The purpose of this study was to examine group perpetrated antigay violence. Specifically, the effects of MGRS, peer dynamics, and increases in negative affect on antigay aggression were examined. The differential utility of aggression toward gay and heterosexual targets in relieving a state of negative affect (e.g., anger, fear) was also evaluated. Participants completed questionnaires that included a measure of MGRS, and then were assigned to one of three group conditions(individual, stranger, and friend). Participants then viewed a video depicting male-male intimacy and competed in the TAP against either a fictitious gay or heterosexual opponent. Results showed a main effect for condition, such that higher levels of aggression were observed in the group, relative to the individual, conditions. Analyses also revealed a significant positive relation between MGRS and aggression among participants competing with a stranger against a heterosexual opponent. Neither condition nor opponent differentially predicted changes in negative affect.

The past 20 years have seen a growing interest amongst researchers into indirect forms of aggression and bullying. The evidence suggests that covert forms of aggression are largely used by adolescent girls as a means of inflicting harm on another and that the effects of such interactions can be detrimental to the individual's psychological and emotional well-being. This study aims to explore the social experiences of four adolescent girls, with particular reference to indirect aggression practices that they may have encountered. Data was collected in the form of unstructured interviews, which were conducted with each participant separately. Prominent themes were then identified and explored by the researcher. This was done from a systemic epistemological stance within the post-modern paradigm. A qualitative methodological design was followed allowing for the personal experiences and meaning attributions of each participant to come to the fore. The study's results were presented in the form of descriptive text with particular reference to the systemic processes that came to the fore. Overall, the study explicated the unique experiences of four adolescent girls with indirect aggression and how these experiences are interwoven with systemic processes that take place in social groups. / Psychology / M. A. (Clinical Psychology)

The aim of this thesis was to find out basic information about the aggressive behavior of children of primary school. The theoretical section defines the basic concepts - aggression and aggressiveness, as well as the work deals with the causes of aggressive behavior in children, as reflected in aggressive behavior and seeks solutions to remedy and prevent aggression of children of primary school. The practical part examines whether children know what is aggressive behavior that had already met with this behavior if he knew what to do if someone is hurt, whether students trust their teachers and to whom is entrusted. The work examines who behaves aggressively in school, how teachers punish aggressors, and that learning about the issue of his pupils. Everything is examined using a questionnaire for pupils and teachers. Tested are specified hypothetical statements. At the end of the work is the final summary of the data examined.

Aggression in dogs is a significant public health concern with 7.2 mortality cases per 100 million inhabitants and approximately 4.7 million dog bites annually. Canine aggression is typically viewed as a genetic trait and treated as pathology through the use of medical or respondent behavioral procedures. In this study the effects of the differential negative reinforcement of safe, alternative behaviors to aggression using distancing as the reinforcer were evaluated. The results demonstrated that even when the aggression was in evidence throughout most of the dog's lifetime, it responded quickly to changes in reinforcement contingencies.

This study investigated if girls and boys high in ADHD symptomology exhibited and experienced relational and overt aggression differently than boys and girls without ADHD symptoms using peer, parent and teacher ratings. A measurement of social behavior for parent ratings was also validated. Using archival data, 371 3rd- 6th graders from a north Texas school district participated in the study, along with a parent or guardian and teachers. Results supported that ADHD subtype predicted more overt aggression according to parents and teachers but not peers. ADHD subtype did not predict more relational aggression but ADHD symptomology did. Contrary to past research, gender did not moderate relational aggression or internalizing symptoms from relational victimization. Furthermore, a parent version of the Child Social Behavior Scale was found to effectively measure relational, overt and prosocial behavior. Limitations, future directions and implications are discussed.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskan riskerar i sin yrkesroll att utsättas för våld på sin arbetsplats. Enligt lag skall arbetsgivaren tillse att personal har tillräcklig utbildning för att motverka ohälsa och olycka på arbetsplatsen. Våldspreventiva utbildningar är en metod som kan användas för att minska problemet med våld på arbetsplatsen. Dock finns det begränsat med forskning som visar vilken effekt våldspreventiva utbildning har. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka vilka faktorer i våldspreventiva utbildningar av sjuksköterskor som påverkar effekten av genomförd utbildning. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en litteraturstudie med en kvantitativ ansats. Data har samlats ur tio kvalitetsgranskade vetenskapliga artiklar. Tre teman av betydelse för våldspreventiva utbildningar identifierades i analysen; undervisningsmetod, utbildningsinnehåll och undervisningstid vilka användes för att kategorisera resultatet. Resultat: Effekten av våldspreventiv utbildning diskuterades i relation till respektive tema där det framkom signifikanta samband mellan att utbilda i deskalering samt effekt av utbildning. Även utbildning i riskbedömning genom användandet av en riskbedömningsskala gav effekt. Workshops visade sig vara en effektiv form av undervisning. Inget samband kunde hittas mellan tidsfaktorn och effekten av utbildningen. Konklusion: Resultatet i litteraturstudien visade att utbildning i våldsdeskalerade metoder samt riskbedömning av patienter var effektivt och att våldsförebyggande utbildningar företrädesvis bör ges i form av workshops. / Background: Nurses are at risk of being subjected to workplace violence. By Swedish law, the employer is obligated to prevent the risk of work-related injuries and accidents. Courses in violence prevention is a way of reducing these risks but little research is done on the effectiveness in prevention. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate which factors in violence prevention courses for nurses that affect the effectiveness of the courses. Method: A literature review with a quantitative approach was used to investigate the subject. The sample was ten published empirical studies that were assessed for quality by the authors. Results: The result was categorized in course content, course method and course time. Effect was discussed in conjunction with each category and the results showed that courses with de-escalation gave significant results. Also courses that included risk assessment showed significance. Courses that used workshops as a primary method of training participants were effective. How long the courses were did not seem to affect the effectiveness. Conclusion: Results show that courses including de-escalation and risk assessment are effective in training nurses to avoid workplace violence and workshops are an effective method to teach violence prevention.

Sixty percent of youth indicate exposure to violence. Such exposure is a noted risk factor for youths' well-being, including cognitive, emotional, and behavioral development. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding whether exposure to violence predicts impaired academic performance. The purpose of this quantitative study was to test a model with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional sequelae of exposure as mediators of the relationship between exposure to violence and academic performance among adolescents who are at risk for exposure and attend inner-city high schools. Ninety-nine students, primarily female and African-American, in Grades 10 to 12 at two public schools in a major mid-Atlantic metropolitan district completed self-report measures for exposure to violence, aggressive behavior, aggressive cognitions, psychoemotional distress, and academic performance. A series of linear regressions was used for mediational analysis. Path coefficients were interpreted to test the proposed causal model. Consistent with previous research, a weak, but statistically significant bivariate relationship was found between exposure and grade point average (GPA). However, the relationship was indirect, mediated by students' aggressive cognitions: Higher levels of aggressive cognitions provided the best predictors of negative relationships exposure to violence with GPA. These findings have important social change implications. In particular, findings suggest that educators, parents, and mental health professionals can strengthen academic performance among adolescents with higher academic potential who are exposed to violence by offering support for positive coping styles and alternatives to attitudes that normalize aggression.

Using a two-wave APIM Structural Equation Model, this study investigated how husband and wife attachment styles predict husband and wife covert relational aggression one year later with husband and wife shame as potential moderating variables. Data was taken from 308 married couples in waves three and four of the Flourishing Families project using self-report and partner report of spouse questionnaires. Findings showed that an individual's attachment insecurity predicts their use of relational aggression. Wives' relational aggression is predicted by an increase in husbands' relational aggression. An increase in wives' insecure attachment had less of an impact on husbands' relationally aggressive behavior. Shame predicts the use of relational aggression. Shame moderates some of the actor and partner relationships, showing that in certain cases, as shame increases the relationship between attachment strategy and relational aggression also increases. Clinicians are advised to assess and treat partners as a couple as one partner's attachment and shame may affect the other's behavior, and those high in shame and insecure attachment are more likely to use covert relational aggression.

Våldet i samhället ökar. Detta våld sprider sig in på våra arbetsplatser så även inom hälso- och sjukvården. Sjukvårdpersonalen är utbildad i att vårda patienten utifrån omvårdnadsforskning och vetenskapliga medicinska rön. Verbala och fysiska aggressioner kan försvåra omhändertagandet. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka förekomsten och upplevelserna av hot och våld inom somatisk vård. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar kunde inkluderas efter att ha granskats och analyserats. Resultatet visade att hot och våld är vanligt förekommande inom somatisk vård. Det inverkade på arbetsmiljön genom att sjuksköterskorna kände sig stressade vid vetskapen om att de kunde utsättas för hot- eller våldssituationer. Uppskattningar om förekomsten av hot och våld pekade också på att det fanns ett stort mörkertal av antal incidenter. Studien visade att de utsatta sjuksköterskorna upplevde hot- och våldincidenter olika exempelvis med rädsla, ilska eller skuld. För att förbättra situationen måste framför allt utbildning i att hantera aggressiva situationer förekomma, med början redan under sjuksköterskeutbildningen och sedan kontinuerligt under yrkesverksamheten. / The violence in society of today is increasing. This violence spreads into our workplaces even into medical services. Hospital staff is educated in taking care of patients on the basis of nursing science and medical experiences. Verbal and physical aggressions may complicate the care. The aim of this review was to look into the incidence and experience of threats and violence in somatic care. Ten scientific articles were included, analyzed and scrutinized. The result showed that the frequency of threats and violence is high in somatic care. It affects the work environment because the nursing staff is aware of the possibility of being exposed to violence. The estimate frequency of threats and violence could even by higher since a lot of incidences were not reported. The review revealed that the nurses exposed to threats and violence experienced different feelings, such as fear, anger and guilt. To improve the situation for both the patients and the working staff a continuous education in handling violent situation is recommended by the authors, starting in nursing schools.

Работа посвящена исследованию особенностей агональной коммуникации в современных социальных сетях. Объектом исследования выступает англоязычный агональный дискурс в онлайн-среде социальных сетей, предметом – агональность как популярный тип поведения подростков, молодежи в онлайн-среде социальных сетей и лексико-синтаксические средства его объективации в английском языке. Цель исследования: описать специфику агонального поведения пользователей интернет-сообщества в сравнении двух лингвокультур. Материалом исследования послужили комментарии пользователей социальных сетей Вконтакте, Facebook, Instagram и Twitter. Дискурс в социальных сетях – тексты и высказывания, которые помогают сочетать устный и письменный варианты коммуникации. В ходе проведенного исследования на материале англоязычных комментариев в социальных сетях Facebook, Twitter и Instagram мы пришли к выводу о том, что коммуникативно-прагматические особенности агональности реализуются в виде так называемых издевательств, а именно словесных угроз, оскорблений, саркастических замечаний, адресованных другим лицам, уничижительным сравнением и даже обсценной лексикой. Выделяются такие виды киберагрессии как троллинг, флейминг, хейтинг, кибербуллинг и киберсталкинг. Интернет-среда нарушает нормы языка в процессе общения, разрешая пользователям пренебрегать существующими грамматическими (морфологическими, синтаксическими) правилами, что приводит к появлению перечисленных в данной работе отклонений. Все это свидетельствует о демократизации языка, его обновлении и развитии, коммуникативном новаторстве. В 34 % случаях агональность репрезентирована негативно-окрашенными сравнениями; агональность проявляется оценочными суждениями, негативно-окрашенной и обсценной лексикой, бранью (21 %); гипербола и антономасия передают агрессию имплицитно посредством преувеличения (гипербола) или переименования (антономасия) (18 %); стилистический прием парадокса (15 %). Такие цифры говорят о достаточно высоком уровне агрессивности поведения в цифровой среде. / The work is devoted to the study of the features of agonal communication in modern social networks. The object of the study is the English-language agonal discourse in the online environment of social networks, the subject is agonality as a popular type of behavior of adolescents and youth in the online environment of social networks and lexical and syntactic means of its objectification in English. The purpose of the study is to describe the specifics of the agonal behavior of Internet community users in comparison of two linguistic cultures. Instagram Facebook, Instagram and Twitter social media users' comments served as the research material. Discourse in social networks – texts and statements that help to combine oral and written communication options. Instagram Facebook, Twitter and Instagram social networks, we came to the conclusion that the communicative and pragmatic features of agonality are realized in the form of so-called bullying, namely verbal threats, insults, sarcastic remarks addressed to other persons, derogatory comparison and even obscene vocabulary. There are such types of cyber aggression as trolling, flaming, heiting, cyberbullying and cyberstalking. The Internet environment violates the norms of language in the process of communication, allowing users to neglect the existing grammatical (morphological, syntactic) rules, which leads to the appearance of the deviations listed in this work. All this testifies to the democratization of the language, its renewal and development, and communicative innovation. In 34% of cases, agonality is represented by negatively colored comparisons; agonality is manifested by value judgments, negatively-colored and obscene vocabulary, swearing (21%); hyperbole and antonomasia convey aggression implicitly through exaggeration (hyperbole) or renaming (antonomasia) (18%); stylistic paradox technique (15%). Such figures indicate a fairly high level of aggressive behavior in the digital environment.