados foram caracterizados eletroquimicamente pelo seu comportamento voltamétrico em uma solução de H2SO4 0,1 mol L-1, com uma velocidade de varredura de 0,100 V s-1. Nestes experimentos, ficou evidente os picos de formação e redução do óxido de ouro em potenciais acima de 0,8 V vs Ag/AgCl. Ainda foi observado o bom funcionamento dos eletrodos pela resposta voltamétrica do par redox [Ru(NH3)6]Cl2 / [Ru(NH3)6]Cl3 em meio de KCl. O desempenho deste eletrodo modificado para a oxidação dos pesticidas carbaril, etil-paration, malation e carbendazim foi investigado por voltametria de onda quadrada em tampão fosfato pH 7, porém apenas o inseticida e fungicida carbendazim mostrou eletroatividade. Desta forma, os estudos posteriores se focaram neste pesticida. O voltamograma cíclico do carbendazim mostrou um pico de oxidação e, na varredura reversa, um pico bem menor de redução. Isto sugeriu um mecanismo EC e um esquema da reação de oxidação foi proposto. Com o perfil voltamétrico estabelecido, a voltametria de onda quadrada foi utilizada para a determinação da curva analítica para o pesticida. Com todos os parâmetros da voltametria de onda quadrada otimizados, uma dependência linear da corrente de pico de oxidação com a concentração de carbendazim foi obtida, com a equação: Ip = 0,1 + 4,30 [carbendazim], com r2 = 0,9911 (n = 5). Esta curva analítica mostrou que a metodologia apresenta um limite de detecção de 17 x 10-8 mol L-1. Esta metodologia foi empregada na determinação de carbendazim em amostras de suco de laranja contaminadas artificialmente. A utilização de um teste t, de Student, mostrou que os valores recuperados pela voltametria não apresentaram qualquer diferença significante em relação àqueles adicionados às amostras. Assim, esta metodologia foi validada para a utilização na análise de suco de laranja contaminado com carbendazim / A glassy carbon electrode was modified by depositing a layer of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, functionalized and decorated with gold nanoparticles. This electrode was characterized by optical microscopy, showing a evenly coated surface. In addition, the morphology was investigated by transmission electron microscopy, where the distribution and the average size of 20 nm of the gold nanoparticles were observed. These metal nanoparticles were also characterized by absorption spectroscopy in the UV-vis region showing an absorption maximum at approximately 525 nm, which confirms their average size of 20 nm. The modified electrodes were electrochemically characterized by its voltammetric behavior in a 0.1 mol L-1H2SO4 solution, with a scanning rate of 0.100 V s-1. In these experiments, it became clear the formation and reduction of gold oxide peaks at potentials above 0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl. It was also observed the proper functioning of the electrodes for the voltammetric response of the redox couple [Ru(NH3)6]Cl2/[Ru(NH3)6]Cl3 in a KCl electrolyte. The performance of the modified electrode for the oxidation of the pesticides: carbaryl, ethyl-parathion, malathion and carbendazim was investigated by square wave voltammetry in phosphate buffer, pH 7, but only the insecticide and fungicide carbendazim showed electroactivity. Thus, future studies focused on this pesticide. The cyclic voltammogram of carbendazim in phosphate buffer showed an oxidation peak and in the reverse scan, a much smaller reduction one. It suggested an EC mechanism and an oxidation reaction scheme was proposed. With the voltammetric profile established, square wave voltammetry was used to determine the calibration curve for the pesticide. With all square wave voltammetric parameters optimized, a linear dependence of the oxidation peak current with the concentration of carbendazim was obtained, with equation: Ip = 0.1 ± 4.30 [carbendazim] with r2 = 0, 9911 (n = 5). This calibration curve showed that the method has a detection limit of 17 x 10-8mol L-1. This methodology was used in the determination of carbendazim in orange juice samples artificially contaminated. A t-test of Student showed that the amounts recovered by voltammetry showed no significant difference in relation to those added to the samples. Thus, this methodology has been validated for use in analysis of orange juice contaminated with carbendazim

The accuracy of modern digital human models has led to the development of human simulation engines capable of performing a complex analysis of the biometrics and kinematics / dynamics of a digital model. While the capabilities of these simulations have seen much progress in recent years, they are hindered by a fundamental limitation regarding the diversity of the models compatible with the simulation engine, which in turn results in a reduction in the scope of the applications available to the simulation. This is typically due to the necessary implementation of a musculoskeletal structure within the model, as well as the inherent mass and inertial data that accompany it. As a result a significant amount of time and expertise is required to make a digital human model compatible with the simulation. In this research I present a solution to this limitation by outlining a process to develop a set of mutually compatible human models that spans the range of feasible body shapes and allows for a “free” exploration of body shape within the shape manifold. Additionally, a method is presented to represent the human body shapes with a reduction of dimensionality, via a spectral shape descriptor, that enables a statistical analysis that is both more computationally efficient and anthropometrically accurate than traditional methods. This statistical analysis is then used to develop a set of representative models that succinctly represent the full scope of human body shapes across the population, with applications reaching beyond the research-oriented simulations into commercial human-centered product design and digital modeling.

Kauno gubernijos Statistikos komitetas buvo įkurtas 1843 m. Pagrindinis jo darbo tikslas – rinkti statistinę informaciją apie guberniją. Tačiau jau nuo pat jo veiklos pradžios nebuvo apsiribota vien tik reikalaujamų duomenų rinkimu, bet buvo kaupiamos ir įvairios žinios apie gubernijos istoriją, archeologiją ir etnografiją. / Kaunas Province Statistic Committee was established in 1843. The main goal - to collect statistical information about the province. But its inception was not restricted to only the required data collection, but it was stored all sorts of information about the provinces history, archeology and ethnography.

Feature extraction is an important step in the classification of high-dimensional data such as face images. Furthermore, linear feature extractors are more prevalent due to computational efficiency and preservation of the Gaussianity. This research proposes a simple and fast linear feature extractor approximating the sufficient statistic for Gaussian distributions. This method preserves the discriminatory information in both first and second moments of the data and yields the linear discriminant analysis as a special case. Additionally, an accurate upper bound on the error probability of a plug-in classifier can be used to approximate the number of features minimizing the error probability. Therefore, tighter error bounds are derived in this work based on the Bayes error or the classification error on the trained distributions. These bounds can also be used for performance guarantee and to determine the required number of training samples to guarantee approaching the Bayes classifier performance.

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La puissance de fuite est devenue une préoccupation majeure pour les concepteurs de circuits intégrés depuis le nœud technologique 65 nm. En outre, ces fuites sont largement impactées par la variabilité technologique qui augmente nœud après nœud. C'est pourquoi des approches statistiques, qui estiment analytiquement la distribution du courant de fuite d'un circuit, sont des techniques nouvelles et prometteuses pour les technologies avancées. Dans ce cadre, ce travail propose une méthodologie au niveau circuit, capable d’analyser la puissance de fuite, et compatible avec les contraintes de temps de conception et les flots numériques. Un premier résultat de cette étude est de déterminer les paramètres de processus physiques prédominants de la variation de la consommation de puissance statique pour un noeud de la technologie de 32 nm . Pour le travail préliminaire, nous avons utilisé un modèle de PSP 32nm afin de déterminer les paramètres physiques dominants de variation de fuite d' impact. Nous avons constaté que , à l'alimentation nominale , un processus paramètre soit la longueur de grille est le principal contributeur à la propagation de la variation de fuite et n'a plus qu'à être envisagée. Il est montré que, compte tenu seulement un ou deux paramètres peut être suffisant pour obtenir un résultat satisfaisant. Deuxièmement, l'impact des variations globales et locales sur la variabilité de fuite dans la technologie 32nm est analysé. Enfin, un nouveau portail niveau méthodologie statistique pour estimer la consommation d'énergie de fuite des circuits CMOS numériques complexes , en tenant compte des états d'entrée et les variations de processus est proposé en technologie 32nm . L' estimation des fuites statistique est basée sur une pré- caractérisation des cellules de bibliothèques tenant compte des corrélations entre les cellules fuites . Il stocke toutes les informations statistiques ( moyenne, variance pour chaque état de la cellule / entrée ) sous forme de tableau . Le temps de calcul des cellules statistique caractérisation de bibliothèque de fuite est compatible avec les flux existants. Suivant une formulation mathématique est proposé et inséré dans un flot de conception afin d'estimer la distribution de fuite de circuit . Cette méthodologie est validée sur des circuits de différents niveaux de complexité . La méthodologie proposée est simple, rapide et peut être facilement confondu avec le flux existant de conception CAD . La moyenne et la variance des cellules individuelles de fuite , qui sont ensuite combinées pour trouver le courant du circuit de fuite total se caractérisent d'abord. Pour une analyse détaillée , les corrélations entre les cellules et la longueur avec l'état des entrées sont également considérés . Puis , on introduit une formule pour calculer la fuite total du circuit en utilisant la matrice de corrélation , et la moyenne ( μ ) et la variance ( σ2 ) de chacune des cellules . Pour valider cette méthode, les comparaisons sont faites avec Monte Carlo et rapide Spice Simulator (XA) . La méthodologie complète a été validé sur les différents niveaux de circuits de complexité , les résultats présentés pour un plus grand complexe IP ( APIP) qui est constitué de cellules 11475 . Notre approche proposée plus rapide pour les grands IP ( 11K portes ) est près de 400 fois plus que simulateur spice rapide ( XA) . / Leakage power has become a top concern for IC designers in advanced technology nodes (65nm and below) because it has increased by 30-50% the total IC power consumption. In addition, the leakage is largely impacted by the process variations which are increasing node after node. That’s why statistical leakage estimation, which analytically estimates the leakage-current distribution of a circuit, is a new and promising technique for leakage estimation in the deep-sub micron era. The objective of this work is to propose a circuit-level methodology to analyze leakage power, compatible with design time constraints and digital flows. A first result of this work is the determination of the predominant physical process parameters for static power consumption variation for a 32 nm technology node. For the preliminary work we have used a 32nm PSP model in order to determine the dominant physical parameters that impact leakage variation. We have found that, at nominal power supply, one process parameter i.e. gate length is the main contributor to the leakage variation spread and has only to be considered. It is shown that considering only one or two parameters may be enough to get a satisfactory result. Secondly, the impact of global and local variations on leakage variability in 32nm technology is analyzed. Finally, a new gate level statistical methodology to estimate the leakage power consumption of CMOS complex digital circuits, taking into account input states and process variations is proposed in 32nm technology. The statistical leakage estimation is based on a pre-characterization of library cells considering correlations between cells leakages. It stores all statistical information (mean, variance for each cell/input state) in tabular form. Computation time of cells statistical leakage library characterization is compatible with existing flows. Next a mathematical formulation is proposed and inserted into a design flow to estimate circuit leakage distribution. This methodology is validated on circuits of different levels of complexity. The proposed methodology is simple, fast and can be easily merged with existing CAD design flow. The mean and variance of leakage individual cells, which are then combined to find the total leakage current of the circuit are characterized first. For a detailed analysis, the correlations between the cells and the length with the status of inputs are also considered. Then, a formula is introduced for calculating the total leakage from the circuit using the correlation matrix, and the mean (μ) and the variance (σ2) of each of the cells. To validate this methodology, comparisons are made with Monte Carlo and Fast Spice Simulator (XA). The complete methodology had been validated on different level of complexity circuits, results shown for a bigger complex IP (APIP) which consists of 11475 cells. Our proposed approach faster for large IP (11K gates) is nearly 400 times than fast spice simulator (XA).

In my thesis I deal with the interactive teaching functions and statistics thanks to computer learining materials I have created. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is theoretical, that contains basic educational knowledge about teaching functions, statistics and mathematics in general. The second part is devoted to the description of learning environment and learning materials. In the third part i tis described the research done in the second year of secondary school.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-24T12:22:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusaraujo.pdf: 4473223 bytes, checksum: 20a2e9096b36c11bf249fc1b9983987e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-24T12:55:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusaraujo.pdf: 4473223 bytes, checksum: 20a2e9096b36c11bf249fc1b9983987e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-24T12:56:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusaraujo.pdf: 4473223 bytes, checksum: 20a2e9096b36c11bf249fc1b9983987e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T12:56:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcusviniciusaraujo.pdf: 4473223 bytes, checksum: 20a2e9096b36c11bf249fc1b9983987e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-18 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo instigar nos leitores que tenham acesso a ele,um olhar mais crítico e questionador em relação aos gráficos estatísticos que surgem diariamente na mídia, e também servir como material de apoio em uma aula de Estatística, esclarecendo aos discentes a importância da compreensão de tal conteúdo para um pleno exercer da cidadania. Para atingir a tais fins, o mesmo foi dividido em duas partes. A primeira, um referencial teórico, traz uma revisão sobre os conceitos iniciais da Estatística, mais especificamente sobre as estruturas necessárias para compreensão e construção de gráficos. A segunda, um estudo de cinco casos (cinco gráficos estatísticos divulgados pela mídia) e as respectivas análises sobre cada um deles, pretende assim levar o leitor a uma postura mais amadurecida e cautelosa perante os mesmos. / This study aims to entice in readers who have access to it, a look more critical and questioning in relation to the statistical graphs that appear daily in the media, and also serveassupportmaterialinaStatisticsclass,explainingtostudentstheimportanceofsuch content understanding to a full exercise of citizenship. To achieve such purposes, it was divided into two parts. The first, a theoretical referential, provides a review of the initial concepts of Statistics, more specifically on the structures necessary for understanding and building graphics. The second one, a study of five cases (five statistical charts released by the media) and the analysis of each of them, plans to take the reader to become aware of such material to a more mature and cautious stance towards them.

A major financial sector reform program has been implemented in Ghana since the early 1980s, involving financial liberalization and institutional reforms. Financial reforms became necessary, because the pre-reform policies together with acute and prolonged economic crisis had severely damaged the financial system. In the early 1990s, the government launched financial market liberalization policies under the financial sector adjustment program to restructure the distressed banks and clean up nonperforming assets in order to restore banks to profitability and viability. The study investigated the market structure of Ghana's banking industry and determined whether the market structure has been changed after the financial restructuring. This study specifically measures the degree of competition of the banking system in Ghana by using the H-statistic. Various studies on the degree of competition were reviewed. This study employs a widely used nonstructural methodology put forward by Panzar and Rosse (1987)--the H-statistic-- and draws upon comprehensive average annual data from the various issues of the Bank of Ghana annual reports from 1988 to 2008. Maximum likelihood techniques were used to estimate the model. Based on the reported H-statistic for pre and postliberalization (2.35657 and 3.27530 respectively), it can be concluded that Ghana's banks are operating under perfect competition. However, the test for a change in competition status at the time of liberalization was not significant, indicating no evidence of a change in competition as a result of liberalization. The result of the market equilibrium reveals that the market equilibrium equals zero, revealing the existence of long-run equilibrium making the Panzar and Rosse model meaningful to interpret. The findings are consistent with the results obtained by Yuan (2006) who found Chinese banking market to be near perfect competition. This study has extended and strengthened some earlier results on bank competition in Ghana. However, the results of this study are different from the study undertaken by Buchs and Mathisen (2005), who found Ghanaian banking markets to operate under monopolistic conditions without considering the effect of liberalization. Three innovations of the current study are the use of comprehensive data source, the consideration of longer period of time covering two decades (1988-2008) and the incorporation of liberalization factors. Overall, the Panzar and Rosse model is regarded as a valuable tool for assessing the banking market conditions in Ghana. Since a bank's revenue is more likely to be observable than output prices and quantities or actual costs.