In order to better understand the specific mechanisms that may hinder high educational achievement among Latino students, this study explored the impact of parental working hours on parental involvement and school outcomes across three generations of Mexican-American youth. Results from a longitudinal data set revealed that constrained parental availability, related to increased working hours, had an impact on the amount of parental involvement for third generation students, but not on their academic outcomes. For first-generation students, parental monitoring (a form of parental involvement) was a significant positive predictor for grade 8 and 10 reading scores as well as high school completion among second-generation students. Results from this study suggest that increased parental monitoring may be beneficial for higher academic outcomes for first and second generation students. Future research will need to investigate what types of parental involvement may influence third generation students.

In order to better understand the specific mechanisms that may hinder high educational achievement among Latino students, this study explored the impact of parental working hours on parental involvement and school outcomes across three generations of Mexican-American youth. Results from a longitudinal data set revealed that constrained parental availability, related to increased working hours, had an impact on the amount of parental involvement for third generation students, but not on their academic outcomes. For first-generation students, parental monitoring (a form of parental involvement) was a significant positive predictor for grade 8 and 10 reading scores as well as high school completion among second-generation students. Results from this study suggest that increased parental monitoring may be beneficial for higher academic outcomes for first and second generation students. Future research will need to investigate what types of parental involvement may influence third generation students.

In 1990, Chile made a successful transition from the authoritarian dictatorship that had ruled the country since 1973 to a democratically elected government. The authoritarian regime was characterized by massive and systemic practices of human rights abuses, and it left an official toll of 5,000 deaths, about 2000 of which constitute “detained and disappeared people”, and an additional 27,000 people who have been officially recognized as victims of torture. These figures do not take into account the unknown numbers of Chilean exiles, or those who were internally displaced or who lost their jobs due to their suspected political affiliations. The human cost of the military regime has continued to be one of the most enduring issues confronting the post-authoritarian Chilean nation. This thesis builds on the work of critical researchers who locate the Chilean authoritarian regime in the transnational politics of the Cold War and their effect in implementing neo-liberalism in Chile. This literature demonstrates that terror was a constitutive, rather than an incidental, element of neo-liberal governmentality: governmentality that inscribed itself on Chilean bodies through terror practices and that remains unscathed through the transition to democracy. With that premise in mind I explore, through a historical analysis of major conjunctures in the history of human rights debates in Chile, how the post-authoritarian nation accounts for the human rights legacies of authoritarianism while obscuring the continuity of authoritarian governmentality. I propose that human rights constitute a biopolitical governmental regime that in a manner comparable to the authoritarian terror captures human life within the realm of state power. As a regime, human rights submit experiences of terror to specific power-knowledge technologies that render terror intelligible, manageable and governable. Rather than promoting essential values of truth and justice, the human rights regime produces specific discourses of truth and justice as well as specific discourses of subjectivity and nation. In concrete terms, this thesis explores how the post-authoritarian nation and it subjects use the human rights regime to discursively construct a national truth in order to promote and protect specific governmental arrangements.

In 1990, Chile made a successful transition from the authoritarian dictatorship that had ruled the country since 1973 to a democratically elected government. The authoritarian regime was characterized by massive and systemic practices of human rights abuses, and it left an official toll of 5,000 deaths, about 2000 of which constitute “detained and disappeared people”, and an additional 27,000 people who have been officially recognized as victims of torture. These figures do not take into account the unknown numbers of Chilean exiles, or those who were internally displaced or who lost their jobs due to their suspected political affiliations. The human cost of the military regime has continued to be one of the most enduring issues confronting the post-authoritarian Chilean nation. This thesis builds on the work of critical researchers who locate the Chilean authoritarian regime in the transnational politics of the Cold War and their effect in implementing neo-liberalism in Chile. This literature demonstrates that terror was a constitutive, rather than an incidental, element of neo-liberal governmentality: governmentality that inscribed itself on Chilean bodies through terror practices and that remains unscathed through the transition to democracy. With that premise in mind I explore, through a historical analysis of major conjunctures in the history of human rights debates in Chile, how the post-authoritarian nation accounts for the human rights legacies of authoritarianism while obscuring the continuity of authoritarian governmentality. I propose that human rights constitute a biopolitical governmental regime that in a manner comparable to the authoritarian terror captures human life within the realm of state power. As a regime, human rights submit experiences of terror to specific power-knowledge technologies that render terror intelligible, manageable and governable. Rather than promoting essential values of truth and justice, the human rights regime produces specific discourses of truth and justice as well as specific discourses of subjectivity and nation. In concrete terms, this thesis explores how the post-authoritarian nation and it subjects use the human rights regime to discursively construct a national truth in order to promote and protect specific governmental arrangements.

Le Popol Vuh, récit historique du peuple maya quiché, a été traduit des dizaines de fois. Jusqu’au milieu du 20e siècle, bon nombre de ces traductions se fondaient sur la version réalisée en 1861 par Brasseur de Bourbourg, un missionnaire français. Pour souligner le travail du traducteur, nous avons étudié sa traduction non pas d’un point de vue comparatif des deux textes, mais du point de vue du paratexte, c’est-à-dire ce qui entoure le texte (page de titre, préface, notes, illustrations, etc.). Pour ce faire, nous avons dressé le cadre théorique du paratexte à l’appui des écrits de Genette et de Lane, puis nous l’avons appliqué à celui de la traduction du Popol Vuh de Brasseur de Bourbourg. D’une taille colossale, ce paratexte nous renseigne sur ce qui a motivé le travail du traducteur et sur ce qu’il a fait. L’étude de son avant-propos nous indique clairement que son but est de faire connaître la culture des Amériques sous un jour nouveau, et le Popol Vuh est pour lui l’exemple parfait d’une richesse littéraire, historique et culturelle jusque-là largement ignorée. Cette partie du paratexte de Brasseur de Bourbourg nous prépare à la lecture, alors que les nombreuses notes de bas de page nous guident pendant celle-ci. Force est toutefois d’admettre que le paratexte de cet ouvrage est si imposant qu’il porte ombrage à la traduction. Bref, l’étude du paratexte nous amène à aborder la traduction de Brasseur de Bourbourg d’un oeil critique, en fonction de ce que nous dit le paratexte. La lecture du paratexte et la connaissance de ses tenants et aboutissants devraient donc faire d’un simple lecteur un véritable lecteur averti, qu’il s’agisse d’une traduction ou de tout autre texte. / The Popol Vuh is a historical tale of the Maya Quiché people which has been translated many times. Until the mid 20th century, many of those translations were based on Brasseur de Bourbourg’s version published in 1861. In order to situate the translator’s work, we approached his translation from the perspective of paratext, i.e. what ccompanies the text (title page, preface, footnotes, illustrations, etc.), rather than comparing the source text to the translation. In order to do so, we have established the paratext’s theoretical framework, based on the works published by Genette and Lane, and we have applied it to Brasseur de Bourbourg’s translation of the Popol Vuh. Brasseur de Bourbourg’s paratext is colossal; it allows us to understand what motivated his work and what he has done. The study of the translator’s preface clearly demonstrates that his goal was to present the culture of the Americas from a different standpoint, and the Popol Vuh is, for him, the perfect example of a rich literary, historical and cultural heritage that has long been overlooked. The preface to the translation prepares the reader to read the text, whereas the many footnotes guide him when he’s reading the translation. Nevertheless, the amount of paratext is so imposing that it overshadows the actual translation. In short, paratext analysis allows us to look critically and advisedly at Brasseur de Bourbourg’s translation, with a good knowledge of what paratext actually tells us. Therefore, reading the paratext and being aware of its meaning should transform a simple reader into a well-informed and critical reader, whether it is a translation or any other kind of document.

Le Popol Vuh, récit historique du peuple maya quiché, a été traduit des dizaines de fois. Jusqu’au milieu du 20e siècle, bon nombre de ces traductions se fondaient sur la version réalisée en 1861 par Brasseur de Bourbourg, un missionnaire français. Pour souligner le travail du traducteur, nous avons étudié sa traduction non pas d’un point de vue comparatif des deux textes, mais du point de vue du paratexte, c’est-à-dire ce qui entoure le texte (page de titre, préface, notes, illustrations, etc.). Pour ce faire, nous avons dressé le cadre théorique du paratexte à l’appui des écrits de Genette et de Lane, puis nous l’avons appliqué à celui de la traduction du Popol Vuh de Brasseur de Bourbourg. D’une taille colossale, ce paratexte nous renseigne sur ce qui a motivé le travail du traducteur et sur ce qu’il a fait. L’étude de son avant-propos nous indique clairement que son but est de faire connaître la culture des Amériques sous un jour nouveau, et le Popol Vuh est pour lui l’exemple parfait d’une richesse littéraire, historique et culturelle jusque-là largement ignorée. Cette partie du paratexte de Brasseur de Bourbourg nous prépare à la lecture, alors que les nombreuses notes de bas de page nous guident pendant celle-ci. Force est toutefois d’admettre que le paratexte de cet ouvrage est si imposant qu’il porte ombrage à la traduction. Bref, l’étude du paratexte nous amène à aborder la traduction de Brasseur de Bourbourg d’un oeil critique, en fonction de ce que nous dit le paratexte. La lecture du paratexte et la connaissance de ses tenants et aboutissants devraient donc faire d’un simple lecteur un véritable lecteur averti, qu’il s’agisse d’une traduction ou de tout autre texte. / The Popol Vuh is a historical tale of the Maya Quiché people which has been translated many times. Until the mid 20th century, many of those translations were based on Brasseur de Bourbourg’s version published in 1861. In order to situate the translator’s work, we approached his translation from the perspective of paratext, i.e. what ccompanies the text (title page, preface, footnotes, illustrations, etc.), rather than comparing the source text to the translation. In order to do so, we have established the paratext’s theoretical framework, based on the works published by Genette and Lane, and we have applied it to Brasseur de Bourbourg’s translation of the Popol Vuh. Brasseur de Bourbourg’s paratext is colossal; it allows us to understand what motivated his work and what he has done. The study of the translator’s preface clearly demonstrates that his goal was to present the culture of the Americas from a different standpoint, and the Popol Vuh is, for him, the perfect example of a rich literary, historical and cultural heritage that has long been overlooked. The preface to the translation prepares the reader to read the text, whereas the many footnotes guide him when he’s reading the translation. Nevertheless, the amount of paratext is so imposing that it overshadows the actual translation. In short, paratext analysis allows us to look critically and advisedly at Brasseur de Bourbourg’s translation, with a good knowledge of what paratext actually tells us. Therefore, reading the paratext and being aware of its meaning should transform a simple reader into a well-informed and critical reader, whether it is a translation or any other kind of document.

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L'objectif de la recherche-création conçue dans ce document était de développer les contenus d'un cours de Compétence Communicative Interculturelle (CCI) en Espagnol Langue Étrangère (ELE) à travers d’un jeu vidéo sérieux. Pour ce faire, les composantes culturelles à ajouter ont été identifiées en associant les éléments considérés dans les « Référents culturels » du Plan curricular del Instituto Cervantes (PCIC) et les « Caractéristiques distinctives » du Cadre Européen Commun de Référence (CECR). Ainsi, 18 sujets interculturels ont été extraits pour être abordés en classe. En outre, les six attitudes et les sept compétences interculturelles envisagées dans le PCIC ont été prises en compte. Avec ces éléments, un jeu vidéo sérieux appelé Ex Novo a été développé, dans un lieu fantastique appelé Maremagnum, dans lequel se trouvent sept clans, chacun avec des conflits internes qui sont liés aux attitudes et aux compétences interculturelles. Le joueur accomplit des missions qui conduisent chaque clan à célébrer la fête qui le caractérise, et qui se terminent par la persuasion du chef de clan de repenser son système de croyances. Le matériel développé intègre, outre le contenu du cours, un manuel pour l'enseignant et un carnet de bord intergalactique pour l'étudiant, qui permettent d'enregistrer une conversation entre le jeu et le travail en classe. Il est conclu qu'un jeu vidéo sérieux permet de travailler les compétences interculturelles parallèlement aux sujets développés en classe, puisqu'il ouvre un espace de débat, d'analyse et d'empathie. / The purpose of the research-creation conceived in this document was to develop the contents of a course on Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) in Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) through a serious video game. To achieve this, the cultural components to be added were identified, through the association of the elements considered in the “Cultural Referents” of the Plan curricular del Instituto Cervantes (PCIC) and the “Distinguishing Characteristics” of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). Thus, 18 intercultural topics were extracted to talk about in the classroom. Additionally, the six attitudes and the seven intercultural skills contemplated in the PCIC were taken into account. With these elements, a serious video game called Ex Novo was developed, in a fantasy place called Maremagnum, in which seven clans are found, each with internal conflicts that are related to intercultural attitudes and skills. The player completes the missions that lead each clan to celebrate the festival that characterizes them, ending with the persuasion of the clan leader to rethink their belief systems. Within the material developed, along with the course contents, a manual for the teacher and an intergalactic logbook for the student are integrated, which allow recording a conversation between the game and the classroom work. It is concluded that a serious video game allows intercultural skills to be worked on in parallel to the topics developed in class, since it opens space for debate, analysis and empathy. / La investigación-creación desarrollada en el presente documento tuvo como propósito desarrollar los contenidos de un curso sobre la Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural (CCI) en el ámbito del español como lengua extranjera (ELE), a través de un videojuego serio. Para lograrlo, se identificaron los componentes de la cultura que se debían agregar, por medio de la asociación de los elementos considerados en los “Referentes culturales” del Plan curricular del Instituto Cervantes (PCIC) y las “Características distintivas” del Marco Común Europeo de Referencia (MCER). Así, se extrajeron 18 temas interculturales para hablar dentro del salón de clase. Adicionalmente, se tuvieron en cuenta las seis actitudes y las siete habilidades interculturales contempladas dentro del PCIC. Con estos elementos se desarrolló un videojuego serio llamado Ex Novo, ambientado en un lugar de fantasía llamado Maremágnum, en el cual se encuentran siete clanes, cada uno con unos conflictos internos que se relacionan con las actitudes y habilidades interculturales. El jugador desarrolla las misiones que llevan a que cada clan celebre el festival que los caracteriza, finalizando con la persuasión a la lideresa del clan para replantear sus sistemas de creencias. Dentro del material desarrollado, junto con los contenidos del curso, se integra un manual para el docente y una bitácora intergaláctica para el estudiante, que permiten registrar una conversación entre el juego y el trabajo en el aula. Se concluye que un videojuego serio permite que las habilidades interculturales se trabajen en paralelo a las temáticas desarrolladas en clase, puesto que abren un espacio para el debate, el análisis y la empatía.

Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de M.A. (Maîtrise ès Arts) en Études Hispaniques option Langue et littérature. / Manuel del Socorro Rodriguez (1758-1819) est reconnu comme le père du journalisme colombien et comme partie intégrante de l'environnement des lumières dans Santafé de Bogotá. Cette recherche propose dans un premier temps un aperçu de la vie, de l’œuvre, et de l'héritage de l’auteur, en tant qu’éditeur des journaux Papel Periódico de la Ciudad de Santafé de Bogotá (1791-1797), Redactor Americano (1806-1808), Alternativo del Redactor Americano (1807-1809), Los Crepúsculos de España y de Europa (1809) et La Constitución Feliz (1810). Le document El Reino Feliz (1794) dans lequel Rodríguez a fait un rapport des maux qui affligent la société néo-grenadine sera pris en compte. L'analyse proposée s'attachera principalement à comprendre l’œuvre de Rodríguez comme l'ensemble des efforts personnels d'un citoyen de la République des Lettres, cherchant à atteindre et concrétiser un bonheur insaisissable mais nécessaire, pour sa patrie d'adoption. Cette section couvre aussi les vicissitudes rencontrées par l’auteur lors de l'exercice de ses fonctions en tant que bibliothécaire public, journaliste et loyal sujet du Roi, face au défi de concilier sa condition de catholique avec celle d’homme éclairé, son américanité avec son hispanité, son inclination pour la tradition avec sa passion pour la modernité. Les transcriptions de 12 documents d’archive seront ensuite proposées : il s’agit de l'échange épistolaire entre Rodríguez et les agents de l'ordre monarchique espagnol. Parmi ces transcriptions on trouve 3 déjà présentées dans une recherche précédente et 9 transcriptions inédites. La lecture de ces transcriptions expose les concepts développés dans ce mémoire. Ils mettent en lumière la relation entre les idées du bibliothécaire, exprimées dans la sphère privée (quoique officielle), avec celles exposées dans ses journaux. Enfin, le lecteur sera introduit à la notion de bonheur au XVIIIe siècle et début du XIXe. Sa réalisation était un des objectifs des Lumières et, par conséquent, plusieurs voies ont été proposées pour l’atteindre. / Manuel del Socorro Rodriguez (1758-1819) is recognized as the father of Colombian journalism and as a participant in the Enlightened milieu of Santafé de Bogotá. This research proposes, in a first chapter, an approach to his life, his work and his legacy, tracing his work as editor of the Papel Periódico de Santafé de Bogotá (1791-1797), the Redactor Americano (1806-1808), the Alternativo del Redactor Americano (1807-1809), Los Crepúsculos de España y de Europa (1809) and La Constitución Feliz (1810). This chapter also introduces the document El Reino Feliz (1794), in which Rodriguez produces a report on the evils afflicting the society of New Granada. The proposed analysis seeks to understand the work of Rodriguez as a set of the efforts of a citizen of the Republic of Letters to achieve an elusive happiness in his adopted homeland. This section will also deal with the vicissitudes that this lettered, public librarian, newspaper publisher and enlightened subject, lived through, facing the challenge of reconciling his Catholicism and his enlightened views, his americanity and his hispanity, his deep respect for tradition and his strong passion for modernity. Then, we present a set of 12 transcriptions. These are excerpts from the epistolary exchange generated between Rodríguez and agents of the Spanish monarchic system. Among these transcriptions, the reader is going to find 3 already presented in a previous research and 9 unpublished transcriptions. This exercise allows the reader to see the relationship between Rodriguez’s ideas, expressed within the private sphere (although official), with those formulated in his newspapers. Finally, the reader is introduced to the concept of happiness in the XVIIIth and early XIXth century. Happiness was a main goal of the enlightened world and numerous ideas were produced to achieve this objective. / Manuel del Socorro Rodríguez (1758-1819) es reconocido como padre del periodismo colombiano y como participante del entorno ilustrado de Santafé de Bogotá. Esta investigación propone, en un primer instante, una aproximación a su vida, obra y legado, rastreando su labor como editor del Papel Periódico de la Ciudad de Santafé de Bogotá (1791-1797), del Redactor Americano (1806-1808), del Alternativo del Redactor Americano (1807-1809), de Los Crepúsculos de España y de Europa (1809) y de La Constitución Feliz (1810). También se utilizará el documento El Reino Feliz (1794), en el cual Rodríguez (MdSR) produce un informe de los males que aquejan a la sociedad neogranadina. El análisis propuesto se encamina a comprender la obra de MdSR como el conjunto de esfuerzos propios de un ciudadano de la República de las Letras, tendiente a alcanzar y a concretar una felicidad esquiva pero imprescindible para su patria adoptiva. Se presentarán los esfuerzos de este letrado, bibliotecario público, periodista y vasallo leal, ante el reto de conciliar su condición de católico con la de ilustrado, su americanidad con su hispanidad, su inclinación por lo tradicional con su pasión por la modernidad. Posteriormente se propondrá un conjunto de doce transcripciones de documentos de archivo formado por tres transcripciones elaboradas en una investigación anterior y nueve inéditas. Todas ellas se ocupan del intercambio epistolar establecido entre MdSR y estamentos del orden monárquico español, y que sirven para exponer nociones desarrolladas en este trabajo. Ellas permiten ver la relación entre las ideas del bibliotecario, expresadas dentro del ámbito de lo privado (aunque oficial), con aquellas formuladas en sus publicaciones. Finalmente, se presenta al lector el concepto de felicidad durante el siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX. Su consecución era una de los fines del mundo ilustrado y en consecuencia diversos caminos fueron propuestos para alcanzarla.