This study aims to view an extended family locally connected to the Swedish city of Kalmar. The purpose is to analyse whether the extended Kreuger-family could be considered an upcoming elite, in spite of their foothold in trade, commerce and manufacturing. While these concepts would traditionally be associated with the bourgeois; the evolving times of primarily the nineteenth century creates a platform for social mobility and change that might have affected the Kreuger-family in ways that created a role for them in society that was no longer middle class, but instead a local form of an elite. The study analyses lifestyle and inventory of the estates of five generations of Kreugers, alongside marital alliances with members of the upper class within six generations of the extended family. Lastly the source material is viewed didactically for a teaching scenario. The source material include inventory of estates, personal letters and biographical material from the public archive of Kalmar Läns Museum. The result shows that the Kreuger-family could be considered as a rising elite in some respects. Advantageous marriages to members of the upper class increased from the first generation to the sixth culminating in six noble marriages in total. While income seemed to fluctuate, symbolic capital remained intact. Profession evolved from trade to commerce and manufacturing, resulting in a majority of success. The result shows a middling class family steadily rising higher on the social ladder, due to economical success. The extended Kreuger-family can be categorized as a new and modern elite, steadily rising from the year 1710 and onwards.

No description available.

<p>This is a study that will focus on the possibility to learn information about a town and its inhabitants of the 18^th century by analyzing individual titles in the church records. The records that are used in this study are marriage registration administrated by the local church of the town of Uddevalla. The records are very detailed and each individual registered have a title, such as “tradesman” or “maiden”. Since the source are a registration of all the weddings that took place during the period of 1700 to 1749, the source gives very broad and valid information about the inhabitants of the town. By inspecting the titles of the individuals listed in the source, we learn that the town of Uddevalla had a lot of craftsmen, dragoons and public servants for the era. During the early years in the source the largest groups were farmers and farm-helpers as well as a large group of “young men”, lacking a title connected to a profession.  The variety of craftsmen increases steadily throughout the time period being studied, meaning that there were a lot more specialization among the craftsmen, as well as an increase in the total number of craftsmen in the wedding registry. The women’s titles are also studied in detail and absolute majority of the women had the title maid. Those women that were not maids possessed the titles of “jungfru”, meaning something similar to maiden. “Jungfru” were commonly married to men with a higher status kind of title, thus implying that these titles were of a high status themselves.</p>

<p>Examensarbete 15 hp, lärarexamen</p>

No description available.

No description available.

This is a study that will focus on the possibility to learn information about a town and its inhabitants of the 18th century by analyzing individual titles in the church records. The records that are used in this study are marriage registration administrated by the local church of the town of Uddevalla. The records are very detailed and each individual registered have a title, such as “tradesman” or “maiden”. Since the source are a registration of all the weddings that took place during the period of 1700 to 1749, the source gives very broad and valid information about the inhabitants of the town. By inspecting the titles of the individuals listed in the source, we learn that the town of Uddevalla had a lot of craftsmen, dragoons and public servants for the era. During the early years in the source the largest groups were farmers and farm-helpers as well as a large group of “young men”, lacking a title connected to a profession.  The variety of craftsmen increases steadily throughout the time period being studied, meaning that there were a lot more specialization among the craftsmen, as well as an increase in the total number of craftsmen in the wedding registry. The women’s titles are also studied in detail and absolute majority of the women had the title maid. Those women that were not maids possessed the titles of “jungfru”, meaning something similar to maiden. “Jungfru” were commonly married to men with a higher status kind of title, thus implying that these titles were of a high status themselves.

Uppsatsen har två syften där det ena är att undersöka fördelning av jord i Väse härad under början av 1700-talet samt hur handeln med jord såg ut med avseende på aktörerna. Det andra syftet är att studera jordtransaktioner i Väse härad för att se om det finns några tidiga tecken på den agrara revolutionen. Eftersom undersökningsperioden (1700–1749) ligger före det som kallas den agrara revolutionen undersöks tre faktorer. Befolkningsökningen var svagt stigande med en liten ökning i Väse socken omkring 1750. Den var för liten för att ha någon betydelse i sig själv men om den sätts i ett större sammanhang skulle den kunna ge en indikation att något var på väg att hända. Social skiktning är en annan faktor som brukas ta upp i samband med den agrara revolutionens inledning. Det innebär att ny grupp av storbönder började växa fram vilka gjorde fler köp av jord utanför den egna släkten. Det har till följd att en mängd bönder fick minskade jordareal medan andra fick större egendomar. En polarisering bland allmogens bönder tog fart. Kommersialisering är ett tredje mått som undersöks i samband med den agrara revolutionen. Den innebar att någon, en bonde, brukspatron eller annan person, köpte upp jord för att kunna öka sin produktion. Även om inga tydliga tecken på den agrara revolutionen syns är frågan om det man kan se beror på det eller är en följd av brukspatronernas aktiviteter.

Hur har konstnärer skildrat barn utifrån vem de var och när de levde? Min undersökning begränsar sig till sex målningar i tre rum på Drottningholms slott. Tidsmässigt handlar det om nästan hundra år, från sent 1600-tal till sent 1700-tal. Jag har studerat hur David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl, Gustaf Lundberg, Johan Pasch och Carle van Loo skildrat kungliga barn, anonyma barn, och i ett fall konstnärens egen dotter. Uppsatsen har en historisk och idéhistorisk kontext, men jag tar även in den rumsliga miljön som konstverken är en del av samt beställarrollen. Konstverkens ikonografi har varit viktig, liksom den generella synen på barnen för tiden. Skönhets- och karaktärsideal har varit en annan ingång. Genom att ingående studera den inneboende symboliken i dessa gestaltningar av barn, som delar i stora allegoriska målningar och som regelrätta porträtt, har jag belyst likheter och skillnader över tiden. Min viktigaste källa är konstverken i sig, som jag närgånget studerat på plats. Jag har också haft nytta av tidigare forskning inom ämnet, så som Karin Sidéns avhandling om barnporträtt i svensk stormaktstid, Allan Ellenius forskning om Ehrenstrahls bildidéer samt Anne Banérs texter om synen på barndomen. Jag har velat bidra med mer djupgående analyser av barnen som förekommer i konsten på Drottningholm, som därmed blir del av hela slottets inredningstankar och illustrerar ett helhetskoncept, men utifrån rum med olika funktioner och utifrån olika tidsepoker. En röd tråd i uppsatsen är graden av realism. Som bland andra Ellenius påpekat ökade graden av realism ju längre ned på samhällsstegen som den avbildade stod, vilket gäller barn såväl som vuxna. Med detta som utgångspunkt har jag fäst särskild vikt vid ett anonymt barn som jag inte hittat något skrivet om tidigare. Detta kan bero på att mycket av forskningen om Ehrenstrahls allegorier utgått från hans egna beskrivningar och han säger ingenting om detta barn utöver att det håller i en sköld. Jag argumenterar för att barnet, som är målat mer omsorgsfullt och realistiskt än de flesta andra i hans allegorier, är målat efter levande modell. Min hypotes, som jag sökt bevis för, men som fortfarande inte kan styrkas till fullo, är att denna modell var Ehrenstrahls barnbarn Karl Wattrang.

There is much to learn concerning the local nobilities in Sweden. This paper attempts to answer whether or not the mayors of Kalmar are to be acknowledged as members of the local elite during the 18th century. In order to receive a deeper understanding regarding this matter, one must also investigate what significations are located within the elite terminology. All this and more will be answered with support from the latest research by Gudrun Andersson among others. By studying inventories of estate and biographical archive materials one is acquainted with fourteen early modern men who carried out their political and social careers in the city of Kalmar. Because the term elite is dependent on the different circumstances in its surrounding environment, it has been divided into four categories in this paper; political, economic, social and cultural factors. The conclusion is made that the mayors all belonged within the political elite. All of them also show some characteristics which are consistent with an economic elite, however the situation is complex and is therefore more firmly discussed in this paper. Concerning social and cultural elites, the mayors fulfill much of the requirements and the conclusion is therefore made that they most certainly are a part of the local elite in Kalmar city.