The musicians in E. T. A. Hoffmann's tales and essays demonstrate traits remarkably similar to those of shamans. Hoffmann uses the same imagery to describe the journey of the composer into the "realm of dreams," where he receives inspiration, as the shaman uses to describe the spirit world to which he journeys via music. Hoffmann was a major force in changing the 18th-century view of music as an "innocent luxury" to the 19th-century idea of music as a higher art. As a German Romantic,author, he subscribed to the idea championed by the Schlegels that true poetry is based on myth. In this thesis, Hoffmann's writings are compared with shamanic mythology to demonstrate a similarity beyond mere coincidence, without drawing conclusions about influence.

Generally acclaimed as the greatest philosopher of the Enlightenment, David Hume has been, nevertheless, a problem for Enlightenment historians. In terms of the Enlightenment's own standards of empiricism and demonstrable philosophical tenets, Hume's is by far the most "legitimate" philosophy of the age, yet it is almost diametrically opposed to the traditional historical characterization of the Enlightenment. Consequently, historians must re-assess the empirical character of the Enlightenment, acknowledging it as yet another Age of Faith rather than science (as Becker contends), or acknowledge Hume's as the most valid Enlightenment philosophy. Such a re-assessment and study of Hume's conclusions would dramatically alter Enlightenment histories and provide meaningful insights into the actual Enlightenment legacy regarding modern man and his society.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:40:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariel Rosauro Zasso.pdf: 735888 bytes, checksum: b4e98a2bb7429588cbba159468fa5130 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This essay talks about theoretical devices with which we can operate relations of sympathy in clinical encounters. We propose to highlight the complexity of the issue through a brief overview of what happened with the idea of sympathy throughout the history of Western thought. From the viewpoint of conceptual connections, we rely especially to David Hume, for whom, in the eighteenth century, the issue that influences the theme of sympathy is that of relations between humans. Because sympathy is a passion, and like all passion, in Hume, is characterized by its partiality, the difficulty to consider, in the social point of view, is the sympathy's intensity reduccion as it extends. A sympathy's clinic is thematized in resonance with this problem, discussed with help of Gilles Deleuze's book Empirisme et subjectivité (1953). This clinical practice should promote the intensification of sympathy without recreate the relational limitation that it suffers from restricted groups, like family, and be able to establish itself as a nomadic place of relations of sympathy's extent, in favor of an affirmation of differential life / Esta dissertação discorre acerca de dispositivos teóricos com os quais podemos operar relações de simpatia em encontros clínicos. Propomonos a evidenciar a complexidade do tema através de um breve apanhado daquilo que se passou com a idéia de simpatia ao longo da história do pensamento ocidental. Do ponto de vista das conexões conceituais, recorremos especialmente a David Hume, para quem, no séc XVIII, a problemática que influencia o tema da simpatia é o das relações entre os humanos. Como a simpatia é uma paixão, e como toda paixão, em Hume, se caracteriza por sua parcialidade, a dificuldade a ser levada em conta, do ponto de vista social, é a redução da intensidade da simpatia à medida que ela se estende. Uma clínica da simpatia é tematizada em ressonância com esse problema, discutido com ajuda do livro de Gilles Deleuze (19251995) Empirisme et subjectivité, de 1953. Tal clinicar deve possibilitar a intensificação da simpatia sem recriar a limitação relacional que ela sofre em grupos restritos, como a família; e ser capaz de constituirse como lugar nômade de uma extensão das relações de simpatia, em favor de uma afirmação diferencial da vida

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-09T12:15:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Costa Simões.pdf: 1551194 bytes, checksum: b56721d77db53e629e2f4d5004e4a94f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T12:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Costa Simões.pdf: 1551194 bytes, checksum: b56721d77db53e629e2f4d5004e4a94f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work intend to show who was Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841), based on a brief biography and the philosophical issues that have motivated his writtings in psychology. The aim of this paper is to identify in this author, a model of dynamic psychology present at the second half of the nineteenth century, wich was influent in the metapsychological formulations of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory / Este trabalho procura esclarecer quem foi Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841), a partir de uma breve biografia e dos problemas filosóficos que motivaram seus escritos em Psicologia. O objetivo da pesquisa é identificar neste autor, um modelo de psicologia dinâmica presente na segunda metade do século XIX que foi influente nas formulações metapsicológicas da teoria psicanalítica de Freud

La thèse traite du débat sur l'origine et la nature du polythéisme qui anima la pensée française au XVIIIe siècle. Depuis le début du siècle, ce débat commence à déborder le périmètre théologique auquel il se limitait auparavant. Le polythéisme cesse d’être une question d’exégèse scripturaire et devient un problème historique, puis philosophique. La thèse a pour objet d'éclaircir les différentes étapes de cette évolution. On montre en particulier que le remplacement progressif du modèle du monothéisme originel par celui du polythéisme primitif provoque un changement du statut de la question : d'enquête principalement antiquaire sur un sujet spécifique, elle devient une réflexion philosophique sur l'origine et la nature de la croyance religieuse tout court. La première des deux parties de la thèse est consacrée aux recherches sur les religions païennes des érudits, des antiquaires et des historiens : on y examine les principales théories sur l'origine du paganisme nées dans ce contexte (évhémérisme, allégorisme, théories de l'origine de l'idolâtrie des arts visuels et des signes de l'écriture) afin de montrer qu'elles préparèrent la réflexion des philosophes, en proposant un nouveau regard historique sur le polythéisme. La deuxième partie porte sur les aspects plus proprement philosophiques du débat ; l'attention est concentrée sur les deux figures-clés de Pierre Bayle et de David Hume et sur deux axes théoriques principaux : un axe logique ou gnoséologique, touchant à ce que signifie penser la divinité en tant que plurielle ; et un axe anthropologique ou psychologique sur l'origine de la croyance en plusieurs dieux. / The subject of this thesis is the debate on the origin and nature of polytheism, which took place in France in the Eighteenth century. From the beginning of the century, this debate started to unfold outside of the theological frame within which it had been confined earlier. Polytheism stopped being an issue of biblical exegesis to become a question of historical and then philosophical nature. This thesis aims to shed light on the steps of this change. In particular, it is shown that the gradual substitution of the orthodox model of original pure monotheism with that one of primitive polytheism changed the nature of the issue: from a specific question mainly of antiquarians' interest, it became a philosophical inquiry on the origin and nature of religious belief in general. The first part of the thesis is about the researches on pagan religions conducted by antiquarians and historians: the main theories on the origin of paganism which arose in this context are examined (Euhemerism, allegorism, theories of the origin of idolatry from visual arts and writing signs), aiming to show that these theories paved the way to the reflection of philosophers, proposing a new historical approach to polytheism. The second part of the thesis deals with more strictly philosophical aspects of the debate, focusing on two key figures ‒ Pierre Bayle and David Hume ‒ and on two fundamental theoretical lines: a logical or gnoseological one, about what it means to conceive divinity as multiple; and an anthropological or psychological one, on the origin of the belief in several divinities.

As a practical moralist and political theorist concerned with reforming a factious and religious public, Hume recommends a particular outlook that is fit for civilized society. In this dissertation, I present Hume as a contributor to the post-scholastic contest of philosophical systems, as an innovative thinker who revised the modern Epicurean outlook of Hobbes and Mandeville and challenged both the austere Christian Stoicism of Francis Hutcheson and the Platonic rationalism of Samuel Clarke. I argue that the political mentality that Hume presented as suitable for sustaining the prevailing social order constitutes one more step in the development of the modern Epicurean mentality. This mentality, moreover, is not strictly political, but incorporates metaphysical, epistemological, and moral judgments that, in light of the contest of systems, are rightly regarded as a restatement of modern Epicurean positions. Hume, in accord with the principles of the new political science, sought to protect the gains of civilization from the vestiges of barbarism, which, for Hume, were manifested in the superstitious tribalism of religionists and political partisans. Hume replaces Christian, Whig, and Tory myths—i.e. grand narratives situating human beings as moral and political subjects—with the Epicurean myth of the progress of human society. The end of political society, from this perspective, is neither piety nor moral improvement, but prosperity, ease, and comfort, which, together, serve as the measure of progress and the reason for popular consent to the exercise of public political authority. This mentality, I argue, sheds light on the normative dimensions of Hume’s liberal political science.

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<p>In 1776, the City of Gävle was immersed in a blazing fire, almost the whole city burned down and buildings that managed to survived have either been demolished or replaced by another one. To provide an actual view of Gävle from 1800-century is difficult due to the three different fires. A three-dimensional visualization model presents the entire city between 1776-1815 as it might have appeared. Archival images and information was provided from Länsmusem Gävleborg, Fogden, City library of Gävle and the City Archive. The three-dimensional model of the entire city is presented in a QuickTime movie format for viewing.</p>

Les travaux de Tversky et Kahneman à propos du raisonnement probabiliste ont déclenché un débat qui s'est transposé aux normes du raisonnement en général. Les tentatives de naturalisation de ces normes entreprises par les psychologues évolutionnistes (en particulier Gigerenzer) avaient comme objectif d'expliquer les normes en fonction du contexte pour lequel elles avaient évolué. Nous présentons les travaux de Tversky et Kahneman ainsi que leur interprétation et celle de la psychologie évolutionniste. Par contre, un problème majeur émerge de ces tentatives. Considérer les normes dans leur adéquation à un contexte particulier a comme conséquence de relativiser ces normes. Or, nous souhaitons, lorsque nous entreprenons une étude normative, expliquer aussi les normes générales du raisonnement et conserver cet aspect de généralité. Il est possible d'expliquer les normes générales du raisonnement à l'intérieur d'un modèle naturaliste. Stanovich réalise cette explication à l'aide de la théorie des mèmes. Nous présentons les arguments de Stanovich. Nous remarquons, ensuite, que malgré la justesse des arguments de Stanovich un second problème demeure en suspens. Ce problème peut être appelé le problème du processus motivationnel qui pousse les individus à accepter et à intégrer les normes générales du raisonnement. Nous faisons alors l'hypothèse selon laquelle il peut être pertinent de regarder du côté de l'histoire de la philosophie, et plus précisément de David Hume, pour trouver des pistes de solution au problème de la motivation. Dans un premier temps nous revoyons les lignes directrices de la théorie de l'esprit et de la croyance de Hume. Nous présentons ensuite sa théorie normative naturaliste et terminons en dressant un tableau comparatif entre Hume et les théories contemporaines. Si nous acceptons de prendre en considération le fait que l'entreprise philosophique de Hume se déploie dans un contexte historique et philosophique différent, nous pouvons accepter que les pistes de solutions qu'il avance demeurent pertinentes. Cette thèse peut être vue comme un complément au débat contemporain. Les deux idées principales de cette tentative de solution sont 1) l'importance des sentiments dans le processus de formation de la croyance (incluant les croyances à propos des normes générales du raisonnement) et 2) la volonté naturelle de s'adapter à notre environnement social, ce qui nous pousse parfois à adopter un point de vue général afin d'éviter les conflits. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : normativité, raisonnement, raisonnement probabiliste, motivation, naturalisme, Hume.

Terrain as a continuum can be categorized into landform units that exhibit common physiological and morphological characteristics which might serve as a boundary condition for a wide range of application domains. However, heterogeneous views, definitions and applications on landforms yield inconsistent and incompatible nomenclature that lack interoperability. Yet, there is still room for developing methods for establishing a formal background for general type of classification models to provide different disciplines with a basis of landscape description that is also commonsense to human insight. This study proposes a method of landform classification that reveals general geomorphometry of the landscape. Landform classes that are commonsense to human insight and relevant to various disciplines is adopted to generate landforms at the landscape scale. Proposed method integrates local geometry of the surface with geomorphometric context. A set of DTMs at relevant scale are utilized where local geometry is represented with morphometric DTMs, and geomorphometric context is incorporated through relative terrain position and terrain network. &ldquo / Object-based image analysis (OBIA)&rdquo / tools that have the ability to segment DTMs into more representative terrain objects and connect those objects in a multi-level hierarchy is adopted. A fuzzy classification approach is utilized via semantic descriptions to represent ambiguities both in attribute and geographical space. Method is applied at different case areas to evaluate the efficiency and stability of the classification. Outcomes portray reasonable amount of consistency where the results can be utilized as general or multi-purpose regarding some ambiguity that is inherent in landforms as well.