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I den traditionella bilden av hur Sverige som land och kultur utforskades börjar resan under 1800-talets senare hälft med Artur Hazelius och Bror Emil Hildebrand, som representerar två olika ben i den svenska kulturarvsforskningens historia. Hazelius, Nordiska Museets skapare, står i den traditionen för folklivsforskningens framväxt och Hildebrand, som representerade Statens historiska museum, för den vetenskapliga arkeologisk-historiska forskningens framväxt. Detta är i någon mån sant, men lika sant är att det finns en intressant förhistoria till 1800-talets forskningar. Det fanns en mångfald personer som särskilt under1700-talets andra hälft intresserade sig för folklig kultur och traditioner, och som skrev ned sina tolkningar i så kallade ortsbeskrivningar. Dessa beskrivningar var oftast avgränsade till kulturyttringar i en stad, socken, ett län eller landskap. Det handlade i hög grad om ekonomiska förhållanden – egendom och arbete– men också om fornminnen, dialekter, klädedräkt, byggnadstradition och märkvärdiga händelser. Drygt 300 av dessa beskrivningar trycktes också och spreds under 1700-talet, en rörelse som jag kartlagt och beskrivit i min avhandling Fäderneslandets rätta beskrivning från 2004. Ytterligare ett omfattande men inte närmare känt antal beskrivningar trycktes aldrig men har bevarats i offentliga arkiv och samlingar. 1700-talets beskrivningsprojekt förebådade det följande seklets mer systematiska utforskningar av svensk folkkultur, men det är fortfarande dåligt känt även bland personal på museer, bibliotek och arkiv med ansvar för bevarande av regionaltkulturarv. Den här skriften är ett försök att belysa de ideologiska sammanhang som litteraturen tillkom i. Särskilt det sista kapitlet, där jag för in kulturgeografisk och konstvetenskapligteori i tolkningarna, har tillkommit efter avhandlingen men även delar av kapitlet om Hülphers som författare och en del nya exempel på vad som behandlades i ortsbeskrivningarna (se första kapitlet). Boken är upplagd så att först kommer ett inledande kort kapitel där den tidigare forskningen belyses, och där jag också ger två exempel på hur den ortsbeskrivande litteraturen såg ut. I det andra kapitlet beskrivs den så kallade hushållningsideologin som färgade många ortsbeskrivningar. Författarna drevs av en vilja att förbättra den lokala ekonomin, och i förlängningen även den nationella, på olika sätt. Det tredje kapitlet är en studie av 1700-talets mest tongivande topografiska författare Abraham Abrahamsson Hülphers. Där skildras hur han som ung företog en omfattande resa genom Dalarna som sedan blev grunden för en mycket detaljerad skildring av landskapet.

This genderlegal survey intends examine the practical power and status of women in the Swedish agricultural society. It will be accomplished through a qualitative survey of how justice was unfolded in the 1730s. Particular interest is aimed at disputes of owning in Vendel parish 1736–1737, and how this may be an expression of women’s status, power or lack of power in the age of freedom in Sweden. The scientific issue in the present survey is constructed with anchoring in the notion of Alice Harris Kessler; Economic citizenship. Economic citizenship comprises the right to use soil, the right to represent yourself in court and the right to inherit. It also includes the premise that gainful employment is arduous to combine with carework. This is basically a prolongation of an analysis of the civil citizenship, with origin from the sociologist TH Marshall. The reason why Kessler’s notion has been selected in this survey is because of its gender specific tendency.The methods in this survey is partly the qualitative method, partly the abductive method and partly the hermeneutic circle. The main results are basically that widows did have a greater amount of Economic Citizenship, than non-widows had. The results in the present survey has also shown that gainful employment is hard to combine with carework, which is shown through ploughmen and maids. The results have also shown that a lot of widows choose to engage again, once their previous husband has died. It is also clear that widows seem not only to have the privilege of being of age according to the law from 1734, but this privilege seems also to have been their practical living. But these phenomena are rather complex. The analysis of the empiricism has given origin to lots of new scientific issues which has been published in the chapter of analysis in the present survey. Those issues I do leave to someone else to answer in the future.

Jane Austen Her dialogues and the time in which she lived   This essay is about the dialogues in Jane Austen’s novels and what they say about the time she lived in. The interest for Austen comes from the “Austen movies” I’ve seen the latest year.   AIM AND FRAMING OF QUESTIONS My aim has been to compare the contents in the dialogues with the fact in the biographies. The questions are: What do the dialogues say about the convention, the behaviour, manners and the form of address? What does it say about young men and women and about the marriage? Are the dialogues supported by the content in the biographies? Did Jane Austen really write realistic?   METHOD AND MATERIAL The method was to read the novels and then the biographies. I divided the empiric material in different categories and based it on the fact in the biographies. I have read Sense and sensibility, Pride and prejudice, Mansfield Park and Persuasion. The biographies I have used are for example Valerie Grosvenor Myer’s Obstinate Heart Jane Austen A Biography, Carol Shield’s Jane Austen.   RESULTS I found that the text and the dialogues and contents in Austen’s novels are realistic. She has not made up own rules for convention and behaviour but lets her characters act in a normal way.

<p><strong>Jane Austen</strong></p><p><strong>Her dialogues and the time in which she lived</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>This essay is about the dialogues in Jane Austen’s novels and what they say about the time she lived in. The interest for Austen comes from the “Austen movies” I’ve seen the latest year.</p><p> </p><p>AIM AND FRAMING OF QUESTIONS My aim has been to compare the contents in the dialogues with the fact in the biographies. The questions are:</p><p>What do the dialogues say about the convention, the behaviour, manners and the form of address? What does it say about young men and women and about the marriage? Are the dialogues supported by the content in the biographies? Did Jane Austen really write realistic?</p><p> </p><p>METHOD AND MATERIAL The method was to read the novels and then the biographies. I divided the empiric material in different categories and based it on the fact in the biographies. I have read <em>Sense and sensibility</em>, <em>Pride and prejudice</em>, <em>Mansfield</em><em> Park</em> and <em>Persuasion</em>. The biographies I have used are for example Valerie Grosvenor Myer’s <em>Obstinate Heart Jane Austen A Biography</em>, Carol Shield’s <em>Jane Austen</em>.</p><p> </p><p>RESULTS I found that the text and the dialogues and contents in Austen’s novels are realistic. She has not made up own rules for convention and behaviour but lets her characters act in a normal way. <strong></strong></p>

This study examines patterns of consumption during the 1780s in Öjaby and Virestad parishes. I have examined the clothes and jewelry in estate inventories using the concept of status. Then I have used Pierre Bourdieu's theories to understand fashion mechanisms. I have identified five different groups, each distinguished by their formal wear. Men have similar clothes but in Virestad they have more items and more silver. Four people were divergent, they choose other materials and models. The women in the various parishes had differed significantly. In Öjaby women had more modern clothing and less jewelry in comparison, with Virestad. It is clearly visible that the people in the probate area in Virestad were spending more money compared to what they owned to be able to maintain a certain level of status. Status indications in clothes and jewelry were important in Virestad. Here is a more peasant-dominated culture which apparently made clothing more conservative. In both parishes people with a smaller percentage of balance spend more to maintain a certain standard. In Virestad women spent more than men on clothes in Öjaby it is the opposite. Dressing nicely seems important, after first set of clothing more expensive were purchased. Silver, number of clothes, expensive clothes, different material and color are factors that are available when the people created their wardrobe. Those with a high balance had several expensive items to show off their status with. Interesting is also that people continued to renew their wardrobe throughout their working life.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka de ideologiska motiven bakom frisläppandet av spannmålshandeln 1775 och 1780. Utgångspunkten är det funktionalistiska synssättet med handlingsaxiom inom det praxeologiska läran som komplement för att undersöka individernas situation. Tillvägagångssättet blir att undersöka böndernas och statens ekonomiska situation och syn på marknaden före och efter tidigare nämnda årtal.    Under tidiga 1700-talet var Sverige ett samhälle med starkt statlig kontroll av marknaden med inrikes tullar, premier och fördelar för vissa personer i samhället. Samtidigt under upplysningstiden träder tänkare som Adam Smith, Anders Chydenius och även fysiokrater fram och hävdar att en fri marknad skulle vara till fördel för både landet och individerna, något som Johan Liljencrantz delvis var influerad av. Resultatet av denna uppsats visar att upplysningstiden och fysiokratism låg bakom frisläppandet av spannmålshandeln då fokus centrerades till bondens positiva ekonomiska utveckling. / The main purpose in this essay is to research the ideological motives behind the extrication of the grain trade in 1775 and 1780. To do this research I have to see the Swedish state and farmers economic situation before 1775 and after 1775, but also what time Liljencrantz lived in and how relevant the time was to the reform. The starting point for this essay is using the functionalism analysis with action axiom of praxeology in mind to see the relationship between the state and the individual.    During the early 18th century, Sweden had a mercantile system where the industry had to be protected with high tariffs and a strong nobility owning them. During the enlightenment thinkers like Adam Smith, Anders Chydenius and to some extent physiocrats sought a society with free market that would have the result of more wealth, to the nation as well as to the citizen. The result of this essay is that Liljencrantz reform were the causes of his time and political view, the time of enlightenment and physiocracy to make the farmer more free and prosperous. It was also the start of the more liberal economy that would dominate the Swedish society in the 1800 hundreds.

Malingsbo Estate is a 18th century wooden building located in the small village of Malingsbo. Through the years, the estate has had a wide variation of usages. Today, almost 70 years since the last major renovation it is being utilized 6 weeks per year.   The following report, which has been made possible with the cooperation with the National Property Board (Statens Fastighetsverk) seeks to answer the following four questions. 1: What is the current climate inside the building 2: What are the resident’s views on the climate and the status of the building. 3: suggestions on how to, with the current building increase the period in which the inside climate is suitable for living. 4: Suggestions for lowering the energy usage for the building. These four points seeks to be answered with the following method: reports from Statens Fastighetsverk, surveys, field excursions and simulations in VIP-Energy.   The result of this report which should be especially considered is the following: At present time with no heating in the building, residents feel the climate during July to be acceptable to good, while during October most thinks it is to cold. For increasing the duration where the building meets a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius to 24 weeks’ installations of a 12500 W heating system is needed. For lowering the energy consumption without making large changes to the building two options should be specially considered: Insulation in the foundation with 50 mm insulation, and installation of window shutters during week 45 to 10. A larger installation suitable is solar panels for heating.

This essay is a study of the dental health and cranial pathologies of five individuals buried in Domkyrkoplan cemetery, Uppsala, in the 17th and 18th century. Domkyrkoplan was the only cemetery in Uppsala city during the 200-year time period. The cemetery was placed in the immediate surroundings of Uppsala cathedral. The 17th century is a breaking point between the late medieval society and the early modern era in Sweden as well as in Europe, and this was a period of change for the inhabitants of Uppsala city. The purpose of this paper is to provide a deeper insight into the inhabitants’ health and life, as well as an overview of the town’s development over the course of the time period. The theoretical framework used in this essay is microarchaeology, and the results from the analysis apply only to the analyzed individuals. Although no attempt will be made to draw conclusions about the entire population of Uppsala during the early modern times, the results will be placed in a historical context. The historical context provided in this essay is the result of a literary analysis with three major focal points: demography and city planning, Uppsala cathedral and the cemetery, diet and health. The results of the osteological analysis have shown that the five individuals all suffered from malnutrition and/or iron deficiency at some point during their childhood. The individuals are believed to have belonged to the middle class in the early modern society, however, they seem to have lived through some sort of hardship which caused the malnutrition. The literary analysis concludes that Uppsala was subjected to a starvation catastrophe during the last years of the 17th century, as well as the plague shortly thereafter, in 1710. The osteological material analyzed in this essay is part of an ongoing archaeological investigation, which means that the dating and results used or concluded in this essay is preliminary and may differ from the final archaeological report, which will be released in 2021.